The document discusses spin welding, which uses friction to heat and weld thermoplastic materials. A spin welding machine applies pressure and rotates one part against another stationary part to create friction and heat the materials. The spin welding process involves five stages - initially generating heat through friction, then stripping and melting surfaces, heating through internal friction within the melted area, maintaining a constant temperature, then cooling under pressure. Spin welding offers advantages over other welding techniques like easier joining of materials, stronger welds, lower costs, smaller heat affected zones, compatibility with different materials, and no need for ventilation.

1. What is Spin Welding Machine?
Spin welding is a welding technique that is used on thermoplastic
materials. In this technique, friction is used to heat the parts to be welded.
The spin welding machine is the equipment used to spin weld. It applies
pressure axially as it rotates one part against another stationary part.
Below are the principles behind the technique.
Principles of spin welding
The spin welding method is split into five distinctive stages.
In Stage I, the gyratory friction produces heat. Frictional heating is
deepened with mutual axial (press vertical) and joint surface speeds.
In Stage II, the friction consequences to coarse forces, which strip off
surface irregularity, these generate wear bits triggering the faces of the
polymer to start melting. As the polymer reaches its crystal-like melting
point or glass conversion temperature, it enters the third stage.
In stage III, the heat begins to be produced by inner friction inside the
liquefied area. This continues in stage IV, where the temperatures of the
liquefied layer stay moderately constant. Since plastics are bad heat
conductors, the heat of the surface is shifted slowly to the inside and a lot
of it stays contained. At this point, the rotation is stopped and we enter
stage V.

2. In stage V is where the liquefied material is left to cool under pressure
for a short time called the Hold Time’.
Spin welding is a welding technique that comes with several advantages
over the mainstream welding techniques. Below are some of the
advantages that come with using a spin welding machine.
Advantages of spin welding
• Easy to join unlike metals- This means that you are able to use more
expensive corrosion resistant materials for a joint that needs such material.
On the other hand, you are where there is no need for corrosion resistant
materials you can easily use a less resistant but a strong enough material.
• The cross-section surface is made up of both metals- This translates to
having a joint that is both void-less and airtight.
• Higher strength welds- A spin welding machine gives you stronger
joints s compared to the mainstream welding techniques.
• Lower welding costs- The cost of spin welding is far much lower due to
the fact that their consumables like fluxes, filler metal among others. This
makes it ideal for commercial purposes.
• The Minimal heat affected zone (HAZ)- Using a spin welding machine
results to having a much smaller HAZ as compared to the other welding
techniques. This, therefore, translates to a much efficient use of energy.

3. • Optimized material choice for designers- Since spin welding can
actually weld two different materials; this gives designers the opportunity
to choose from a wide range of materials without the fear that they may
not be compatible.
• No ventilation required- Since spin welding uses fiction, this means that
there will no need to use a ventilated premise. This will also have some
very positive implications on health.
• Ideal for circular parts- Spin welding gives a sturdy bond which is also
hermetically sealed. This factor makes it ideal for joining circular parts
efficiently.
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