CONTENT AND PEDAGOGY FOR THE MOTHER TONGUE

1. TABLE 6: MODE IN MOST PHILIPPINE LANGUAGE
MODE AFFIX MEANING
Indicative Um, m-, -an, -in/-on, i- states that an action is
performed.
Imperative -on, -an, -a, -i request or command
Aptative maka-/paka- possibility/accidental
Reciprocal maki-/paki- action is done together by
the actor and the goal of
the action
Exchange of actions
between two or more
actors.
Causative pa- the actor is the reason why
the action is done but the
actor is not doing the
action
Distributive ma-/pang- plurality of an action or

2. MODIFIERS
In the Philippine languages, as observed
by Nolasco (2011). “adjectives” and
“adverbs” are similar in form.
Morphologically, there are no persuasive
reasons for separating the modifiers of
verbs and non-verbs. Thus, the analysis
followed here is to treat them as one word
class, called modifiers.

3. Modifiers typically express the
following properties : age,
dimension, value, color, physical,
characteristics, human
propensity, and speed. They also
express differing degrees or
intensity such as comparative ,
superlative and intensive degrees.

4. Philippine modifiers are inflicted by means of affixes for
four degrees of intensity: basic, comparative, superlative,
and the intensive.
(1) Maganda sya.
(basic)
(2) Mas maganda ang kapatid nya kaysa sakanya.
(comparative)
(3) Pinakamaganda ang bunsong kapatid nila sa lahat.
(superlative)

5. PRONOUNS
In Philippine-type languages, pronouns replace the
full noun phrases in a clause. Pronouns however do not
take the place of nouns in most expressions. (e.g. an bata
> siya, not an siya), but do so in oblique phrases (e.g. sa
bata ‘to the child’ > sa iya ‘to him/her.’ they also assume
the grammatical roles of S, A, O or oblique arguments.
There are five important types of pronouns in
Philippine languages: personal pronouns, interrogative
pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns
and indefinite pronouns.

6. PERSONALPRONOUNS
refers to entities already mentioned in the
discourse or known to the hearer. They are classified
according to person, case and number. They can be
classified into two types, according to their
phonological properties: (a) the second-position (2P)
(en)clitic pronouns: and (b) free pronominals. 2P
pronouns form the immediate part of the first element
in the clause. They follow the first word in a clause, a
position that is not available to non-clitic arguments.

7. TABLE 7: PRONOMINAL FORMS IN TAGALOG

8. DEMONTRATIVEPRONOUNS
- refer to entities in relation to
distance, and space and also refer to
their location on a time line. In
discourse, demonstratives are also used
to track reference across clauses. They
sometimes take the place of third
personal pronouns.

9. TABLE 8: DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES

10. INTERROGATIVEPRONOUNS
- Are those that take place of the nouns in
questions. Interrogatives are used when a concept is
being questioned and to elicit information so that an
item can be identified. In tagalog the interrogative
pronouns are: sino ‘who,’ kailan ‘when,’ paano ‘
how,’ saan ‘what,’ alin ‘which,’ and bakit ‘why,’
Indefinite pronouns refer to entities, persons,
place or times which cannot be clearly established.

11. NUMERALTERMSANDNUMERICAL
EXPRESSIONS
-Most Philippine language, have native terms for
numbers. However, in the domain of money and time,
Spanish terms are used. Numerals typically go with
nouns to specify the of the items talked about. They
can also modify verbs and other predicates to indicate
degree and quantify of action.

12. CLITICPARTICLES
Clitic particles constitute a group that adds meaning
to the predicate or a part of the sentence. They are
prosodically weak elements which form part of a word (or
other prosodic unit) with other material from which it is
syntactically distinct. They follow the first full word in the
clause. Clitics are also polysemous; in most instances,
they need to have a context to acquire meaning.

13. THE EXAMPLE OF CLITICS AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION IN TAGALOG ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
• Class 1: na ‘already,’ pa ‘still’;
• Class 2: man ‘even’
• Class 3a: ba ‘question marker’ din ‘too,’ kasi ‘ because,’
ho/po ‘politeness marker,’ lamang ‘only,’ nga ‘really’
• Class 3b: daw ‘reportedly,’ muna ‘for a while,’ naman
‘instead’
• Class 4: kaya ‘speculation marker,’ pala ‘surprise
marker,’ sana ‘hopefully,’ tuloy ‘as a result,’ yata
‘uncertainty marker’

14. LINKERS
Are words which connects words, phrases and
sentences into larger construction. The linkers in
philippine languages usually are: na/nga/a, which is
used to connect words, phrases and clauses, and ka,
which is used in some languages to connect
numerical expressions to the entity it modifies.

15. CONJUNCTIONS
Are connector words such as at ‘and’, ngunit
‘but’, kung ‘if’, kahit ‘even’, upang/para ‘in order to’,
which can also be considered as linkers in the sense
that they link one clause to another.
There are two major classifications of conjoining:
1. Coordination conjunction
2. Subordination conjunction

16. CLAUSESTRUCTURE
A clause is the basic unit in discourse for
acomplishing the ends of communication. It consists of at
least a predicate (usually a verb) and an entity
(noun).Clauses may be unmarked or pragmatically
marked.
Unmarked clauses - are simple declarative clauses which
do not perform any specialized function other than to
state an idea or transmit information.
Pragmatically marked clauses - are used in more

17. •Philippine languages are typically predicate-
initial, as opposed to the predicate-medial
basic word order of english. That is, in
pragmatically neutral declarative clauses,
the verb appear first, followed by nominal
arguments (nouns or pronouns). In english,
the verb is preceeded by the subject.

18. NON-VERBALCONSTRUCTIONS
• Are simple clauses whose predicates are not
verbs. They are a type of intransitive clauses
because they only have an S argument and this
can only be accompanied by oblique phrases.
Existential constructions are exceptional
because while they are intransitive, they do not
have an S argument (Nolasco, 2011).

19. Non-verbal constructions may be classified
into:
a.PROPER INCLUSION CLAUSES
b.EQUATIVE CLAUSES
c. ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES
d.LOCATIVE CLAUSES
e.EXISTENTIAL OR PRESENTATIVE CLAUSES
f. POSSESIVE CLAUSES

20. PRAGMATICALLY MARKED CONSTRUCTIONS ARE:
a. Exclamatory clauses, which express extreme emotions, e.g.
Nasusunog ang bahay! ‘The house is burning!’
b. Questions, consist of two types: yes-no questions and question-
word questions, e.g. Pupunta ka ba ng sweden, john? ‘John, are
you going to sweden?’, (yes-no), Saan ka pupunta? ‘Where are
you going?’ (question-word).
c. Relative clauses, clauses that modify nominals, e.g. Si Jean ang
diwatang sasagip sa buhay nya ‘Jean is the fairy who will save his
life’
d. Imperative clauses, express command or request.
e. Complement clauses, clauses which serve as one of the

21. f. Preposed constructions, one of the participants
moved to the front of the clause, Ang kamay ko
ang hinawakan nya ‘(it is) my hand that she held’
g. Negation clauses, assert that some event,
condition, state or situation does not hold, e.g.
Tagalog: Hindi tamad si Juan ‘Juan is not lazy’,
Masbatenyo: Waran tawo sa balay ‘Theres no one
in the house’

22. LANGUAGECHANGE
Languages change gradually. Certain
changes may be introduced at first as an
optional rule (e.G. Colloquial terms, coinage,
word manufacture, etc.) By any speaker of
the language and spread gradually through
an entire speech community. New vocabulary
can be invented or adapted from other
languages.

23. PHILIPPINELINGUISTICSITUATION
The term “Philippine language” has been
used ambiguously in literature. It is used to
refer either to “any language native to the
Philippines, without regard to its genetics
affiliation” or to any member of a paputive
subgroup of Austronesian languages located
in the Philippine island” (Blust, 1991).

24. The austronesian language family ,
the largest existing language family in
terms of the number of its member
languages, spreads from malagasy (in
madagascar) to the rapanui (in easter
island), and from formosan languages
(in taiwan) to maori (in new zealand)
(adelaar & himmelman, 2005).

25. Philippine languages can be further classified into
microgroups as can be seen in the following table:

26. LANGUAGEVERSUSDIALECT
Most speakers and users or philippine languages,
including the national mass media. Have little, if not
none, idea regarding the status of their own native
language. They often refer to them as “dialects” with
only english and filipino having the official status of
“languages” in their minds.
There are two kinds of criteria that are used to
distinguish languages from dialects: the social and
political, and the linguistics.

27. Linguists however, use different
criteria. If speakers of the two speaks
varieties can have a conversation and
understand each other, they are using
“dialects” of a single language. In
contrast, if speakers of the two speech
varieties converse and do not
understand each other, they are using
two distinct languages. This criterion is
called mutual intelligibility

28. TABLE 10: MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY IN PHILIPPINE
LANGUAGES

29. Another measure for distinguishing a
language from dialect is grammar. If the
speech variety has different grammar , then it
is a different language.
Filipino, the national language of the
Philippines, can be considered the tagalog
variety spoken in Metro Manila, sharing
identical grammar with other tagalog
varieties (Nolasco, 2007)

30. DIALECTAL VARIATION varies from language to
language. Tagalog and kapampangan have very
moderate dialectual variation. Dialect of bicol
however, exhibit great dialectual variation.
there are 186 distinct living languages in the
Philippines, including the filipino sign language (FSL),
according to the latest edition of ethilogue (2015). Of
these, 182 are living and 4 are extinct. Of the living
languages, 41 are institutional, 72 are developing, 46
are vigorous, 13 are in trouble and 10 are dying.

31. THANK YOU!!!