GLANDS

2. Endocrine Gland
Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence, called ductless
glands. Their secretions are called hormones.
Hormone is a chemical produced by endocrine glands
and released into the blood and
transported to a distantly located target organ.

3. Endocrine Gland
• The endocrine glands and hormone producing diffused
tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute
the endocrine system. Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal,
pancreas, parathyroid, thymus and gonads (testis in
males and ovary in females) are the organized endocrine
bodies in our body.
• In addition to these, some other organs, e.g.,
gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, heart also produce
hormones.

4. Endocrine Gland
Hypothalamus (Master of Master Gland)
Major hormones —
• anti-diuretic hormone (ADH),
• oxytocin
• and various hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland
On the other hand, somatostatin from the hypothalamus
inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary.
influences — nervous and hormonal systems

5. Endocrine Gland
Pituitary gland (Master Gland)
Major hormones —
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) – Synthesis & secretion of androgens in
males , induces ovulation in female
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- regulates gametogenesis
• Prolactin- regulates the growth of mammary gland and milk formation
• Growth hormone (Somatotropin) – regulates body growth
• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)- stimulate thyroid gland
• Oxytocin – stimulates contraction of uterus at the time of child birth
and milk ejection from mammary gland
• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)- act mainly at kidney
and stimulates resorption water and electrolytes

6. Endocrine Gland
Pineal gland (Biological Clock)
major hormones — melatonin
influences — sleep-wake cycle, body temperature metabolism,
pigmentation, menstrual cycle , defense capability
Thyroid gland
major hormones — tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4),
calcitonin, thyrocalcitonin
influences — metabolism, bone health, water and electrolyte
balance

8. Endocrine Gland
Parathyroid gland
major hormones — parathyroid hormone
influences — calcium and vitamin D regulation
Adrenal glands
major hormones — adrenaline(epinephrine), noradrenaline, cortisol,
aldosterone
influence— stress response and blood pressure/salt control

9. Endocrine Gland
Pancreas
major hormones — insulin, glucagon
influences — blood sugar control
Ovaries (females only)
major hormones — estrogen, progesterone
influences — female characteristics
Testes (males only)
major hormones — testosterone
influences — male characteristics

13. Human Respiratory System
Process of exchange of Oxygen from the atmosphere with Carbon dioxide
produced by the cells is called breathing, commonly known as respiration.

14. Nostrils → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Alveoli

15. External Respiration or Breathing
• In this process, animals intake oxygen and release carbon dioxide. It
is also known as breathing. This is mainly two phases.
• Inspiration: It is the process by means of which oxygen is taken to
the lungs.
• Expiration: During expiration, carbon dioxide is expelled out from
the respiratory organs into the environment.

16. Internal Respiration or Cellular Respiration
In this process, oxygen is used in chemical reactions within the cells.
These reactions release energy from food substances and produced
carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

18. • Tapeworms, earthworms, and leeches use their skin for the exchange of
gases.
• Amphibians such as frogs use more than one organ of respiration during
their life. They breathe through gills while they are tadpoles. Mature frogs
breathe mainly with lungs and also exchange gas with the environment
through skin.
• In insects like cockroaches, grasshopper, transportation of gas or gaseous
exchange take place by a special type of fine tubes is called tracheae.
• A majority of aquatic animals like fish and prawns breathe through special
organs called gills.
• Amphibians, mammals, and birds exchange gases through special
respiratory organs called lungs.

19. Transport of Oxygen
97 per cent of Oxygen is transported by RBCs in the blood.
The remaining 3 per cent of O2 is carried in a dissolved state through
the plasma.
Transport of Carbon dioxide
Nearly 20-25 per cent of CO2 is transported by RBCs
Whereas 70 per cent of it is carried as bicarbonate.
About 7 per cent of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma.