2. At the end of this unit, students should be
able to:
Define the terms information system and
computer information system
Identify the components of information
systems
Familiarize with the history and
development of information system
3. Information System
IS, can be any organized combination of People, Hardware, Software and data
resources that collects transformation or screening the information in an
organization.
Input Processing Output
Storage
FeedBack
4. What Is an Information System?
a set of interrelated components that collect,
manipulate, and disseminate data and information
and provide feedback to meet an objective.
(Star & Reynolds, 2011).
is an academic study of systems with a specific reference
to information and the complementary networks of
hardware and software that people and organizations use to
collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data.
11. Type of Information System
Transaction Processing Systems. These systems have been
designed to collect, process and store transactions that
occur in the day to day operations of a company.
Example:
inventory questions, granting credit to customer,
performing deposits & withdrawals
– Monitor status of internal operations and firm’s
relationship with external environment. – Major producers
of information for other systems.
– Highly central to business operations and functioning.
12. Decision Support Systems
These systems help
decision makers to make
the best decisions by
generating statistical
projections from
analyzed data.
13. Executive Information Systems
Also known as
Executive Support
System, this is a
tool used for
reporting
enterprise-wide
data to top
executives.
14. Management Information Systems
These systems make
use of information
technology to help
managers ensure a
smooth and efficient
running of the
organization.
15. Historical Perspective
The history of
information
management can be
traced back to the
industrial exhibition
of Paris in 1801.
There, Joseph Marie
Charles Jacquard
introduced the world
to punch cards.
16. The Emergence of MIS in
Computers
When computers began to emerge in the 1940s and
1950s, punch cards were still a big part of information
systems. They continued to play a role until the 1970s when
they were replaced by magnetic storage media like tapes
and disks.
These storage devices greatly increased the speed of
calculating data Consequently, MIS began to develop for
accounting. Calculating data and compiling it into reports
could now be done in a fraction of the time it would have
taken before.
17. Evolution of Punch Cards
By 1911, IBM emerged,
then called the
Computing-Tabulating-
Recording Company. By
this time, punch cards
were used for recording
and storing all sorts of
information, including
time tracking and
recording weights on
scales
18. MIS Developing Beyond
Accounting
From the 1970s to the early 1990s, as
computers became smaller, faster and
more affordable, MIS developed
beyond accounting to other business
areas, like inventory systems, sales,
marketing, manufacturing processes
and engineering.
19. The Five Eras of MIS
First Era (mid-1960s to mid-1970s)
Mainframe and minicomputer
computing
Technology included third-
generation mainframe
computers, like the IBM 360.
Languages included
Assembler, Fortran, COBO
and, Database e. Ethernet
networks were developed
during this time.
20. The Five Eras of MIS
Second Era (mid-1970s to mid-
1980s)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
minicomputer technology
gave way to personal
computers
1980 - proliferation of the
low-cost Apple I and II and the
IBM personal computer (PC)
Introduction of VisiCalc
spreadsheet software
21. The Five Eras of MIS
Third Era (mid-1980s to late
1990s)
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORKS
1989 - World Wide Web was
created by Tim Berners-Lee
Computer information sharing
Intranets – a network operating
like the World Wide Web (www)
but having access restricted to a
limited group of authorized users
(such as employees of a company)
22. The Five Eras of MIS
Fourth Era (late 1990s to today)
ENTERPRISE COMPUTING
• consolidated disparate single-
application software applications
used by different departments
• Enterprise software solutions
integrate essential business
operations – Marketing and sales –
Accounting – Finance – Human
resources – Inventory and
manufacturing
23. The Five Eras of MIS
Fifth Era (today forward)
CLOUD COMPUTING
• Distributed computing on
internet
• Delivery of computing service
over the internet E.g. Yahoo,
Gmail, Hotmail, facebook, twitter
• According to Cisco Systems,
worldwide Internet traffic is
expected to reach 2 zettabytes
annually by 2019
24. Background Information on Indexing
and Abstracting Services
Indexing and abstracting products are one of the most
used tools for information access and bibliographic control.
Indexing and abstracting services have also covered other
information sources such as books, reports, government
publications, newspapers etc.
Libraries were initially indexing and abstracting their
resources in order the help their users.
25. Background Information on Indexing
and Abstracting Services
According to Cleveland and Cleveland (2001) a number of
German journals had began and the same happened in
England in the 16th and 17th centuries.
By the middle of the 19th century there were indexing and
abstracting journals covering most fields of knowledge.
By the turn of the 21st century most of the services had
become specialised areas focusing on subject areas; such
that today’s indexing and abstracting tools are produced
and used in many countries as a vital device in managing
scholarly and non-scholarly information.
26. Relationship between Libraries, Indexing and
Abstracting Services
The relationship or association existing between users and
libraries on one hand and indexing and abstracting services
is symbiotic as they are useful to each other.
Libraries provide users with information or documents
while indexing and abstracting services make users aware of
available literature and this to great extent is an extension
library functions.
Libraries provide operating revenues for indexing and
abstracting services and they also serve as bibliographic
retailers of information contained in indexing and
abstracting publications.
27. Relationship between Libraries, Indexing and
Abstracting Services
The basic functions of indexing and abstracting services is
to provide organised access to available literature, to
provide a means to appraise them and help libraries
indexing and abstracting services and the users in
bibliographic citation, giving the address of particular
documents.
28. Databases
Bibliographic databases focus on citations of periodical
articles, government publications, books, conference
articles, reports etc, they may appears as citations to
documents, abstracts of document or as full-texts database.
The non-bibliographic databases come from many sources
which include business, professional associations,
government agencies etc., and they essentially do not focus
on information sources citation.
29. References
Cleveland, D. B and Cleveland, A. D (2001) Introduction to indexing and Abstracting. Greenwood: Libraries Unlimited.
Cox, J. (2013). As I See It!--Abstracting and Indexing Services--The Ostriches of Information. Against the Grain, 20(5), 32.
Jacsó, P. (2006). Open access to scholarly indexing/abstracting information. Online Information Review, 30(4), 461-468.
Mulvany, N. C. (2009). Indexing books. University of Chicago Press.
Parkway, R. (2014). Indexing/Abstracting. International Journal of Progressive Education, 10(1). 55-60
Reitz, J. M (2004) Dictionary for library and information science, London: Libraries Unlimited.
Splenda, R. (2014). Introduction to Indexing and Abstracting. Technical Services Quarterly, 31(3), 307-308.
Laudon, K. and Laudon, J. (2013). Essentials of Management Information Systems. NewYork:
Pearson.
Star, R. and Reynolds, G. (2011). Principles of Information Systems, Tenth Edition. Cengage Learning,
USA.
Editor's Notes
The term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, processes, data and technology. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is not only the technology an organization uses, but also the way in which the organizations interact with the technology and the way in which the technology works with the organization’s business processes. Information systems are distinct from information technology in that an information system has an information technology component that interacts with the processes components.
Components of Information Systems
Resources of people: (end users and IS specialists, system analyst, programmers, data administrators etc.).
Hardware: (Physical computer equipments and associate device, machines and media).
Software: (programs and procedures).
Data: (data and knowledge bases), and
Networks: (communications media and network support).
Transaction Processing Systems : – Transaction: Any business-related exchange, such as payments to employees and sales to customers
– Transaction Processing System (TPS): Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions
– Serve operational managers.
– Principal purpose is to answer routine questions and to track the flow of transactions through the organization.
– Example: inventory questions, granting credit to customer, performing deposits & withdrawals
– Monitor status of internal operations and firm’s relationship with external environment. – Major producers of information for other systems.
– Highly central to business operations and functioning.
These systems compile information from several sources for purposes of aiding in decision making. Examples of these systems include computer supported cooperative work, group decision support systems, logistics systems and financial planning systems.
Information collected by these systems is structured so that the managers can easily evaluate the company’s current performance vis-à-vis previous outputs.
Some of the common types of Management Information Systems include process control systems, human resource management systems, sales and marketing systems, inventory control systems, office automation systems, enterprise resource planning systems, accounting and finance systems and management reporting systems.
These cards, which were similar to the computer punch cards used through much of the 20th century, were used in weaving looms to make intricate patterns in cloth. Thus, for the first time, Jacquard's punch cards could automate the storage and management of the information used to specify how a loom was to be operated.
Most of these systems ran independently of each other, each using different software on different computers. For a large company to get a complete picture of its progress, reports from different departments would be re-entered into another system, often in a mainframe computer. Small businesses simply didn't have the resources to complete such an endeavor and would have to compile different reports manually, often on paper.
Even as computers could be connected in networks in the 1990s, the different software systems were often not compatible. Companies then began upgrading their systems so that different department systems could communicate with each other. By the end of the 1990s, even small businesses could afford integrated information systems and even connect different office systems together using the internet.
While MIS was still mainly concerned with governance and the needs of management, more departments were beginning to benefit from the technology. In many companies, steering committees and user-led initiatives determined the shape and scope of additional IS projects. Technology included the first personal computers (PCs), minicomputers and mid-range computers.
• This protocol HTML, used over the existing Internets that had been constructed opened up a new era of EDI the world had never seen
During the current era, information systems are still tightly tied to governance and management, however the systems are widely distributed, within the reach of nearly every employee who needs it across multiple platforms. Many information systems are integrated between different companies, so that a client business can readily access supplier information and their customers, in turn, can access that information. Technology now includes social media, search engines and ubiquitous computing through a variety of platforms including laptops, tablets and smartphones.
The increase in internet bandwidth over recent years has led to a substantial reliance on cloud computing. As a result, some maintain that this marks a new era in worker's ascendancy and that we are now in a fifth era for management information systems. Today, practically any employee is now in a position to make informed decisions with tools that are readily available across multiple platforms. Furthermore, the line between who produces and who consumes MIS information is increasingly blurred.