Genizer Liposome Extruders Also knowns as: Exosomes Extruders, Artificial Cell Membrane Extruders; Liposomes Preparation devices by extrusion Advantages: Liposome extruders are mainly used for the liposome formulation and achieving uniform size distributions. It is an ideal instrument to generate nanoscale liposome formulations, and to prepare exosomes and artificial cell membranes. By utilizing the tracked-etched filter membranes, the liposome extruders are capable of capturing large particles, precipitation and achieving sterile filtration. Application: Research and Development for the liposomal drug delivery system, vaccine, gene delivery, and cosmetics Liposome extruders are instruments used for liposome formulation and achieving uniform size distributions. They are beneficial in research and development for liposomal drug delivery systems, vaccines, gene delivery, and cosmetics. Liposome extrusion technology involves the use of liposomal phospholipid bilayers and specific pore-sized polycarbonate membranes to achieve uniform liposome sizes. There are different types of liposome extruders, such as hand-driven, jacketed, online, and multiple extruders. The selection of polycarbonate membranes is crucial for successful extrusion, and different pore sizes can be used to obtain desired particle sizes. A High-pressure homogenizer can also be combined with a liposome extruder for optimal results. Genizer LLC provides microfluidics mixers, high pressure homogenizers, liposome extruders, nano particle analyzers and nano formulation services for pharmaceutical, biochemical, cosmetics and food industries.

1. Liposome Extruders
Instrument: Genizer Liposome Extruders
AKA: Exosomes Extruders, Artificial Cell Membrane Extruders; Liposomes
Preparation devices by extrusion
Advantages: Liposome extruders are mainly used for the liposome
formulation and achieving uniform size distributions. It is an ideal
instrument to generate nanoscale liposome formulations, and to prepare
exosomes and artificial cell membranes. By utilizing the tracked-etched
filter membranes, the liposome extruders are capable of capturing large
particles, precipitation and achieving sterile filtration.
Application: Research and Development for the liposomal drug delivery
system, vaccine, gene delivery, and cosmetics
Working Principles: A liposome is a spherical-shaped vesicle composed of
phospholipid bilayers. Phospholipid bilayers are critical components of cell
membranes, with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. In an aqueous
solution, the hydrophobic ends tend to bind to each other, and spontaneously
form small sphericalliposomes. The liposome extruder is designed for the
preparation of liposomes. It is easy to use, and has high precision particle
size control ability with narrow distributions and satisfactory repeatability.
So far it has been widely used in the preparations of complex injectable
liposome products.
Figure 1 Gene delivery liposome with phospholipid bilayers
Liposome extrusion technology is employing the structural and performance
characteristics of liposomal phospholipid bilayers. When the operational
temperature is slightly above the phase transition temperature of
phospholipids, the large vesicles of liposomes will pass through

2. polycarbonate membranes with specific pore sizes by a certain external
extrusion force. The large particle size liposome or multiple compartments
liposomes are rapidly repolymerized into smaller-size liposomes after being
ruptured by the shear of membrane pores. Since the pore size of
polycarbonate membrane is fixed (e.g., 50nm, 100nm, 200nm, 400nm, 1um,
etc.), and the polycarbonate extrusion membrane features vertical and
uniform nano pore distributions on the membrane surface, when the large
vesicles pass through the membrane with a specific nano pore size several
times, the sample is extruded to the uniform size decided by the pore.
Figure 2 Schematic diagram depicting the liposome extrusion
1. Common Types of Liposome Extruders
Liposome extruders can be classified into three categories: hand
drivenliposome extruders, jacketed liposome extruders, and online liposome
extruders. Each category is based on its different power sources.
1.1 Hand DrivenLiposome Extruders
The hand driven liposome extruders are capable of processing the sample
volume from 0.25mL to 2.5mL, which is suitable for mini sample volume
applications during the experimental phase. It is operated by simply pushing
the plunger manually. There are two types of hand driven extruders:
extruders under ambient temperature, and extruders with jacketed option.
The hand driven liposome extruders with cooling jacket are designed for
those extrusion conditions to control the sample temperature.

3. Figure 3 Hand Driven Liposome Extruders
1.2 Jacketed Liposome Extruders
The jacketed liposome extruders have a wide range of processing capacities,
from sample volume 2mL to 3L depending on the models. It is suitable for
lab scale and pilot scale applications. It is driven by compressed nitrogen
cylinder. Most of the jacketed liposome extruders are designed with jacketed
barrel to achieve the temperature control of the sample.
Figure 4 Jacketed Liposome Extruders
1.3 Online Liposome Extruders
Online liposome extruders are available for the processing capacity from
2mL to 20L depending on the different models. These extruders are more
suitable for pilot scale applications. It is powered by a high-pressure pump
unit or other production equipment.

4. Figure 5 Online Liposome Extruders
1.4 Multiple Liposome Extruders System
The multiple liposome extruders system is able to process the volume from
1L to 200L. It features both the temperature and pressure sensors in the
product line, and a control panel to control the production for liposomes.
Figure 6 Multiple Liposome Extruders systems with liposome extruding control panel
2. Track-Etched Polycarbonate Extrusion Membranes
The operations of liposome extruders have high requirements for the
extrusion membranes. The nucleus track-etched polycarbonate membranes
should have uniform distributions of filter pores. In an ideal membrane, all
nano pores should be of the same size. Furthermore, the extrusion
membrane with vertical pore distribution is more conducive to the
preparation of liposome extrusion.

5. Figure 7 Microscopic Representation for Track-Etched Polycarbonate Membranes
In general, selecting right size of the polycarbonate membranes will ensure
successful extrusion. It is strongly recommended to know the initial particle
size of the processing sample before the extrusion. Another factor to
consider for selecting the membrane is the desired particle size for your end
product. For example, if the initial particle size of the sample is 1μm, and
the target is to achieve the particle size below 100 nm, here are two options
available:
1) Extrusion Multiple Times via the Target Pore Size Membranes
For example, the user can extrude the sample through a 100 nm
polycarbonate membrane using a liposome extruder several times. But the
problems that may arise are:
1) The difficulties in extrusion process;
2) The large vesicles may block the surface of the polycarbonate
membrane, and request a replacement of a new membrane, etc.
2) Extrusion via the Different Pore Size Membranes
This procedure is to use different pore size membranes to extrude step by
step. For example, the sample is extruded through a 400nm polycarbonate
membrane first, and observe the extrusion process. If it is hard to extrude the
sample through the 400nm membranes, then replace a new membrane with a
larger pore size, such as 800nm for extrusion 3~5 times. It can be optimized
during the process. After the first-round extrusion, select a smaller pore size
polycarbonate membrane, such as 100 nm or 80 nm to extrude again. 200
nm polycarbonate membranes can be used as a transition if the extrusion is
difficult to go through the 100 nm membranes.
3) High Pressure Homogenization-Extrusion Method
The sample can be high pressure homogenized first, and extruded through a
100nm or 80nm polycarbonate membrane after homogenization.(Figure 8)

6. Figure 8 High Pressure Homogenizer combines with online liposome extruder