This document discusses the importance and use of primary and secondary sources in studying history. It defines primary sources as materials created by direct participants or eyewitnesses to an event, such as diaries, letters, photographs. Secondary sources are works like books and articles that interpret and analyze primary sources. The document emphasizes that historical sources can reflect various perspectives, and historians must carefully evaluate sources for potential bias. Studying different viewpoints can help form a more comprehensive understanding of historical events.

2. A college with academic non-conventional
and technical excellence, which envisions a
university, imbued with Christian values,
producing globally competitive and
empowered graduates, able to meet the
demands and the challenges of tomorrow.

3. Metro Manila College (MMC) commits itself to the
holistic development of the learner through:
1. Provision of excellent educational curriculum and
instructional non-conventional services.
2. Transformation of learners and their community
towards becoming morally upright, human, responsible
and global/competitive and productive members of the
society with the assurance of a better future.

4. A. Instruction - Offer the latest the latest curricula in all
its academic programs.
B. Research - Undertake relevant research for the
improvement and enhancement of the teaching-learning
process.
C. Community - Reach out to the less fortunate members
of the community.

5. D.Values - Inculcate intrinsic and extrinsic values in the
stakeholders to become God- fearing and law abiding
citizens of the country.
E.Productivity - Track graduates to maintain constant
communication with them to ascertain their continued
support in the advancement of MMC’ vision, mission ,
goals and objectives (VMGO) in their own respective
fields of occupation education and endeavor.

6. A. Instruction
1. Relevant and quality education through its latest
curricular offering;
2. Committed, dedicated and well trained learning
facilitators and support personnel.
3. Positive teaching-learning environment.
4. Adequate provision of modern facilities, instructional
materials, equipment and tools needed for the delivery of
quality instruction.

7. B. Research
Metro Manila College, in its desire to further
strengthen the acquisition of knowledge, shall:
Conduct research for the betterment of the instruction,
the findings and suggestions of which to become the
guiding principles of the school administrators in
formulating policies geared towards academic
excellence.

8. C. Extension
Metro Manila College in the fulfillment of its social responsibility to
the less privileged members shall:
1. Share its resources through the efforts of the Community
Extension Services (CES) Positive teaching-learning environment.
2. Organize a Community Extension service Program and
Projects (CESPP) through the following:
a. Community organizations
b. Literacy Program (knowledge and skill transfer)
c. Livelihood Program (income generating skills)
d. Character and values Formation Seminar

9. C. Extension
3. Encourage and foster the spirit of volunteerism
among the members of the academe to actively
participate in its commitment to uplift their socio-
economic status.
4. Establish linkages with NGOs to help in its
programs and Community Extension Services (CES)

10. D. Productivity
Metro Manila College shall continue to maintain communication
with its graduates in their efforts to put into practice the
institution’s vision, mission, goal and objectives (VMGO) and
learned knowledge through:
1. Organization of Metro Manila College Alumni
Association (MMCAA).
2. Maintenance of a complete and updated alumni
database by creating of website and directory where
the status of their projects can be facilitated.

11. D. Productivity
3. Mobilization of resources in realizing their continued
support and show of gratitude to their Alma Mater.
4. Establishment of an Archive Unit (MMCAU) to keep
records, documents, and other pertinent data, all of
which will show case the institution’s achievements.
5. Foster sustainable volunteerism in the community in
coordination with Community Extension Services
(CES).

12. In pursuit of the Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives, the daily
activities and the way Metronians interact and work together
shall be defined by the following core value:
1. Professionalism- We conduct ourselves according to high
expectations. We maximize the use of our energy, time, and
resources. We support decisions and have sense of duty.
2. Commitment and Loyalty- Our action shall exemplify the value of
self-esteem and personal dignity, We dedicate ourselves to the
people and the institution we represent, We have the maturity to
strengthen our resolve to bind ourselves steadfastly to our
individual and corporate obligations. We do not engage in
activities that conflict with the interest of the institution and
always show that we belong.

13. 3. Integrity - We are accountable to our words and our actions. To
earn trust, we will do more than simply state our values-we will
live them as well. We will respect and preserve the integrity of
the person we work with and the students we work for.
4. Excellence - We build knowledge, demonstrate through
leadership, assume responsibility, and have a sense of urgency,
We seek efficiency and effectiveness by always exerting our best
efforts.
5. Teamwork - We commit to the success of others, share knowledge
and expertise, support decisions, respect diffrences and celebrate
victory.

17. READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 The subject enables the students to analyze the
selected writings contextually and to understand
and appreciate our rich past by deriving insights
from those actually present at the text and require
the students to write a story. The course aims to
expose the students to different facts of Philippine
History using different types of primary source that
may be utilized.

18. Final grades will be determined as follows:
Performance task
Recitation 25%
Project/Presentation 20%
Major Examination 30%
Written Work
Quizzes 15%
Assignment 10%
100%

19. It considers the time and place the historical
document was written as well as the situation or
the circumstances during the time. Works
pertaining to events in the past are analyzed by
also taking into account the author of the
document, his/her biographical background, role in
the event, and the intent for writing the document.

20.  The two other questions to consider when
doing a context analysis are as follows:
1. How authoritative is the account/source?
2. How is it relevant today?

21.  The study of History is the study of the beliefs and desires,
practices and institutions of human beings. With this definition,
history becomes an active factor in the study of Philippine society.
As defined by Aristotle, a Greek Philosopher, history is a
systematic account of set of natural phenomena, whether or not
chronological factoring was a factor in the account. Its common
definition as a word means “ The Past of Mankind”.
 It also includes a look into the development of Philippine culture
through time especially with the influences of the colonial period
that eventually shape the present Philippine identity.

22.  It is an examination of the past that can tell
us a great deal about how we came to be who
we are.
 It means looking at the roots of modern
situations, ideas, values and problems.

23. 1. History helps us understand people and societies.
Understanding the culture of a particular race is
difficult without looking back at its history. Experiences
in the past play in shaping the society. Countless
revolution, alliances, and elections influence how people
act and behave. Studying history will allow us to figure
out why the Puritans left England in the 14th century.
Why the Jews hated Adolf Hitler that much and how
the Palestinians struggle for recognition until now

24. 2. History contributes to moral understanding. Studying the
struggles of heroes in the past or of people who defied
adversities can serve as inspiration. A study of the past can
provide lessons in courage, diligence or constructive protest.
Mahatma Gandhi and Corazon Aquino set good example of
peaceful revolution.
3. History provides identity. Historical data include evidence
about how families, race, institutions and countries were
formed and how they evolved while retaining cohesion. History
provides facts about genealogy and a basis for understanding
how the family has interacted with a larger historical change.

25. 4. Studying history is essential for good citizenship. Knowing
where your ancestors came from and their struggles for
freedom is a source of pride for any individual. History
provides data about the emergence of national institutions,
problems and values. It offers evidence about how nations
have interacted with other societies providing international
and comparative perspectives essential for responsible
citizenship. Studying history encourages habits of mind that
are vital for responsible public behavior wherever as a
community leader, an informed voter, a petitioner or a simple
observer.

26. 5. History is useful in the world of work. History helps create
good business people, professionals and political leaders.
Knowledge of history is unquestionably an asset for a variety of
work and professional situations. By studying different phases
of the past and different societies in the past, it gives job
seekers the range and flexibility required in many work
situation. Migrant workers for instance, are oriented about the
country where they will work prior their departure. Political
leaders likewise need to understand the past of their
constituents and the milieu where they plan to govern.

27. What are the sources of history?
1. Primary Sources - are materials produced by people or
group directly involved in the event or topic being
studied. These people are direct participants or
eyewitnesses to the event. These sources range from
eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents,
official documents (government or private) and even
photographs.

28. 1. Primary Sources:
1.1 Photographs that may reflect social conditions of
historical realities and everyday life.
1.2 Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the
conditions of life of societies in the past
1.3 Old maps that may reveal how space and geography
were used to emphasized trade routes, structural build-up, etc.
1.4 Cartoons for political expression or propaganda

29. 1. Primary Sources:
1.5 Material evidence of prehistoric past like cave drawings,
old syllabaries and ancient writings
1.6 Statistical tables, graphs, and charts
1.7 Oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts
of eyewitnesses or participants; the recordings are then
transcribed and used for research
1.8 Published and unpublished primary documents,
eyewitness accounts and other written sources.

30. What are the sources of history?
2. Secondary Sources - Gottschalk simply defines this as
“testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness- that is
one who was not present at the event of which he tells.
These are books, articles, and scholarly journals that had
interpreted primary sources or had used them to discuss
certain subjects of history.

31. Historical sources are written by various authors with different
perspectives. Perspectives refer to the point of view of the said
writer who was a witness to the event. Though historical sources
are important in the writing of history, the historians are careful
in using these sources as the writer may be biased or prejudiced
on the subject he/she is discussing. For example, missionary
chronicles or narratives that were written by the religious
missionaries who came to the Philippines to spread Christianity
in the islands usually referred to the early Filipinos as
barbarians or uncivilized. This, of course is not true as it is
known that Filipinos already had a form of civilization and had
contact with Asian neighbors before the Spaniards arrived.

32.  Different participants who also wrote their accounts can also
give varied opinions and statement about a single event. In any
case, reading a historical event from the point of views of all
sides will enable us to form our own studies about the said event.