2. DESIGN OF AN SMS BASED M-HEALTH
EMERGENCY GEO-LOCATION
NOTIFICATION SYSTEM.
By:
Isibor Osebor Ose
[CUGP100351]
Supervised by:
Dr. Nicholas Omoregbe
Department of Computer and Information Sciences,
Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
2Jan. 2014
3. OUTLINE
Abstract
Introduction
Background of the study
Review of Literature
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Aim and Objectives of the study
Limitation and Scope of the study
Methodology and Deployment
Evaluations
Recommendations
Significance of the study and Contribution to knowledge
Conclusion
References
3Jan. 2013
4. Early 2003, m-Health was considered a type of wireless telemedicine involving the use of mobile
telecommunication technologies and their integration with mobile healthcare delivery systems.
Telemedicine surfaced to address problems springing up from geographic separation between
people in need of health care and those with the capacity to provide it. Mobile technology,
irrespective of platform and device extends access to and increases efficiency in health
emergency services and responses, including ambulance models. It is overt that in most
conventional emergency alert/notification systems (EAS), call-taking can be difficult sometimes
while reporting an emergency particularly if the person on the phone is a close relative of the
dying patient and is experiencing panic or fear; if they are out on the street or on the highway
and do not know the exact address of the emergency, or perhaps the immediate person to save
the day is either a speech impaired or a hearing-impaired person. This is why an alternative
system is required that will address these issues and in addition complement the existing system
by bringing simplicity in locating emergency scene. The Emergency Medical Service (EMS)
industry is investigating complementing and alternative methods for requesting assistance and
contacting like the Enhanced-911. One such method being investigated is SMS messaging. This
research work focused on the design of an m-Health application that uses mobile phones running
java as its interface to build a complementing means to notify ambulance stations of accident
locations via SMS for swift and timely first aid attention compare to telematics systems (e.g. GM
Onstar) or others strictly for smart phones. This system engaged GSM’s SMS services and
Google Map APIs in transmitting the exact location of where emergency service is needed to an
ambulance point. Using the RAS metrics recommended by IEEE for evaluating the designed
system, its Reliability stood within 79.1% to 87.5% while its Availability stood at 99% with a
Downtime of 3.65 Days/Year.
4Jan. 2014
ABSTRACT
5. 5Jan. 2014
INTRODUCTION
M-Health, a major focus for this research can simply be seen as the use
of mobile applications for healthcare service delivery (Zhenwei et. al.,
2011).
Mobile technologies cannot physically carry drugs, doctors, and
equipment between locations, However, they can carry and process
information: coded data, text, images, audio, and video (Zhenwei et. al.,
2011)
Diagram showing the Relationship between the various terminologies associated with eHealth. Source: (Dario et. al., 2004)
6. In time past, mHealth applications have emphatically helped in the
following areas:
Moderating the soaring costs of health care services by
connecting people in need of health care and those with the
capacity to provide it.
Reduce cases of patients’ hospitalization which successively
has helped a lot especially in
Reducing microbiological contaminations experienced in
hospitals and most importantly
Saving victims from death.
6Jan. 2014
Introduction (Cont.)
7. 7Jan. 2014
Introduction (cont.)
The outright success of mobile health applications in time
past actuated the development of others across various
platforms according to Vital Wave Consulting in 2011.
Java Mobile Edition
Android Symbian
Apple iOS BlackBerry Windows Mobile
Linux Mobile (LiMO)
Interoperability issues
Flexibility
.
8. Introduction (cont.)
M-Health is expected to make use of technologies that addresses health
care challenges such as:
Response time,
Access (Data privacy issues),
Quality (Robustness of application),
Affordability,
Matching of resources, and
Behavioral norms through the exchange of information
(Qiang et. al., 2012)
8Jan. 2014
9. Emergency Medical Services
EMS response providers who are also first responders in
emergencies are usually operated by:
9Jan. 2014
Hospitals and
Private Ambulance
companies
Fire Service
Departments
The police
. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
10. In EMS Timeliness of care is an imperative/vital issue. The amount of
time it obtains during an emergency to initiate appropriate level of care
can have a philosophical impact on patient’s outcome for certain
medical circumstances
Also known as the response time. Its components include:
call processing time,
team preparation time, and
time it takes to travel to scene. (Shaharudin, 2008)
Response time standards:
Forms a common measurement in benchmarking the efficacy of
EMS
10Jan. 2014
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (cont)
11. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (cont)
There are general response time standards in many
jurisdictions around the World,
• They vary from:
7 to 11 minutes in Urban Areas, and
15 to 45 minutes in Rural and Remote areas.
(Saskatchewan Emergency Medical Services (EMS) review final report of 2009)
• In achieving this, it was concluded that the notification
system with its communication components must be highly
effective and efficient in terms of timeliness.
(Road Safety Guidelines for the Asian and Pacific Region of 2003)
11Jan. 2014
12. 12Jan. 2014
FROM:
BASIC 911 (Wirelines)
(Haleyville, Alabama, in February 1968 )
Enhanced 911 (E-911)
(1999)
Wireless E-911 and VOIP-911.
(2006)
Sources: Google/image search
Launched in 1996
Existing
Frameworks 21
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(Zhao, 2002)
13. 13Jan. 2014
Basic 911
(When a call is delivered
to the PSAP, the ANI is
used to query a database
that provides the
associated physical
location for the caller
using Automatic Location
Identification (ALI).)
Wireless
E-911 and
VOIP-911
ANI: Automatic
Number Identification
PSAP: Public Safety
Answering Point
ALI: Automatic
Location identification
Source: NENA: Next Generation Partner Program. “Answering The Call for 9-1-1 Emergency Services in an Internet World”, 2005
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cont’
15. The E-911 and the OnStar emergency services are limited in some
functionality. They refuse to address or properly address some
situations, these include:
When silence is non-negotiable and voice call becomes dangerous when
making an emergency call, especially during robbery, kidnapping or
gunshot attacks.
When who is making the emergency call is a dumb (speech impaired),
or deaf (hearing impaired) person.
When who is making the emergency call is not from or familiar with the
neighborhood, describing the location becomes difficult and time
consuming.
When the person on the phone is a close relative of the dying patient
and is experiencing panic or fear, getting a location from that person
becomes an issue.
15Jan. 2014
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
16. For OnStar, when the vehicle gets damaged and emergency
buttons cannot be used to initiate communication or the
subscription required to initiate the emergency service has not
been paid for.
Scaling interoperability issues between EMS, software
platforms, telecommunication systems and mobile device
hardware.
16Jan. 2014
REVIEW OF LITERATURE (cont)
17. All these situations visibly require a complementing means
or system to initiate an emergency call
• SMS for instance is an ideal means to communicate
when one do not want to be overheard.
• It is also a convenient means for dumb (speech
impaired), or deaf (hearing impaired) people to
communicate
17Jan. 2014
REVIEW OF LITERATURE (cont)
18. 18Jan. 2014
REVIEW OF LITERATURE (cont)
The efficacy and reliability of SMS for use during
emergencies…has always been argued!
However!!!
We’ve seen that during emergencies, the nature of
SMS has proven to be far more utilitarian (effective).
(Geer, 2005), (McAdams, 2006.) and (Traynor, 2008)
Examples include:
19. "Virginia Tech" on April 16, 2007. 32 people
were shot and killed and 17 others were
wounded in two separate attacks,
approximately two hours apart.
Tagged the deadliest campus shooting in
United States’ history (Traynor et. al., 2008).
September 11th attack (911), mocking their
Emergency Structure as over 3,000 people
died in the attacks including firemen who
could not be reached through voice
notification (Traynor et. al., 2008).
(Traynor, 2008) citing (Geer, 2005) and (McAdams, 2006) concluded that
SMS serves as an invaluable service when both man-made
and natural disasters strike.
19Jan. 2014
REVIEW OF LITERATURE (cont)
20. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Emergency Notification and Alert Systems could lead to life saving,
several Notification Systems exist with capabilities qualifying them for
being utilized for Emergency Notifications but they lack features that
allows cross platform operability and for geo-locations to be
transmitted via GSM’ SMS when using a non-LBS (Location Based
Service) mobile device.
20Jan. 2014
21. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Is it possible to design a silent notification system to assist speech and
hearing impaired persons when reporting emergency situations and for
use when voice calls could turn out dangerous? (Silent Call)
Is it feasible to have an emergency notification system that scales
interoperability issues between EMS, software platforms,
telecommunication systems and mobile device hardware?
Will it be possible to design an emergency notification system that
transmits its geo-location invisibly by SMS background-wise even
when a LBS capable smart phone is not used?
21Jan. 2014
22. AIM OF THE STUDY
This research work aims at developing an application capable
of notifying ambulance stations of accident locations for swift
and timely first aid attention to accident victims before being
transported to a nearby hospital.
22Jan. 2014
23. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To identify the flaws or defects, and drawbacks of existing Emergency
Geolocation Notification System,
To elicit appropriate requirements for designing and deploying an
Emergency Geolocation Notification System,
To model an SMS based Emergency Geolocation Notification System
using Sequence diagram, Class diagram, Activity diagram and
generating an Architecture diagram using Microsoft Visio.
To Implement and Evaluate the designed system using the RAS
(Reliability, Accessibility, and Serviceability) parameters.
23Jan. 2014
24. LIMITATION AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Distinctive components of an ambulance service:
( Road Safety Guidelines for the Asian and Pacific Region,2003.)
..
A notification and communication system;
Central control and coordination of operations;
Effective rescue and medical aid at the scene; and
Transport to a hospital and the provision of definitive care in
an emergency department.
Cost-benefit analysis and Response Time analysis for the system and
Business and security aspects not considered...!!!
24Jan. 2014
25. METHODOLOGY
CLIENT HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Mobile phone Processor that supports basic phone functions such as
texting and calling
QWERTY keypad for entering texts or on-screen keypad.
Screen display that support texting.
[
CLIENT SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Java enabled mobile phone operating system such as Symbian, Android,
Microsoft Mobile Windows 6, and IPhone IOS 4.0
Java Virtual Machine for mobile phones which is always integrated with
Java enabled mobile phones.
25Jan. 2014
26. METHODOLOGY
SERVER HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Dual core computer system with a Minimum of 2.8 GHz processing capacity and
a Minimum of 2GB Memory capacity.
100 GB free hard disk space for various software installations.
64 MB DirectX9 and 3D capable graphics card
Resolution of 1024x768, 16-bit High Color – DirectX 9 (to run in Direct X
mode)
Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7
Uninterrupted Power Supply System with Inverters and Internet connection with
a static IP addressing system.
SERVER SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Network based operating system such as Windows 7, Linux, Solaris, etc
Web/Application server software such as Apache, Internet Information System
(IIS), web logic, web sphere, etc. Glassfish 3.1.1 was used for the deployment of
the developed system.
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) interpreter to interpret the Java Servlet bytecodes to
the web server software, which is Glassfish.
Ozeki Ng - SMS Gateway
26Jan. 2014
32. • Application’s Algorithm
// Algorithm to get mapping parameters to be sent with the SMS
SendSMS(recipient, sent, origin){
sentmessage(sentmessage, "UTF-8");
}
//get location from provider
if (location is not a null value) {
// Use coordinate information
Latitude(Float Lat)
Longitude(Float Long)
Altitude(Float Alt)
Timestamp(Float tstamp)
// Connect Parameters from SMS to Server
Server_Connect(lat,long,alt, tstamp)
}
else{
Display Error
}
//algorithm to connect Client to server
ServerConnect extends HttpServlet {
open a process Request for both HTTP(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throw Servlet Exception //to catch servelet specific errors
throw I/O Exception // to catch any I/O errors
}
Server_Connect(lat, long, alt,tstamp){…}
Database_Connect(lat, long, alt,tstamp)
openHTTP_and_URL_Connection(Protocols);
connect(message, destination, location);
saveMap (parameter); // Save any new mapping parameters
Display (Char) // Display message for successfully saved mapping information
// Algorithm used by server to determine location from parameters sent
from client
// set SMS origin parameters
SMS_origin_location( latitude, longitude){
}
determine_Location(map) {
call and get geolocation from maps.googleapis.com
// return determined map showing SMS origin geolocation information
SMS
return(map_message)
}
//algorithm to connect server to database
connect(message, destination, location){
//return determined geolocation from supplied parameters
return(map_message)
// save any new mapping parameters()
savedMap(Parameter)
Display (Char) // Display message for successfully saved mapping information
throw Exceptions
}
32Jan. 2014
Back
37. EVALUATIONS
Experimental Simulation of a 100 Test runs were carried out during system
deployment Under NORMAL CONDITIONS/SITUATION.
The two key areas evaluated:
SMS Delivery Time
System Geolocation and Dispatch Time
Using the RAS benchmark metrics (IEEE RS (Reliability Society), 1990).
Reliability characterized in terms of Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF).
Reliability = e-t/MTBF
Availability on the other hand is the ratio of time a system or component is
functional to the total time it is required or expected to function.
Availability= MTBF/ (MTBF + MTTR).
37Jan. 2014
38. EVALUATIONS
Availability is typically specified in notation of nines.
Source: (EventHelix.com, 2013).
Serviceability (Maintainability) is an expression of the ease with
which a component, device or system can be maintained and repaired.
Mean time to repair (MTTR) is a basic measure of the
maintainability of repairable items
38Jan. 2014
40. .
40Jan. 2014
Reliability
MTBF = (24Hrs × 1) / 21 = 1.1428571428.
= e-t/MTBF = 0.8750000000
From literature, this amounts to a Reliability of 87.5% per year for the system.
Serviceability
MTTR = 7 Seconds (0.0019444444 Hours) (Total mean time for System reload
after fault detection.)
Availability
MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR): 1.1428571428 / (1.1428571428 + 0.0019444444) =
0.9983015009 ≈ 0.99
This interprets to a 99% (2-nines). Meaning this system component has a
Downtime of 3.65 days/year. Showing that the system will not be available for
a period total of at most 3.65 days for an operational time of a year (365 Days).
EVALUATIONS
SMS DELIVERY TIME ANALYSIS
(SMS delivery takes approximately 4 seconds in a GSM network according to Traynor
et. al., (2008).)
Overall Mean time for SMS delivery in Seconds from TABLE 1 is:
∑fx1 / ∑f = 405 / 100 = 4.05 Seconds.
It only exceed the established standard in literature by 0.05 Seconds.
Total frequency for SMS deliveries above 4Seconds is: 12 + 5 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 21
42. .
42
Reliability
MTBF = (24 Hrs × 1) / 19 = 1.2631578947
= e-t/MTBF = 0.7916666666
From literature, this amounts to a Reliability of 79.1% per year for the system.
Serviceability
MTTR = 15 Seconds (0.0041666667 Hours) (Total mean time for Server reload
after fault detection.)
Availability
MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR): 1.2631578947 / (1.2631578947 + 0.0041666667) =
0.9967122339 ≈ 0.99
This interprets to a 99% (2-nines). Meaning this system component has a
Downtime of 3.65 days/year. This means that the system will not be available
for a period total of at most 3.65 days for an operational time of a year (365
Days),
EVALUATIONS
SYSTEM GEOCODING AND DISPATCH TIME ANALYSIS
(8 Seconds approximately is taken as the benchmark for Geolocation and Dispatch time for the
system.)
Overall Mean time for Geolocation determination and Dispatch in Seconds from TABLE 2 is:
∑fx2 / ∑f = 815 / 100 = 8.15 Seconds.
It only exceed the established standard in literature by 0.15 Seconds.
Total frequency for geolocation & dispatch time above 8Secs: 12 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 1 = 19
Jan. 2014
43. RECOMMENDATIONS
To improve on the RAS grading for the designed system, these key
metrics or elements of RAS for the system has to be improved on:
An Over-engineering approach should be engaged, it involves designing the systems to
specifications better than its minimum requirements.
Extensive and even utilization of the system to prevent outcomes like redundant systems and
components.
System Recoverability is essential so the use of fault-tolerant engineering methods especially
for cross platform systems is needed.
Automatic updating, including coordinates and locations on the map stored in the database to
keep the Operating Systems and applications current and up to date without the users’
interventions is also recommended.
Proper data backup to prevent catastrophic loss of critical information especially mapping
information derived from previous system usage.
Data archiving to keep extensive records of data in case of audits or other recovery needs is
required.
The use of virtual machines to minimize the impact of Operating System or software faults.
The use of surge suppressors to minimize risk of component damage resulting from power
irregularity.
The use of an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for continuous power supply to keep all
systems operational while switching from commercial power to backup or auxiliary power.
Lastly, a backup power source is recommended to keep systems operational during extended
interruptions in commercial power.
43Jan. 2014
44. RECOMMENDATIONS (cont.)
Much will be benefitted if a cross platform system is designed, i.e.
combining more than one location based technology. For instance, the
GSM localization method coupled with GPS based method can be
combined causing the system to switch easily to whichever is available
at the time when needed.
Having an emergency notification system that uses multiple channels
e-mail, phone, cell phone, pager, PDA, e.t.c. to deliver a single,
consistent message is critical for emergencies.
44Jan. 2014
45. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work further validates the fact that the SMS service
offered by the GSM is actually capable of being utilized for emergency
notifications, this will gear up developers’ confidence into designing
new emergency Apps using SMS and Android’s Google map APIs
which will have a significant effect on EMS response time during
emergencies that will in turn save lives immensely.
Also, as a complementing means to notify ambulance points of an
accident or emergency location point, it serves as a convenient way for
deaf and hearing-impaired persons if they are the only timely person
close to the emergency scene to save the day.
All this leads to the saving of lives which is a significant domain in
Emergency Medicine.
Re-modifiable for the fire service department for use in reporting fire
incidents.
45Jan. 2014
46. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE
In Emergency Medical Service (EMS), a domain in Emergency
Medicine. It will create an alternative way to notifying and transmit
Geolocation to emergency responders during emergencies with ease.
With the introduction of an SMS gateway in the architecture with
improvements in existing emergency notification system frameworks,
researchers in the Telematics industry will have a new system design
to experiment with.
As a Silent Notification System, it will assist speech and hearing
impaired persons when reporting emergency situations and for use
when voice calls could turn out dangerous?
46Jan. 2014
47. CONCLUSION
The results from the system evaluations further validates the viability
of GSM’s SMS as a tool for delivering geolocation information, a
viable area Mobile App programmers will like to explore.
47Jan. 2014
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50Jan. 2014
53. 53
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (cont.)
A 231-page Directory of mHealth Apps
developed within 2012 - 2013 season had only
one app out of the 200 apps featured.
Jan. 2014
54. An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or
environment.
Geolocation is the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object,
such as a radar, mobile phone or an Internet-connected computer terminal, it lays
greater emphasis on determining a meaningful location (e.g. a street address) rather
than just a set of geographic coordinates.
The advantage of cell tower triangulation is that it works indoors, without the need to
obtain information from satellites. However, it is not as precise as GPS because its
accuracy depends on overlapping signal coverage, which varies quite a bit. Cell
tower triangulation works best in densely populated areas where the cell towers are
closely located
“Ubiquitous computing names the third wave in computing, just now beginning.
First were mainframes, each shared by lots of people. Now we are in the personal
computing era, person and machine staring uneasily at each other across the
desktop. Next comes ubiquitous computing, or the age of calm technology, when
technology recedes into the background of our live.” —Mark Weiser
Global Mapper is a geographic information system (GIS) software package currently
developed by Blue Marble Geographics that runs on Microsoft Windows. The GIS
software competes with ESRI, GeoMedia, Manifold System, and MapInfo GIS
products. Global Mapper handles both vector, raster, and elevation data, and provides
viewing, conversion, and other general GIS features. Global Mapper has an active
user community with a mailing list and online forums.
54
Jan. 2014
55. Uptime: This is the time when the system is available; it is the sum of
engineering and system production time.
Downtime: This is the time when the system is not available, it comprise of
the sum of scheduled and unscheduled downtime.
Scheduled Downtime: This refers to the time when the system is not available
due to planned events, like preventative maintenance, hardware or software
upgrades, system verification (testing in order to verify that it is functioning
properly), maintenance delay (time waiting for maintenance personnel or
parts, maintenance delay may also be due to an administrative decision to
postpone maintenance), facilities related issues like power, cooling, etc.
Unscheduled Downtime State: This refers to the time when an item is not
available due to unplanned events, for instance, repairs (including time spent
for diagnosis, corrective action, and verification of repair) maintenance delay,
facilities related (power, cooling, etc) (Jon Stearley, 2005)
Reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) is a computer hardware
engineering term. The phrase was originally used by IBM as a term to
describe the robustness of their mainframe computers. The concept is often
known by the acronym RAS.
In South Africa, the CMB which is an acronym for Please ―Call Me Back‖
was deployed for HIV AIDs patients who wanted to carry out consultation,
tests and treatments under anonymity. It was also deployed for pregnant
women to be reached and vital information passed to them which will come
handy during pre-natal and post-natal care and it has really proved useful.
55
Jan. 2014
![DESIGN OF AN SMS BASED M-HEALTH
EMERGENCY GEO-LOCATION
NOTIFICATION SYSTEM.
By:
Isibor Osebor Ose
[CUGP100351]
Supervised by:
Dr. Nicholas Omoregbe
Department of Computer and Information Sciences,
Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
2Jan. 2014](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)