Migration Flows in LAC
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Migration flows in Latin America have increased substantially in the past 15 years. The total number of immigrants residing in Latin American countries, both from within and outside the region, rose 45% between 2000-2015. Many South American countries now receive more immigrants from other South American countries than from outside the region. Managing migration presents challenges at both the national and sub-national level for governments and requires long-term development solutions as Latin America becomes a higher income region.
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Migration Flows in LAC
- 1. MIGRATION FLOWS IN LATIN AMERICA National and Sub-national Challenges, as the region evolves and integrates José Antonio Ardavín Head of the Latin American and the Caribbean Division OECD Global Relations Secretariat
- 2. • Stock – Photo – moment – issue • Flows – Video – process – cause -> effect • Economy – GDP • Demography – Population • Geography – Territory • Institutions – Social Cohesion • Culture “Migration flows in LAC” One step back Geopolitics
- 3. A broad (geographic) perspective
- 4. A broad (geographic) perspective
- 5. The OECD Analysis of Migration: beyond data… 1997 … 2006 … 2018
- 6. …general policies across the board for inclusion of migrants (e.g. PISA / Education)
- 7. 1. Latin America new-comer in the immigration club Inflows, permanent and temporary, as a percentage of the population in Americas, 2010 and 2015 Source: National administrative data on visas and residence permits. SICREMI 2017 Note: The 2010 data shown for Ecuador are from 2011. In the past 15 years, the total number of immigrants resident, originating both within and outside the region, increased by: • 45% in LAC countries; • 34% in the United States; • and 30% in Europe (including intra EU migrants).
- 8. With one important (cultural/integration) advantage: Rising migration within and towards LAC Evolution of the number of South American migrants in the region Regional Migrants as a percentage of Total Immigrants By Country - 2015 *
- 9. 2. Two important policy perspectives: Nations: immigration politics Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015) Immigrants and Emigrants in South America in 2015
- 10. 2. Two important policy perspectives: Cities: public services
- 11. 3. Long term-perspective / solution. An issue of development as the region turns into a higher income region
- 12. Three key challenges of LAC as a region OECD Latin America & the Caribbean Regional Programme 12 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Total Factor Productivity (2011) Labour productivity (GDP per person Employed) Human Development Index 1 - Coefficient of Human Inequality 1 - Gini (2012) Control of Corruption Government effectiveness Regulatory Quality Rule of Law productivity social inclusion governance Gap of LAC vs OECD in key productivity, social inclusion and governance indicators (2014, Top performing on each indicator =100%; least performing on each indicator = 0%) LAC Average Top OECD Country OECD Average World Bank IDB United Nations United Nations World Bank World Bank World Bank World Bank World Bank Sources: Productivity Social Inclusion Governance
- 13. The OECD is supporting the region addressing these challenges through a high level platform for policy dialogue 13www.oecd.org/Latin-America/regionalprogramme
- 14. MIGRATION FLOWS IN LATIN AMERICA National and Sub-national Challenges, as the region evolves and integrates José Antonio Ardavín Head of the Latin American and the Caribbean Division OECD Global Relations Secretariat
Editor's Notes
- The region has been experiencing significant changes in migration flows within the last decade, with more movement within the region, chiefly for labor reasons, and a decline in emigration beyond the region as a result of improving LAC economies and reduced prospects elsewhere. International migration in the Americas between 2010 and 2015 grew by 5% per year. This figure, however, exceeded 11% for the Latin America and Caribbean region. Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama have established themselves as the new immigration countries of the western hemisphere, drawing immigrants from many of their neighbouring countries. Although South-North flows remain predominant in the hemisphere, this trend clearly illustrates the dynamism of international migration within and towards LAC countries.
- The region has been experiencing significant changes in migration flows within the last decade, with more movement within the region, chiefly for labor reasons, and a decline in emigration beyond the region as a result of improving LAC economies and reduced prospects elsewhere. Approximately 70 per cent of immigration in South America is intra-regional A range of factors explain the increase in intra-regional mobility: restrictive policies on entry and access to residence in developed nations; the economic crises in the United States and Europe; greater employment opportunities and more beneficial regulatory frameworks in the region. Intra-regional migration has been favored by the approval of new regulatory and institutional frameworks at the national level, and regional integration agreements (mainly the Southern Common Market [MERCOSUR] and the Andean Community of Nations), which have facilitated intra-regional mobility. The Agreement on Residence for Nationals of the States Parties of MERCOSUR and Associated States represents a fundamental tool for access to legal residence in South America. https://cimal.iom.int/sites/default/files/Report_Migration_Trends_South_America_EN.pdf
- The reality of LAC countries’ transitional development challenges: Different realities = different challenges If not managed successfully migration inflows can add to existing pockets of poverty and social exclusion and result in growing inequality in urban and non-urban contexts. Conversely, if well managed migration can be a key factor for successfully transitioning bringing workforce and skills that can contribute to local development. Chile is a destination country for migrants who represent 2,7% of Chilean population. The territorial approach is highly relevant as migration is unevenly distributed across the country and concentrated in specific territories. The metropolitan capital region gathers the most important migrant flows, followed by North region. Colombia experiences diverse migration realities. 7,2 million Internally Displaced Persons along with newcomers and returnees from Venezuela require local strategies for improving sustainable settlement in cities, in particular border areas such as Cucuta. Brazil is experiencing a relevant shift towards protection and right-based migration approach, as the country heads to future demographic challenges – analysts predict decrease in the Brazilian population in absolute numbers as from 2030. Ecuador has experienced different types of migration inflows. Historically is the country in the LAC region receiving most refugees fleeing conflict in Colombia which has allowed Ecuador to gain experience in this domain. Nowadays, inflows of Venezuelan are also highly relevant. Argentina: benefitting of a relatively opened migration regime, the country continues to be an immigration hub in the LAC region, the share of migrant on the total population increased between 1995 and 2015 and in 2015 immigrant stock represented 4.8% of total population. Mexico: the integration of migrants coming from Haiti and Central America because of insecurity comes along the demand to integrate returning and economic migrants. . There are important territorial disparities in terms of migration processes, institutional frameworks and economic development. In Mexico, some states as Chiapas are highly concerned by migration from southern neighbouring countries whereas, states as Hidalgo tend to be more concerned about returning migrants from the United States.
- If not managed successfully migration inflows can add to existing pockets of poverty and social exclusion and result in growing inequality in urban and non-urban contexts. Conversely, if well managed migration can be a key factor for successfully transitioning bringing workforce and skills that can contribute to local development. Managing migration in LAC requires Cross sectoral territorial approach to face the regions heterogeneity and diversity Multi-level challenges
- Also reflect areas where the GAP between LAC and OECD countries is considerable and where the OECD has significant experiences to share.
- From financial aid to policy discussion and experience sharing. The key objective of the programme is supporting LAC countries advance their reform agendas to increase productivity, enhance social inclusion and strengthen institutions. These are the outcomes that we expect the programme should help countries to achieve. Important additional objectives: support regional integration approaches and underpin advancement and monitoring of SDGs. These priorities share a wide consensus in the academic and international organisations spheres as critical challenges of the region.