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Relational Databases - Lecture 2 - Entity-relationship diagram

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Karina Sokolova
Karina Sokolova

Conceptual model and entity-relationship diagram (Chen's notation)

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1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 0 1 0 0 1 ✑ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ Entity-Relationship diagram Conceptual model
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 ED diagram Chen's notation proposed in 1976 Entity Relationship Entity Entity Attribute Relationship Attribute Attribute Attribute Attribute Attribute Attribute Attribute Attribute Attribute
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Entity Student University Employee Department Would become a relation • Categories of similar measurements • Could be a physical object or a concept
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Attributes • Measurements within a category Student Name Surname Nationality StudentID Name StudentID Surname Nationality Student
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Attributes • Atomic vs. Composite Student Name StudentID Surname Nationality ( Address ) City Zip Country ( Street ) Name Number
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Attributes • Single vs. Multi-valued Student Name StudentID Surname Nationality { Degree } University Year Title
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Attributes • Derived Student Name StudentID Surname Nationality BirthDate Age
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Relationship Student Name StudentID Surname Nationality University Name Address Country Attends
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Relationship Student Name StudentID Surname Nationality Course Name Description Code Take Semester Grade
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Cardinality Student UniversityAttends 1..11..N Student UniversityAttends min max max min
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Cardinality One-to-one One-to-many Many-to-many Many-to-one
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Cardinality • One-to-one • One-to-many • Many-to-one • Many-to-many Person Carowns 1 1 Person Carowns 1 N Student Universit y attends N 1 Student Classattends N N
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Cardinality Car Personowns 1..10..N Car Personowns • Optional
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Self-relationship University Name Address Country Branch 1..1 1..N
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 0 1 0 0 1 ✑ 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ Entity-relationship
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 0 1 0 0 1 ✑ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ Entity-Relationship diagram Logical model
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Primary key • Unique non-null identifier attribute for a tuple Student Name Surname Nationality StudentID 27643 9345 6523 1984 Name StudentID Surname Nationality Student
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Composite key ClassRoom DescsNumber ( ClassroomID ) RoomNumber Building RoomNumber Building DescsNumber 101 T 101 N 102 A 102 B
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Foreign key • Unique identifier that enforces a link between the data in two tables Student Name StudentID Surname Nationality University Name Address Country Attends
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Foreign key • Unique identifier that enforces a link between the data in two tables Student UniversityAttends StudentID Name Surname Nationality University.Name
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Weak entity Color BuildingID NumFloors Height Number Floor Size Building contains Apartmentcontains • Primary key contains foreign key
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Weak entity Building contains Apartmentcontains • Primary key contains foreign key Building.BuildingID Number Size Floor
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Many-to-many • Cannot exist in the database • Must be split with a weak entity Student ClassAttends StudentID ClassID
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ✑ ✑ 1 ✑ ✑ 1 0 1 Many-to-many Student Class Completion StudentID ClassID containsachieves containscontains Semester Grade
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✐ ✑ ✑ 0 1 0 0 1 ✑ 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ✑ ✐ ✐ ✑ ✑ Entity-relationship

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