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1. Annotated Bibliography 1:
Warming alters potential enzyme activity but precipitation regulates chemical transformations in
grass litter exposed to simulated climatic changes
According to this research, warming can cause an acceleration of enzymatic activity during the
decomposition of plant litter (Suseela et la. 2013). Therefore, the formation of litter derived soil
organic matter can be altered by changes in precipitation that affect sensitivity of litter
decomposition to warming. Consequently, these investigators used three levels of precipitation to
probe how mass loss, microbial enzymatic activity and fine litter level chemistry responded to
the three levels of precipitation and levels of warming. Results showed that warming did not
affect the carbohydrate’s enzymatic activity as much as the precipitation did. This was due to a
faster loss of hydroxycinnamates in this process, which protects carbohydrates through cross-linkages
with lignin. Also, this investigation would be more efficient if on future experiments
they describe enzyme activity within different behaviors, environmental factors or variables such
as cold temperatures and different levels of soil precipitation.
Annotated Bibliography 2:
The role of Carbon Starvation in the Induction of Enzymes that Degrade Plant-Derived
Carbohydrates in Aspergillus nigger
This experiment was based on analyzing the response of the Aspergillus fungus to wheat straw
with the purpose of observing the events of enzymatic activity occurring shortly after its
exposure to the substrate. These investigators used proteomics to prove that carbon-starved
cultures indeed release CAZymes showing predicted activity on plant polysaccharides. Results
showed that the RNA sequence of transcriptional response after 6 hours of exposure to wheat
straw was very different from the response at 24 hours of exposure from the same substrate.
Consequently, carbon starvation needs to be considered as an important factor in the early
response to wheat straw. In synthesis, this research discovered that enzymatic activity and
reaction products can vary due to the exposure to carbon-starved cultures. Therefore, it is
important to understand the regulation and induction of enzymes from fungi used for
saccharification of plant polysaccharide because it is crucial to the production of biofuels.
Annotated Bibliography 3:
Medium-chain triglyceride supplementation under a low-carbohydrate formula is a promising
therapy for adult-onset type II citrullinemia
Citrin is a mitochondrial inner membrane aspartate-glutamate carrier that transfers a cytosolic
NADH-reducing equivalent into the mitochondria as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle in the
liver. The deficiency of this protein causes neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD), which
develops an adult-onset type II citrullinemia that can lead to death by hyperammonemic
encephlopathy. The purpose of this investigation was to create a therapy, different from the
transplantation of a liver that could help to treat this disease. So, a low-carbohydrate formula was
a developed and dministered to five patients to test the positive feedback from this therapy. As a
result, these investigators reported that a lactose (galactose) restricted and medium-chain
triglyceride (MCT) supplemented formula is efficient for patients with NICCD . Afterwards,

2. they found that the MCT supplement was effective, because four of the five patients completely
recovered from the disease with normal laboratory findings. These imvestigators should improve
their work by analyzing how enzyme activity would be useful for the recovery of 100% of the
patients.