After learning this article you will be able to answer the questions related: 1- Hydrogen 2- Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table 3- Atomic Hydrogen 4- Molecular Hydrogen 5- Hydrogen Ion 6- Hydrogen Bond 7- dipole-dipole forces 8- Isotopes of Hydrogen 9- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) For more information visit the given link https://physicochemics.com/category/chemistry/

1. Explain Hydrogen with its Isotopes
What is Hydrogen
A chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1 is called hydrogen. It is the
most abundant and lightest element of the universe. It makes up about 75% of its
elemental mass. In the purest state of hydrogen, it has no odor, taste, or color. It is
highly reactive and forms compounds with most other elements.
There are multiple uses of hydrogen such as a fuel for hydrogen fuel cells, a reducing
agent in manufacturing, a coolant in power plants, and a fuel for rockets. Petroleum is
cleaned by using hydrogen, it is also used to make methanol with other chemicals,
and ammonia which is used in fertilizers.
Hydrogen Symbol
The symbol for Hydrogen originated from its name, which comes from the Greek
words hydro and genes, which means water-forming. It reflects the fact that Hydrogen
combines with oxygen to make water H2O. The symbol “H” represents Hydrogen in the
periodic table of elements and chemical equations. The letter “H” was chosen because it
is the first letter of the element’s name. The symbol is always capitalized and typically
appears in subscripts when representing the atomic number or mass of an atom or
molecule of Hydrogen.
Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table
It is a non-metal and the lightest element in the periodic table. The place of hydrogen in
the periodic table is controversial because it has some remarkable features that do not
fit neatly into any one group or category. It is often placed at the top of group 1, above
lithium, because it has one electron in its outermost shell and similar chemical
properties to the alkali metals.

2. However, hydrogen also shares some properties with halogens and can form positive
and negative ions, unlike alkali metals. Some periodic tables place hydrogen in a
separate group, while others place it in groups 17 or 18. The position of hydrogen in the
periodic table remains a topic of debate among chemists and educators.
Atomic Hydrogen
Atomic hydrogen refers to the state of hydrogen in which the hydrogen atoms are in
their ground state, meaning that they have a single electron in their lowest energy level
(also known as the 1s orbital). Atomic hydrogen is a highly reactive species that can
participate in various chemical reactions, particularly radical chemistry. It is a stronger
Reducing Agent than molecular Hydrogen.
It can be produced through various methods, including dissociating hydrogen molecules
using high-energy radiation or chemical reactions that generate hydrogen radicals. It is
also an essential intermediate in many chemical reactions, particularly in the combustion
of fuels and in atmospheric chemistry. It is a crucial feature of plasma. Atomic hydrogen
can be ionized in plasma to create hydrogen plasma, which has a variety of uses, such as
semiconductor devices and some kinds of lighting.
Molecular Hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen also called diatomic hydrogen or H2 is the simplest and lightest
molecule. It consists of two hydrogen atoms connected together via covalent bond. It is
odorless, colorless & tasteless gas that is highly combustible and explosive.

3.  Chemical formula: H2
 Molecular weight: 2.016 g/mol
 Density: 0.08988 g/L
 Boiling point: -252.87 °C (-423.17 °F)
 Melting point: -259.14 °C (-434.45 °F)
Molecular Hydrogen benefits
 Anti-inflammatory
It has anti-inflammatory effects. It helps to decrease swelling in the body.
 Antioxidant
It is a powerful antioxidant. It helps to balance harmful free radicals in the body that can cause
damage to cells and tissues.
 Energy production
It improves energy production in the body by improving the efficiency of the mitochondria
[powerhouses of the cells].
 Brain function
It has neuroprotective effects. It helps to enhance cognitive function and decrease the risk of
neurological diseases.
 Exercise performance
Molecular hydrogen may help to improve exercise performance by reducing muscle fatigue and
increasing endurance.
Hydrogen Ion
“A hydrogen ion is a positively charged ion & created when a hydrogen atom removes its
electron. The symbol H+
represents it”.
In aqueous solutions, the concentration of hydrogen ions determines the acidity or
basicity of the solution. The hydrogen ion in an aqueous solution is considered “wet” or
hydrated and is called a hydronium ion:
H₂O + H+
→ H3O+
The hydronium ion is the solvated proton. Other examples of the solvated proton are
NH4
+
, CH3, OH₂+
& H3SO4
+
ions.

4. NH3 + H+
→ NH4
+
(ammonium)
CH3OH + H+
→ CH3OH₂+
(methyloxonium)
H₂SO4 + H+
→ H3SO4
+
The hydrogen ion is formed when hydrogen compounds are dissolved and solvated. The
energy of the solvation process ruptures the bond, and a proton H+
is produced. It is
liberated from water by reagents with an oxidation potential of 0.414 V or more.
Because of the tiny volume of the lone proton, the hydrogen ion has an exceedingly
high density of positive charge. Thus, it is permanently attached to an unshared pair of
electrons of a solvent molecule or can occupy a lattice site.
Conclusive evidence for H3O+
has been obtained by NMR, IR, and Raman spectra studies
of some hydrogen compounds. Acids provide solvated hydrogen ions in water.
Water-exhibits self-ionization.
H₂O → H+
+ CH–
2H₂O → H3O+
+ OH–
There are other compounds in which weak self-ionization of hydrogen takes place e.g.
2H2SO4 → H3SO4
+
+ HSO4–
2NH3 → NH4
+
+ NH2–
The well-known neutralization reaction of classical bases with H3O+
ion is as follows:
H3O+
+ OH–
→ 2 H₂O
The anions of weak acids act as bases in the presence of hydrogen ions. The weaker the
parent acid, the stronger its action with hydrogen ions will be.
CN–
+ H+
→ HCN
NH2
–
+ H+
→ NH3
CH3COO–
+ H+
→ CH3COOH
Hydrogen Bond
It is a weak chemical bond between hydrogen and an electronegative atom such as
oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. The hydrogen atom in this bond forms a covalent link with
one electronegative atom while also being attracted to another closed electronegative
atom, resulting in a partially electrostatic interaction. The electronegativity difference
What are Hydrocarbons | Are there 3 types of Hydrocarbons or 4 types?

5. between an electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom is a type of dipole-dipole
interaction.
Electronegativity measures an atom’s ability to attract electrons toward itself in a
covalent bond. In the case of hydrogen bonding, the electronegative atom in one
molecule or region of a molecule has a partial negative charge because it attracts the
shared electrons in the covalent bond with hydrogen more strongly. In contrast, the
hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge because it is less electronegative.
The power of a Hydrogen bond is less as compared to a covalent bond. However, it is
still strong enough to have an effect on the features and behavior of molecules and
materials. The distance, angle & type between electronegative atoms and hydrogen
shows how strong a hydrogen bond is.
Many biological processes including the construction of DNA, the folding of proteins
and the physical characteristics of liquids like water, depend on hydrogen bonds. In
biological systems, hydrogen bonds can also be involved in binding enzymes to
substrates and in the recognition of molecules by receptors. It is also essential in the
structure and properties of many other materials like polymers.
dipole-dipole forces
These forces are intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules. These forces
occur because of electrostatic attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule
and the opposite end having a negative charge of another polar molecule. These forces
are relatively weak compared to chemical bonds, but they can still significantly affect the
properties and behavior of molecules and materials.

6. Isotopes of Hydrogen
There exist 3 Types of Isotopes for which names and details are given below:
 Protium
 Deuterium
 Tritium
Protium
Protium is the most common isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one electron &
has no neutron. It is often called “ordinary hydrogen” and makes up about 99.98% of all
hydrogen on Earth. Protium has an atomic number of 1 and a standard atomic weight
of 1.007825 u. It has no color, odor, or taste & is highly flammable and reactive. In most
of the chemical reactions, petrochemicals, fertilizers and semiconductors, Protium is
used.
 Reaction with oxygen
Protium reacts with oxygen to form water.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Concept-related Acids & Bases | Best 10 Characteristics of acids and bases

7.  Reaction with chlorine
Protium reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
 Reaction with metals
Protium reacts with metals such as sodium and potassium to form metal hydrides.
2Na + H2 → 2NaH
 Combustion reaction
Protium is highly flammable and can burn in the presence of oxygen to form water and release
energy.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + energy
Deuterium
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen containing one proton, electron, and neutron. It is
also called heavy hydrogen because it is twice as heavy as protium. Deuterium has an
atomic number of 1 and a standard atomic weight of 2.0141018 u. It is a stable, non-
radioactive, naturally occurring element located in trace amounts of water and organic
compounds.
Preparation of Deuterium
It can be obtained by the following two methods from water.
1. By fractional distillation.
2. By electrolysis.
An electric current is passed in ordinary water with sodium hydroxide in the latter
process. As a result, light hydrogen comes off first, and water containing heavy
hydrogen remains. Thus, by decomposing large amounts of water, a small amount of
residual water will get richer with combined deuterium as D₂O.

8.  If heavy water (deuterium oxide) is dropped on sodium, D₂ in gaseous form is obtained
2 Na + 2D₂O → 2 NaOD + D₂.
 Ortho and para forms of D₂ molecules exist at a temperature in the ratio 2:1, respectively.
 In compounds, deuterium exchanges with ordinary hydrogen in several compounds.
D₂O + H₂O → 2 HDO
Many Deuterium compounds may be formed. Some of them are given below along with
their method of preparation.
Compound Preparation
D3PO4 3D2O + P2O5 → 2D3PO4
D2SO4 D2O + SO3 → D2SO4
DF D2 + AgF → 2Ag + 2DF (at 110o
C)
ND3 (Heavy Ammonia) 3D2O + Mg3N2→ 2ND3 + 3MgO
CD4 (Deutero Methane) 6D2O + Al4C3 → 3CD4 + 2Al2O3
C2D2 (Deutero Acetylene) D2O + CaC2→ C2D2 + Cao
HOD HSD + H2O → HOD + HSH
Tritium
Tritium has one proton, one electron and two neutrons. It is a radioactive and unstable
element. It is also known as hydrogen-3 or H-3. Tritium is relatively
rare and usually produced artificially in nuclear reactors or particle
accelerators. Tritium can pose a health hazard if ingested or
inhaled. It can emit beta particles, damaging living tissues and
increasing the risk of cancer. Therefore, handling tritium requires
special precautions and safety measures.
Tritium can react with oxygen to form tritiated water, used as a tracer in
various biological and environmental studies.
T2 + O2 → 2HTO
D-Block periodic Transition elements | Why Transition Metals are less reactive

9. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Hydrogen Peroxide is a chemical compound that is a pale blue liquid with a slightly sharp odor
at room temperature. It is a powerful oxidizing agent.
 Chemical Formula: H2O2
 Molecular Weight: 34.01 g/mol
 Density: 1.11 g/mL
 Boiling Point: 150.2 °C (302.4 °F)
 Melting Point: -0.43 °C (31.23 °F)
Hydrogen Peroxide is a highly reactive compound due to the existence of the unstable
peroxide bond [-O-O-], which can easily break down to produce water and oxygen. This
property makes it a powerful oxidizing and strong bleaching agent, which is why it is
used in many industrial and household applications.
Food grade Hydrogen Peroxide
 Food grade hydrogen peroxide also denoted as FGHP, is a high-purity form of hydrogen
peroxide used in the food industry for different purposes. It is typically sold in concentrations
of 35%, much higher than the hydrogen peroxide found in drugstores, usually 3% or less.
 FGHP is a bleaching agent to whiten flour, starch, and other food products. It is also disinfected
to sanitize food preparation surfaces, equipment and utensils. It is used as a preservative to
increase the life of particular food products.
 When using FGHP, it is essential to handle it with care as it can be dangerous if not used
properly. The concentrated form of FGHP can cause skin irritation, burns, and even blindness if it
comes into contact with the eyes. Therefore, wearing protective gloves and goggles is essential
when working with FGHP.
 FGHP should never be ingested in its concentrated form, as it can be harmful and even deadly. It
should only be utilized as prescribed by a professional in the food industry and kept in a dry, cool
and ventilated area away from direct sunlight.
Baking Soda and Hydrogen Peroxide
These are two ordinary home items that can be used together for different purposes.
When mixed, they create a chemical reaction that produces oxygen, which can help with
cleaning and whitening.
 2 H2O2 + 2 NaHCO3 → 2 H2O + 2 CO2↑ + O2↑ + 2 NaOH
The reaction occurs because baking soda is a base, which means it can react with the acidic
hydrogen peroxide to form water and carbon dioxide. The oxygen gas is produced as a byproduct
of this reaction.
 When they are mixed, they create a chemical reaction that produces oxygen gas.
 This oxygen gas can help lift stains and break down organic matter, making the mixture an
effective cleaning agent.

10.  It is also commonly used as a household cleaner, as the mixture can help remove stains and
disinfect surfaces.
 They are generally safe and non-toxic but can be abrasive and potentially damaging to certain
surfaces. Always test a small, inconspicuous area before using the mixture on a larger scale. The
mixture should be used sparingly and cautiously, as overuse can damage tooth enamel or cause
skin irritation.
Hydrogen Peroxide Cleaner
Making hydrogen peroxide is as simple as mixing equal amount of hydrogen peroxide
and water in a spray container to create a handy and adaptable cleanser. It can disinfect
various surfaces, including kitchen counters, bathroom fixtures and carpets. Testing a
small, hidden area first is essential to avoid any potential bleaching or damage to
sensitive surfaces.
FAQ’s
Does Hydrogen Peroxide expire?
Yes, hydrogen peroxide does expire due to the breakdown of its molecules over time. The shelf
life of unopened bottles of hydrogen peroxide depends on the concentration, typically lasting
around one year for 3% concentration. Once opened, it should be used within a few months for
the best results.
Is Hydrogen Peroxide safe?
It can be safe when appropriately used in proper concentrations for the intended purpose. It can
be harmful if ingested or used in high concentrations on the skin or eyes. It is important to obey
the instructions for use and take proper precautionary measures.
How many Neutrons does Hydrogen have?
There exist not even a single Neutron in the nucleus of Hydrogen.
How many valence electrons does Hydrogen have?
Hydrogen has one valence electron because it has one electron in its outermost shell. The
outermost electrons in an atom known as the valence electrons are involved in chemical bonds
and reactions. Hydrogen has only one electron in its outermost shell so it can form only one bond
with another atom.

11. Why does Hydrogen Peroxide bubble?
Hydrogen peroxide bubbles because it decomposes into water and oxygen gas. This
decomposition reaction is exothermic and accelerated by specific catalysts, such as manganese
dioxide (MnO2). As the hydrogen peroxide decomposes, the oxygen gas is produced as bubbles,
which makes the solution appear to be bubbling.
Why is H2O2 called peroxide?
H2O2 is called peroxide because it contains a peroxy group composed of two oxygen atoms [O2]
joined together. The term peroxide originated from the Latin word peroxidare which means to
oxidize to the fullest extent. The peroxy group in hydrogen peroxide is highly reactive and is
responsible for its oxidizing and bleaching properties.
What is hydrogen peroxide used for?
1- Disinfectant and antiseptic
It is mainly utilized as an antiseptic and disinfectant in the field of medication.
2- Bleaching agent
It is used as a bleaching agent for fabrics or textiles, hair and other materials.
3- Rocket fuel
It is utilized as a fuel in rocket engines.
4- Water treatment
It is utilized in the water treatment industry to remove pollutants and disinfect water.
5- Food processing
Hydrogen peroxide is a disinfectant in food processing and packaging.
How much Energy is required to dissociate molecular Hydrogen?
The bond dissociation energy required to dissociate molecular hydrogen [H2] is
approximately 436 kilojoules per mole [kJ/mol] at standard temperature and pressure [STP].
Is H+
a hydrogen?
H+
is not considered a hydrogen atom but a hydrogen ion or a proton. It is generated when a
hydrogen atom loses its single electron and becomes positively charged. H+
represents a
hydrogen atom that has lost its sole electron and has no electrons in its outer shell.
Why is hydrogen a +1 ion?
It can form a +1 ion because it has one valence electron in its outer shell.
Is H2 a hydrogen ion?
No, H2 is not a hydrogen ion. It is a molecule denoted as [H2]. It has two hydrogen atoms
covalently bonded together.
What are the side effects of Protium?
Exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen gas including protium can be dangerous and may
cause suffocation.

12. Is tritium harmful to humans?
Yes because it releases beta radiation which can spike the skin and delicate tissue and can cause
deterioration of DNA and other cellular components, potentially leading to skin cancer.
Why is tritium illegal?
It is not inherently illegal but regulated due to its radioactive properties and potential health
hazards. Tritium custody, use and disposal are subject to strict regulations and licensing
requirements in many countries including the United States.
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