2. Anticoagulants are chemical substance that perevent
coagulation of blood either invivo or invitro. Each di er in
mode of action ie;
1) Chelating action
2) Non chelating action
Heparin is mostly produced by liver and mast cell inHB,
&Hirudine is produced by leech
3. Uses:
✩ Study of various constituents of blood
✩ Study of coagulation of blood
✩ Used in blood banks
✩ Treatment of transinet ischemic attack( mini -strokes),
heart attacks.
4. Porperties of ideal anticoagulant:
✩ It must be:
✩ Soluble in blood
✩ Keep blood in fluid condition
✩ Minimize destruction of leukocytes
✩ Minimize aggregration of platelets
✩ It must not:
✩ Bring hemolysis
✩ Change size of rbc
5. Classification
✩ Depending on nature
✩ 1) natural : eg; heparin, hirudine
✩ 2)artificial: eg; EDTA, oxalate, citrate
✩ Depending on forms
✩ 1)dry:eg; EDTA, oxalates, fluorides
✩ 2)wet:eg; ACD, sodium citate
✩ Depending on use
✩ 1)routinely : eg; EDTA, oxalate, sodium citrate
6. ✩ Depending on action
✩ 1)ca chelators:eg; EDTA, trisodium citrate, double oxalate
✩ 2)non ca chelating: eg; heparin, warfarin
9. Action
➢ Powerful ca chealiting agent. blood cannot clot without
ca ie; ca is converted in to insoluble salt.
➢ there are 3 types of edta: Na, K, Li
➢ K salt are more soluble hence mainly pre ered.
10. Concentration :
➢ K salts are used in 1.5-2mg/ml of blood
➢ 10% solution is made and dried.
15. ➢ Wet anticoagulant
➢ action: chelation, less powerful compared to edta
➢ They can be:
➢ a) tri sodium citrate
➢ b) ACD -acid citrate dextrose: used in blood bank
➢ c)CPD: 21 days
➢ d)CPD-A: 35 days
16. TRI SODIUM CITRATE
• Commonly used as 3.8% in estimation and 3.2% in
coagulation studies.
• For ESR 3.8% is used in 1:4 ratio(anticoagulant:blood)
• For coagulation studies 3.2% is used in 1:9 ratio.
17. prepration of Na3C6H5O7: 3.8%
➢ Distilled water-100ml
➢ Trisodium citate-3.8gm
➢ Dissolve both and mix well
➢ . 4ml for 2ml of blood
➢ 1:4 ratio ie;. 4ml anticoagulant+1.6ml blood
18. prepration of Na3C6H5O7: 3.2%
• Distilled water-100ml
• Tri sodium citrate-3.2gm
• Combine both &mix well
• 1:9 ratio ie; .1ml anticoagulant +. 9ml blood
28. • Choice of estimation of sugars
• Ca chelators :action
• They prevent glycolysis ie; break down of glucose, by
inhibiting the enolase enzyme
• Conc: 30mg /5ml blood
29. Prepration
➢ Distilled water-100ml
➢ Sodium flouride-3gm
➢ Dissolve and mix well
➢ 1ml of solution is dried & su cinet for 5ml of blood
➢ Flouride oxalate mixture: Potassium oxalate &sodium flouride
in ratio 3:1 is used for blood sugar determination
➢ conc :2mg/ml
33. ➢ Natural anticoagulant
➢ Cannot be made artificially ;hence expensive
➢ Non chelating agent
➢ Action : inhibits thromboplastin formation and also destroys
thrombin , &distrubs clotting mechanism
➢ Conc : .2mg/ml of blood
34. Uses and advantages
▪ Used for blood gas analysis
▪ Determine osmotic fragility
▪ ESR, PCV, chemical estimation can also be done by this
▪ Does not a ect cell size or composition of the blood
35. Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Blood film prep cannot be done;leukocytes clamps & give a
bluish background
• Prevent coagulation only for a partocular period of time
36. Hirudin
• Hirudin is a naturally occurring peptide in the salivary glands
of blood-sucking leeches (such as Hirudo medicinalis) that
has a blood anticoagulant property.
• This is fundamental for the leeches' habit of feeding on
blood, since it keeps a host's blood flowing after the worm's
initial puncture of the skin.
• The present study investigated platelet function tests using
hirudin
• It is used to prevent blood clots following surgery
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