2. A Complementary Split Ring Resonator Based Metamaterial with Effective
Medium Ratio for C-band Microwave Applications
Ali F. Almutairia,*, Mohammad Shahidul Islamb, Md Samsuzzamanb,*, Md Tarikul Islamb, Norbahiah Misranb,
Mohammad Tariqul Islamc,*
aElectrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
bFaculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author:
Email Address: ali.almut@ku.edu.kw (A.F. Almutairi), samsuzzaman@ukm.edu.my (M. Samsuzzaman), tariqul@ukm.edu.my
(M.T. Islam)
Contact Address:
Dr. Md. Samsuzzaman
Center of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Phone: +60198107967
Fax: not available
E-mail: samsuzzaman@ukm.edu.my
Dr. Ali F. Almutairi
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Petroleum
Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
Phone: not available
Fax: not available
E-mail: ali.almut@ku.edu.kw
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Tariqul Islamc
Center of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Phone: +6019366192
Fax: +603-8921 6452
E-mail: tariqul@ukm.edu.my
3. A Complementary Split Ring Resonator Based Metamaterial with Effective
Medium Ratio for C-band Microwave Applications
Abstract
A complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) based metamaterial is designed and investigated in this paper for
microwave applications with effective medium ratio. This CSRR is the modification of the conventional split-ring
resonator. Three square split-ring resonators (SSRR) are interconnected with a strip line as well as two splits in three
square split-ring resonators are applied to increase the electrical length and coupling effect. The CSRR has an
impact on the extraction of effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index. The dimension of the designed
unit cell is 5.5Γ5.5 mm2 that is printed on FR4 material. An 18Γ20 array structure is also investigated in this paper.
The unit cell has a double negative region of 6.34GHz to 7.39GHz and 8.20GHz to 9.98GHz with effective negative
refractive index region of 4.23GHz to 7.32GHz and 7.40GHz to 10.0GHz. The effective medium ratio is 8.0, which
implies the effectiveness and compactness of the proposed CSSR design. The compact size, effective parameters,
and effective medium ratio rate represent the suitability of the proposed metamaterial for practical C band
microwave applications.
1. Introduction
Nowadays, many applications depend on the wave-like property of the system, where the extraction of the specific
properties like X-ray diffraction of the Bragg planes, infra-red spectroscopy with molecular resonance excitations,
magnetic resonance imaging, etc. is possible to achieve from any waves scattered object. These wave-matter
interactions occurring in naturally available materials have weak nonreciprocal responses that core to the advent of a
newfangled artificial media named metamaterials[1, 2].
Metamaterials are judiciously engineered electromagnetic structures that may provide unique properties like electric
and magnetic resonance, negative refractive index, cloaking, etc. also named as left-handed materials (LHM). Single
negative and double negative metamaterials are the classification of LHM which are mostly realized by the split ring
resonator (SRR) and embedded conducting thin wires for a particular frequency range. DNMs have both negative
electric permittivity and magnetic permeability with unique properties of a reversed Doppler effect, reversed
Cherenkov radiation, and negative index of refraction where SNMs consist of either negative electric permittivity or
negative magnetic permeability with supporting evanescent waves as propagation constant[3, 4]. To have a
simultaneous electric permittivity and magnetic permeability within the microwave and millimeter frequency ranges,
SRRs have been discovered as the main element of displaying basic resonant mode, and its geometrical structures
determine the resonant frequency[5-8]. The SRR resonance phenomena happen due to the interaction between the
metallic strips and electromagnetic fields where it is indeed results of capacitive and inductive effects. A new shape
of SRR based single negative metamaterial has been designed and investigated for sensing applications to exhibit
the negative permeability behavior in the mm-wave frequency range [3]. Single and double-negative refractive
indexed metamaterial structure have been experimentally and numerically studied at[9], and it is focused that the
negativity of the refractive index of any metamaterial structure could be attained when the permittivity is negative.
A novel dual-band metamaterial that is composed of different sized and nonconcentric delta loop resonators is
presented at [10] with the single and double negative region. A compact meander line based elliptic SRR based
metamaterial has been designed and developed for electromagnetic shielding. Specific absorption rate has been
analyzed in this paper, and it concludes the acceptability in WiMAX, WLAN industry as an ideal material candidate.
A multiband negative indexed metamaterial based on SRR has been discussed where the effective medium ratio and
the negative characteristics have been the focus. Radar absorption efficiencies of materials for radar processing was
measured at a frequency range of 3- 18 GHz in [11]. A swastika-shaped metamaterial absorber was developed for X-
band frequency range where the absorber was used as liquid chemicals determination based on electrical properties
in [12]. A metamaterial absorber containing multi-type split coin resonator was proposed microwave energy
harvesting where authors claims of getting 80% absorption between 3 and 8 GHz [13]. A metamaterial-based tangle
resonator type sensor was proposed in literature where authors study the behavior of the sensor in chemical liquid
and transformer oil condition [14]. A plus-shaped metamaterial absorber was studied where up to 99% absorption
was achieved at THz frequency range where no experimental results are presented [15]. An inverse double L-shaped
4. SRR metamaterial has been designed and proposed for the microwave applications in [16]. This paper has analyzed
the double negative region and concludes with the acceptable region of C-, X-, and Ku-bands, but the operational
bandwidth and absorption rate are not properly justified. An inverse double L-shaped SRR metamaterial has been
designed and proposed for the microwave applications at[16]. This paper has analyzed the double negative region
and concludes with the acceptable region of C-, X-, and Ku-bands but the operational bandwidth and absorption rate
are not properly justified.
A CSRR shaped metamaterial has been proposed in this paper for C-band microwave applications. Nowadays,
various frequency bands like C-band (4-8 GHz), X-band (8-12 GHz), Ku-band (12-18 GHz) and Ka-band (27-40
GHz) have been used in satellite applications. These kind of frequency bands cover the area from small coverage
broadband to wide-area coverage broadband which is extremely useful for weather conditions and long-distance
communications. Development of lightweight, miniaturize and low-cost metamaterials are now in the peak of the
research which are applicable to the improvement of satellite applications functionality. The C-band is commonly
used for satellite TV networks, satellite communication systems, radio communications, etc. The proposed
metamaterial has a double negative (DNG) region of 6.34 GHz to 7.39 GHz and 8.20 GHz to 9.98 GHz with
effective negative refractive index region of 4.23 GHz to 7.32 GHz and 7.40 GHz to 10.0 GHz. The analysis of
negative indexed characteristics, compactness, and bandwidth of the proposed unit cell structure are analyzed
through the propagation of EM waves. The effective medium ratio of the proposed CSRR is 8.0, which specifies the
compactness and acceptability. Besides, the effective parametric studies of proposed CSRR with different shapes,
1Γ1 array, and 2Γ2 array have been analyzed to identify the DNG characteristics with effective permittivity,
permeability, and refractive index. The proposed CSRR unit cell exhibits the double negative characteristics at C-
band. The proposed unit cell and 18Γ20 array structure have been fabricated and measured by the waveguide ports
and reference horn antennas that demonstrate a good agreement with the simulated results.
2. Design Procedure of Unit Cell Structure
A CSRR shaped unit cell metamaterial is presented in Figure 1. FR-4 has been used as a dielectric substrate
material in which the dielectric constant, thickness, and loss tangent is 1.6 mm, 4.4 and 0.02, respectively. The metal
with the split ring resonator is having a thickness of 0.035 mm, which is responsible for inductance and capacitance
that fixes the resonance frequency. The electromagnetic radiation and the impedance matching are occurred due to
the copper structured ring resonator printed on the substrate material. Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based on
electromagnetic simulation software CST microwave studio has been applied for designing and analyzing the
characteristics of the proposed CSRR metamaterial. The initial dimension has been taken based on the general
subwavelength rules as lamda/10. Since our target was to design C band (4-8 GHz) metamaterial unit cell, according
to lamda/10 relationship, the main dimension of the split ring resonator has taken initially 7.5 mm. For
miniaturization of the unit cell dimension, we have scaled the dimension in CST and introduce some split gap in the
unit cell structure. Final, we have achieved the 5mm length and width of the split ring resonator of the main unit cell
length to achieve the required resonance. Detailed design specifications of the proposed CSRR unit cell structure is
illustrated in Table 1.
Figure 1. Geometric layout of the designed CSRR unit cell
Table 1. CSRR unit cell parameters
7. Kg represents the correction factor and the equation is Kg = 0.57-0.145 ln , where wβ is the width and hβ is the
π€β²
ββ²
thickness of the substrate. In addition, t is the thickness of the microstrip line, l is the length and w is the width of the
microstrip line. To get the total inductance, both external and internal inductance must be considered.
Figure 4. Equivalent circuit diagram
5. Electric Field, Magnetic Field, and Surface Current Distribution
Figure 5 (a) represents the electric field that is interrelated to the current density. The electric field is high at the
7.435 GHz resonance of outer SRR structure and the inner right SRR structure. The splits of the proposed shape
create the capacitance and generate electric resonance. Figure 5 (b) represents the magnetic field of the proposed
structure at 7.435 GHz. It is noted that the electric and the magnetic field must have opposite excitation at 7.435
GHz resonance that satisfies the Maxwell equation. The proposed CSRR unit cell shows excited surface current
distribution at 7.435 GHz that is shown in Figure 5 (c). Colors express the intensity of the currents. The current
intensity is more at the inner centre SRR compare to the outer SRR surface of resonator, and the current flow is very
little in this inner surface.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 5. (a) Electric Field (b) Magnetic Field (c) Surface Current (d) Scale at 7.435 GHz
6. Parametric Analysis of the Proposed CSRR unit Cell Structure
The NRW method have been applied to the unit cell structure to get the effective metamaterial parameters and
electromagnetic characteristics through permittivity, permeability, and refractive index. The parametric study of the
proposed unit cell CSRR and its array structure has also been analyzed in this study. This section also shows the
results of scattering parameters S11 and S21 of the proposed CSRR unit cell concerning different lengths. The results
show (in Figure 6) that the proposed unit cell covers the multiple operating bands in reflection coefficient with
higher bandwidth compared to other designs. The transmission coefficient has also shown the standard transmission
compare to other designs.
8. (a)
(b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 6. Parametric analysis of the proposed CSRR unit cell; (a) Different Lengths (b-c) Reflection Coefficient (d-e) Transmission Coefficient
The CSRR unit cell has been shown in Figure 7. The operating frequency has been set 3 GHz to 10 GHz to evaluate
the effective parameters. Figure 8 (a) represents the simulated reflection coefficient (S11) and transmission
coefficient (S21) where the standard scattering parameter has been set -20 dB to make it more efficient. Figure 8 (b)
and Figure 8 (c) represent the real and imaginary effective parameters of the CSRR unit cell. The frequency ranges
of permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and double-negative region have been shown in Table 2. The double
9. negative region ranges from 6.34 GHz-7.39 GHz, 8.20 GHz-9.98 GHz. The transmission bandwidth of the proposed
CSRR unit cell is 1.03 GHz.
Figure 7. CSRR Unit Cell
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 8. (a) Reflection coefficient (??11) & transmission coefficient (??21) of the unit cell (b-c) real and imaginary curve of retrieval
permittivity, permeability, and refractive index, respectively
Table 2. Frequency region of negative effective parameters of CSRR unit cell
Parameters The frequency range of negative index in
GHz
Effective Permittivity 4.19-7.39, 8.20-9.98
Effective Permeability 6.34-10.00
Effective Refractive Index 4.23-7.32, 7.4-10.00
Double Negative Region 6.34-7.39, 8.20-9.98
10. Figure 9 represents the 1Γ2 array structure of the proposed CSRR unit cell. The real and imaginary scattering
parameters, permittivity, permeability, and refractive index have been extracted and shown in Figure 10. The
frequency has been set from 3 GHz to 10 GHz, and two CSRR unit cells have been added horizontally to make the
array structure arrangement. The frequency ranges of effective permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and
double-negative region have been shown in Table 3. The double negative regions are 6.35 GHz-7.23 GHz, and 8.21
GHz-9.93 GHz, respectively. The transmission bandwidth of the proposed 1Γ2 CSRR unit cell is 1.02 GHz.
Figure 9. 1Γ2 Array Structure of CSRR Unit Cell
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 10: (a) Reflection coefficient (??11) & transmission coefficient (??21) (b-c) real curve and imaginary curve of retrieval permittivity,
permeability, and refractive index, respectively
11. Table 3: Frequency region of negative effective parameters of the 1Γ2 unit cell
Parameters The frequency range of
negative index in GHz
Effective Permittivity 4.16-7.23, 8.21-9.93
Effective Permeability 6.35-10.00
Effective Refractive Index 4.38-7.41, 7.45-9.90
Double Negative Region 6.35-7.23, 8.21-9.93
The 2Γ2 array structure of the proposed CSRR unit cell is shown in Figure 11. The real and imaginary scattering
parameters of effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index have been extracted from the analysis and
shown in Figure 12. The operating frequency has also been set from 3 GHz to 10 GHz, and four CSRR unit cells
have been added to make the array structure arrangement. The frequency ranges of effective permittivity,
permeability, refractive index, and double-negative region have been shown in Table 4. The double negative regions
are 6.34 GHz to 7.23 GHz and 8.20 GHz to 9.98 GHz. The transmission bandwidth of the proposed 2Γ2 CSRR unit
cell is 1.0 GHz.
Figure 11: 2Γ2 Array Structure of CSRR Unit Cell
(a) (b)
12. (c)
Figure 12. (a) Reflection coefficient (??11) & transmission coefficient (??21) (b-c) real curve and imaginary curve of retrieval permittivity,
permeability, and refractive index, respectively
Table 4: Frequency region of effective negative parameters of 2Γ2 unit cell
Parameters The frequency range of negative index in GHz
Effective Permittivity 3.38-3.79, 4.23-7.23, 8.20-9.98
Effective Permeability 6.34-10.0
Effective Refractive Index 4.53-7.38, 8.26-9.70
Double Negative Region 6.34-7.23, 8.20-9.98
Bandwidth 6.85-7.85
7. Results and Discussion
The measurement arrangement of the proposed unit cell with waveguide ports and vector network analyzer is shown
in Figure 13 (a-b). The waveguide has been used to measure the unit cell as the transmission coefficient has been
found at 7.435 GHz. The operating frequency for the measurement purpose has been set 3 GHz to 10 GHz. The
magnitude versus simulated and measured frequency has been shown in Figure 13 (c). The simulated frequency
ranges from 6.8 GHz to 7.75 GHz, whereas the measured frequency ranges from 7.3 GHz to 7.7 GHz. The array
structure has been placed at the center point from the two reference horn antennas. The measurement setup with the
array structure has set from 3 GHz to 10 GHz, shown in Figure 14 (a-b). An array prototype of dimension 99 mm Γ
110 mm, composed of a periodic structure of 18 Γ 20 unit cell was fabricated for measurement purposes, which is
shown in Figure 14 (a). The performance of the periodic structure in array prototype has been analyzed through the
horn antenna method. Measurements were performed by setting the periodic array prototype in the middle of the
approximately 0.5 m distance between the two horn antennas as shown in Fig. 14(b). As the size of the array
prototype is bigger compare to the unit cell structure, it is not possible to place between the two waveguides. Thus,
the two horn antenna method has been utilized for the array measurement. The measurement results have been
shown in Figure 14 (c) where the frequency ranges from 5.88 GHz to 8.0 GHz. The resonance frequency slightly
shifted from the CSRR unit cell resonance frequency, but the results have a good agreement among them. Shifting
of resonance frequency might occur due to the fabrication error or mutual coupling between the array prototypes or
free space measurement techniques, but the prototype still achieves the proposed C-band.
(a) (b)
13. (c)
Figure 13. (a) Fabricated prototype of CSRR unit cell (b) Measurement arrangement of proposed CSRR unit cell (c) Simulated and measured
transmission coefficient
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 14. (a) Fabricated prototype of CSRR 18Γ20 array unit cell structure (b) Measurement of CSRR unit cell array structure with horn
antenna (c) Measured transmission Spectra of the proposed CSRR array structure
The effective medium ratio (EMR) is another important factor in the metamaterial research that governs the
compactness of the metamaterial. The EMR is derived from the following calculation where ?? represents the
wavelength, and L represents the dimension of the proposed CSRR unit cell. The EMR of the proposed CSRR unit
14. cell is 8 for 5Γ5Γ1.6 mm3 dimension in the frequency of 7.435 GHz. Due to the maximum EMR 8 of the proposed
unit cell, it has an advantage of improved homogeneity and electrical size reduction without any fabrication limits.
This advantage is achieved at the cost of reduced coupling to the external field as indicated by the low value of
transmission minima.
(12)πΈππ =
πππ£ππππππ‘β
ππππ‘ πΆπππ πΏππππ‘β
Negative permeability and/or permittivity in the region of the effective medium can possibly be revealed by the unit
cell if the EMR is >4 which is an ideal value of it. Table 5 represents the comparison among the proposed CSRR
unit cell and existing metamaterial unit cell. This is notable that the unit cell has a high EMR and compact size
compare to reported literature. The unit cell also covers low frequency and high-frequency bands.
Table 5. Comparison between the proposed and existing metamaterial unit cell
References Unit Cell Shape Dimensions
(mm2)
Frequency
Bands
EMR Remarks
[19] Double C-shaped 12Γ12 S-band, C-band,
X-band
7.44
[13] Modified Z-shaped 10Γ10 X-band 4
[20] Modified H-shaped 9Γ9 X-band, Ku-band 3
[21] S-shaped 8.5Γ8.5 X-band 2.09
[22] S-shaped 10Γ10 X-band 2.4
[23] SRR 5Γ5 X-band 6.51
[8] Circular SSR 8Γ8 C-band, X-band 5.36
Proposed CSRR 5Γ5 C-band 8
The compact
size and high
EMR
represents the
novelty of the
proposed
CSRR unit
cell.
8. Conclusion
In this paper, experimental and numerical demonstration of a negative index metamaterial have been performed
where the unit cell and array structure are designed, simulated and analyzed by the CST microwave studio and
MATLAB software. The proposed metamaterial has a double negative (DNG) region of 6.34 GHz to 7.39 GHz and
8.20 GHz to 9.98 GHz with effective negative refractive index region of 4.23 GHz to 7.32 GHz and 7.40 GHz to
10.0 GHz. The analysis of the negative index characteristics, compactness and bandwidth of the proposed unit cell
and array structure are analyzed through the propagation of EM waves. The designed metamaterial shows double
negative characteristics at C-band which is later carried out for analysis and fabrication. The EMR 8.0 specifies the
compactness and acceptability which reports that these designs are flexible in the practical C band microwave
application. The C-band (4-8 GHz) is commonly used for satellite TV networks, satellite communication systems,
radio communications, etc. The novelty of the proposed CSRR unit cell metamaterial relies on the size compactness
of 5.5Γ5.5mm2 and the EMR of it where the EMR specifies the flexibility of the proposed CSRR unit cell
metamaterial in microwave application.
Funding:
This work was supported by the UKM research grant MI-2018-016
Author Contributions
Ali F. Almutairi, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, made substantial contributions to conception, design, result analysis,
preparation and revision of the manuscript. Md. Samsuzzaman and Tarikul Islam has done the experimental results
extraction and analysis with revision of the manuscript. Norbahiah Misran and Mohammad Tariqul Islam
participated in funding and revising the article critically for important intellectual contents.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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A Complementary Split Ring Resonator Based Metamaterial with Effective
Medium Ratio for C-band Microwave Applications
Abstract
A complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) based metamaterial is designed and investigated in this paper for
microwave applications with effective medium ratio. This CSRR is the modification of the conventional split-ring
resonator. Three square split-ring resonators (SSRR) are interconnected with a strip line as well as two splits in three
square split-ring resonators are applied to increase the electrical length and coupling effect. The CSRR has an
impact on the extraction of effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index. The dimension of the designed
unit cell is 5.5Γ5.5 mm2 that is printed on FR4 material. An 18Γ20 array structure is also investigated in this paper.
The unit cell has a double negative region of 6.34GHz to 7.39GHz and 8.20GHz to 9.98GHz with effective negative
refractive index region of 4.23GHz to 7.32GHz and 7.40GHz to 10.0GHz. The effective medium ratio is 8.0, which
implies the effectiveness and compactness of the proposed CSSR design. The compact size, effective parameters,
and effective medium ratio rate represent the suitability of the proposed metamaterial for practical C band
microwave applications.
1. Introduction
Nowadays, many applications depend on the wave-like property of the system, where the extraction of the specific
properties like X-ray diffraction of the Bragg planes, infra-red spectroscopy with molecular resonance excitations,
magnetic resonance imaging, etc. is possible to achieve from any waves scattered object. These wave-matter
interactions occurring in naturally available materials have weak nonreciprocal responses that core to the advent of a
newfangled artificial media named metamaterials[1, 2].
Metamaterials are judiciously engineered electromagnetic structures that may provide unique properties like electric
and magnetic resonance, negative refractive index, cloaking, etc. also named as left-handed materials (LHM). Single
17. negative and double negative metamaterials are the classification of LHM which are mostly realized by the split ring
resonator (SRR) and embedded conducting thin wires for a particular frequency range. DNMs have both negative
electric permittivity and magnetic permeability with unique properties of a reversed Doppler effect, reversed
Cherenkov radiation, and negative index of refraction where SNMs consist of either negative electric permittivity or
negative magnetic permeability with supporting evanescent waves as propagation constant[3, 4]. To have a
simultaneous electric permittivity and magnetic permeability within the microwave and millimeter frequency ranges,
SRRs have been discovered as the main element of displaying basic resonant mode, and its geometrical structures
determine the resonant frequency[5-8]. The SRR resonance phenomena happen due to the interaction between the
metallic strips and electromagnetic fields where it is indeed results of capacitive and inductive effects. A new shape
of SRR based single negative metamaterial has been designed and investigated for sensing applications to exhibit
the negative permeability behavior in the mm-wave frequency range [3]. Single and double-negative refractive
indexed metamaterial structure have been experimentally and numerically studied at[9], and it is focused that the
negativity of the refractive index of any metamaterial structure could be attained when the permittivity is negative.
A novel dual-band metamaterial that is composed of different sized and nonconcentric delta loop resonators is
presented at [10] with the single and double negative region. A compact meander line based elliptic SRR based
metamaterial has been designed and developed for electromagnetic shielding. Specific absorption rate has been
analyzed in this paper, and it concludes the acceptability in WiMAX, WLAN industry as an ideal material candidate.
A multiband negative indexed metamaterial based on SRR has been discussed where the effective medium ratio and
the negative characteristics have been the focus. Radar absorption efficiencies of materials for radar processing was
measured at a frequency range of 3- 18 GHz in [11]. A swastika-shaped metamaterial absorber was developed for X-
band frequency range where the absorber was used as liquid chemicals determination based on electrical properties
in [12]. A metamaterial absorber containing multi-type split coin resonator was proposed microwave energy
harvesting where authors claims of getting 80% absorption between 3 and 8 GHz [13]. A metamaterial-based tangle
resonator type sensor was proposed in literature where authors study the behavior of the sensor in chemical liquid
and transformer oil condition [14]. A plus-shaped metamaterial absorber was studied where up to 99% absorption
was achieved at THz frequency range where no experimental results are presented [15]. An inverse double L-shaped
SRR metamaterial has been designed and proposed for the microwave applications in [16]. This paper has analyzed
the double negative region and concludes with the acceptable region of C-, X-, and Ku-bands, but the operational
bandwidth and absorption rate are not properly justified. An inverse double L-shaped SRR metamaterial has been
designed and proposed for the microwave applications at[16]. This paper has analyzed the double negative region
and concludes with the acceptable region of C-, X-, and Ku-bands but the operational bandwidth and absorption rate
are not properly justified.
A CSRR shaped metamaterial has been proposed in this paper for C-band microwave applications. Nowadays,
various frequency bands like C-band (4-8 GHz), X-band (8-12 GHz), Ku-band (12-18 GHz) and Ka-band (27-40
GHz) have been used in satellite applications. These kind of frequency bands cover the area from small coverage
broadband to wide-area coverage broadband which is extremely useful for weather conditions and long-distance
communications. Development of lightweight, miniaturize and low-cost metamaterials are now in the peak of the
research which are applicable to the improvement of satellite applications functionality. The C-band is commonly
used for satellite TV networks, satellite communication systems, radio communications, etc. The proposed
metamaterial has a double negative (DNG) region of 6.34 GHz to 7.39 GHz and 8.20 GHz to 9.98 GHz with
effective negative refractive index region of 4.23 GHz to 7.32 GHz and 7.40 GHz to 10.0 GHz. The analysis of
negative indexed characteristics, compactness, and bandwidth of the proposed unit cell structure are analyzed
through the propagation of EM waves. The effective medium ratio of the proposed CSRR is 8.0, which specifies the
compactness and acceptability. Besides, the effective parametric studies of proposed CSRR with different shapes,
1Γ1 array, and 2Γ2 array have been analyzed to identify the DNG characteristics with effective permittivity,
permeability, and refractive index. The proposed CSRR unit cell exhibits the double negative characteristics at C-
band. The proposed unit cell and 18Γ20 array structure have been fabricated and measured by the waveguide ports
and reference horn antennas that demonstrate a good agreement with the simulated results.
2. Design Procedure of Unit Cell Structure
A CSRR shaped unit cell metamaterial is presented in Figure 1. FR-4 has been used as a dielectric substrate
material in which the dielectric constant, thickness, and loss tangent is 1.6 mm, 4.4 and 0.02, respectively. The metal
with the split ring resonator is having a thickness of 0.035 mm, which is responsible for inductance and capacitance
that fixes the resonance frequency. The electromagnetic radiation and the impedance matching are occurred due to
the copper structured ring resonator printed on the substrate material. Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based on
19. The Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) approach has been utilized to get the effective medium parameters from the normal
incidences scattering parameter data. This approach starts with introducing the composite terms V1 and V2 where
they are the addition and subtraction of the scattering parameters[5].
V1= S21+S11 (1)
V2= S21-S11 (2)
(3)π = π Β± π2
β 1
T is the Interface Reflection Coefficient. The transmission coefficient (S21) and reflection coefficient (S11) of the unit
cell can be calculated as follows to analyze the effective permittivity (????), effective permeability (????) and
refractive index (????) where k0 represents the wavenumber and d denotes the thickness of the substrate.
S11 = (4)
(1 β π2
)π
1 β π2
π2
S21 = (5)
(1 β π2
)π
1 β π2
π2
???? = (6)
2
ππ0 π
1 β π21 + π11
1 + π21 β π11
???? = (7)
π2π11
ππ0 π + ΞΌ0
???? = (8)
2
ππ0 π
(π21 β 1)2
β π2
11
(π21 + 1)2
β π2
11
For the measurement purpose of the proposed unit cell structure, an Agilent N5227 (10 MHz -67 GHz) PNA
Microwave Network Analyzer with the waveguides to co-axial adapters has been used to retrieve the S-parameters.
A 112WCAS (7.05 GHz-10.0 GHz) waveguide has been used for the frequency ranges of 6.57-9.99GHz where unit
cell prototype has been placed into two of the waveguides for measurements. For the measurement accuracy, the
Agilent N4694-60001 electrical calibration kit has been used for calibrating the PNA Microwave Network Analyzer.
The porotype has been set in between two waveguides where the incident electromagnetic (EM) waves propagate
along the z-directions, shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Experimental setup for S-parameters measurement of CSRR Unit Cell
4. Equivalent Circuit Model
The miniature structure is achieved by employing complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR). The SRR is common
in meta-surface that is artificially produced to generate anticipated magnetic predisposition in numerous kinds of MS
up to 200 THz [17]. Two opposite concentric split rings construct the SRR structure that is magnetically resonant
and tempts a vertical magnetic field. This vertical magnetic field employs negative permittivity values. The split gap
between the rings produces capacitance that helps to control the resonance of the structure. The CSRR proposed in
21. (a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 5. (a) Electric Field (b) Magnetic Field (c) Surface Current (d) Scale at 7.435 GHz
6. Parametric Analysis of the Proposed CSRR unit Cell Structure
The NRW method have been applied to the unit cell structure to get the effective metamaterial parameters and
electromagnetic characteristics through permittivity, permeability, and refractive index. The parametric study of the
proposed unit cell CSRR and its array structure has also been analyzed in this study. This section also shows the
results of scattering parameters S11 and S21 of the proposed CSRR unit cell concerning different lengths. The results
show (in Figure 6) that the proposed unit cell covers the multiple operating bands in reflection coefficient with
higher bandwidth compared to other designs. The transmission coefficient has also shown the standard transmission
compare to other designs.
(a)
(b) (c)
22. (d) (e)
Figure 6. Parametric analysis of the proposed CSRR unit cell; (a) Different Lengths (b-c) Reflection Coefficient (d-e) Transmission Coefficient
The CSRR unit cell has been shown in Figure 7. The operating frequency has been set 3 GHz to 10 GHz to evaluate
the effective parameters. Figure 8 (a) represents the simulated reflection coefficient (S11) and transmission
coefficient (S21) where the standard scattering parameter has been set -20 dB to make it more efficient. Figure 8 (b)
and Figure 8 (c) represent the real and imaginary effective parameters of the CSRR unit cell. The frequency ranges
of permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and double-negative region have been shown in Table 2. The double
negative region ranges from 6.34 GHz-7.39 GHz, 8.20 GHz-9.98 GHz. The transmission bandwidth of the proposed
CSRR unit cell is 1.03 GHz.
Figure 7. CSRR Unit Cell
(b) (b)
23. (c)
Figure 8. (a) Reflection coefficient (??11) & transmission coefficient (??21) of the unit cell (b-c) real and imaginary curve of retrieval
permittivity, permeability, and refractive index, respectively
Table 2. Frequency region of negative effective parameters of CSRR unit cell
Parameters The frequency range of negative index in
GHz
Effective Permittivity 4.19-7.39, 8.20-9.98
Effective Permeability 6.34-10.00
Effective Refractive Index 4.23-7.32, 7.4-10.00
Double Negative Region 6.34-7.39, 8.20-9.98
Figure 9 represents the 1Γ2 array structure of the proposed CSRR unit cell. The real and imaginary scattering
parameters, permittivity, permeability, and refractive index have been extracted and shown in Figure 10. The
frequency has been set from 3 GHz to 10 GHz, and two CSRR unit cells have been added horizontally to make the
array structure arrangement. The frequency ranges of effective permittivity, permeability, refractive index, and
double-negative region have been shown in Table 3. The double negative regions are 6.35 GHz-7.23 GHz, and 8.21
GHz-9.93 GHz, respectively. The transmission bandwidth of the proposed 1Γ2 CSRR unit cell is 1.02 GHz.
Figure 9. 1Γ2 Array Structure of CSRR Unit Cell
24. (a) (b)
(c)
Figure 10: (a) Reflection coefficient (??11) & transmission coefficient (??21) (b-c) real curve and imaginary curve of retrieval permittivity,
permeability, and refractive index, respectively
Table 3: Frequency region of negative effective parameters of the 1Γ2 unit cell
Parameters The frequency range of
negative index in GHz
Effective Permittivity 4.16-7.23, 8.21-9.93
Effective Permeability 6.35-10.00
Effective Refractive Index 4.38-7.41, 7.45-9.90
Double Negative Region 6.35-7.23, 8.21-9.93
The 2Γ2 array structure of the proposed CSRR unit cell is shown in Figure 11. The real and imaginary scattering
parameters of effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index have been extracted from the analysis and
shown in Figure 12. The operating frequency has also been set from 3 GHz to 10 GHz, and four CSRR unit cells
have been added to make the array structure arrangement. The frequency ranges of effective permittivity,
permeability, refractive index, and double-negative region have been shown in Table 4. The double negative regions
are 6.34 GHz to 7.23 GHz and 8.20 GHz to 9.98 GHz. The transmission bandwidth of the proposed 2Γ2 CSRR unit
cell is 1.0 GHz.
25. Figure 11: 2Γ2 Array Structure of CSRR Unit Cell
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 12. (a) Reflection coefficient (??11) & transmission coefficient (??21) (b-c) real curve and imaginary curve of retrieval permittivity,
permeability, and refractive index, respectively
Table 4: Frequency region of effective negative parameters of 2Γ2 unit cell
Parameters The frequency range of negative index in GHz
Effective Permittivity 3.38-3.79, 4.23-7.23, 8.20-9.98
Effective Permeability 6.34-10.0
Effective Refractive Index 4.53-7.38, 8.26-9.70
Double Negative Region 6.34-7.23, 8.20-9.98
Bandwidth 6.85-7.85
26. 7. Results and Discussion
The measurement arrangement of the proposed unit cell with waveguide ports and vector network analyzer is shown
in Figure 13 (a-b). The waveguide has been used to measure the unit cell as the transmission coefficient has been
found at 7.435 GHz. The operating frequency for the measurement purpose has been set 3 GHz to 10 GHz. The
magnitude versus simulated and measured frequency has been shown in Figure 13 (c). The simulated frequency
ranges from 6.8 GHz to 7.75 GHz, whereas the measured frequency ranges from 7.3 GHz to 7.7 GHz. The array
structure has been placed at the center point from the two reference horn antennas. The measurement setup with the
array structure has set from 3 GHz to 10 GHz, shown in Figure 14 (a-b). An array prototype of dimension 99 mm Γ
110 mm, composed of a periodic structure of 18 Γ 20 unit cell was fabricated for measurement purposes, which is
shown in Figure 14 (a). The performance of the periodic structure in array prototype has been analyzed through the
horn antenna method. Measurements were performed by setting the periodic array prototype in the middle of the
approximately 0.5 m distance between the two horn antennas as shown in Fig. 14(b). As the size of the array
prototype is bigger compare to the unit cell structure, it is not possible to place between the two waveguides. Thus,
the two horn antenna method has been utilized for the array measurement. The measurement results have been
shown in Figure 14 (c) where the frequency ranges from 5.88 GHz to 8.0 GHz. The resonance frequency slightly
shifted from the CSRR unit cell resonance frequency, but the results have a good agreement among them. Shifting
of resonance frequency might occur due to the fabrication error or mutual coupling between the array prototypes or
free space measurement techniques, but the prototype still achieves the proposed C-band.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 13. (a) Fabricated prototype of CSRR unit cell (b) Measurement arrangement of proposed CSRR unit cell (c) Simulated and measured
transmission coefficient
27. (a) (b)
(c)
Figure 14. (a) Fabricated prototype of CSRR 18Γ20 array unit cell structure (b) Measurement of CSRR unit cell array structure with horn
antenna (c) Measured transmission Spectra of the proposed CSRR array structure
The effective medium ratio (EMR) is another important factor in the metamaterial research that governs the
compactness of the metamaterial. The EMR is derived from the following calculation where ?? represents the
wavelength, and L represents the dimension of the proposed CSRR unit cell. The EMR of the proposed CSRR unit
cell is 8 for 5Γ5Γ1.6 mm3 dimension in the frequency of 7.435 GHz. Due to the maximum EMR 8 of the proposed
unit cell, it has an advantage of improved homogeneity and electrical size reduction without any fabrication limits.
This advantage is achieved at the cost of reduced coupling to the external field as indicated by the low value of
transmission minima.
(12)πΈππ =
πππ£ππππππ‘β
ππππ‘ πΆπππ πΏππππ‘β
Negative permeability and/or permittivity in the region of the effective medium can possibly be revealed by the unit
cell if the EMR is >4 which is an ideal value of it. Table 5 represents the comparison among the proposed CSRR
unit cell and existing metamaterial unit cell. This is notable that the unit cell has a high EMR and compact size
compare to reported literature. The unit cell also covers low frequency and high-frequency bands.
Table 5. Comparison between the proposed and existing metamaterial unit cell
References Unit Cell Shape Dimensions
(mm2)
Frequency
Bands
EMR Remarks
28. [19] Double C-shaped 12Γ12 S-band, C-band,
X-band
7.44
[13] Modified Z-shaped 10Γ10 X-band 4
[20] Modified H-shaped 9Γ9 X-band, Ku-band 3
[21] S-shaped 8.5Γ8.5 X-band 2.09
[22] S-shaped 10Γ10 X-band 2.4
[23] SRR 5Γ5 X-band 6.51
[8] Circular SSR 8Γ8 C-band, X-band 5.36
Proposed CSRR 5Γ5 C-band 8
The compact
size and high
EMR
represents the
novelty of the
proposed
CSRR unit
cell.
8. Conclusion
In this paper, experimental and numerical demonstration of a negative index metamaterial have been performed
where the unit cell and array structure are designed, simulated and analyzed by the CST microwave studio and
MATLAB software. The proposed metamaterial has a double negative (DNG) region of 6.34 GHz to 7.39 GHz and
8.20 GHz to 9.98 GHz with effective negative refractive index region of 4.23 GHz to 7.32 GHz and 7.40 GHz to
10.0 GHz. The analysis of the negative index characteristics, compactness and bandwidth of the proposed unit cell
and array structure are analyzed through the propagation of EM waves. The designed metamaterial shows double
negative characteristics at C-band which is later carried out for analysis and fabrication. The EMR 8.0 specifies the
compactness and acceptability which reports that these designs are flexible in the practical C band microwave
application. The C-band (4-8 GHz) is commonly used for satellite TV networks, satellite communication systems,
radio communications, etc. The novelty of the proposed CSRR unit cell metamaterial relies on the size compactness
of 5.5Γ5.5mm2 and the EMR of it where the EMR specifies the flexibility of the proposed CSRR unit cell
metamaterial in microwave application.
Funding:
This work was supported by the UKM research grant MI-2018-016
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30. Ali F. Almutairi, Mohammad Shahidul Islam and Md. Samsuzzaman made substantial
contributions to conception, design, result analysis, preparation, original drafting and revision of
the manuscript.
Md. Samsuzzaman and Tarikul Islam has done the experimental results extraction and analysis
with revision of the manuscript.
Norbahiah Misran and Mohammad Tariqul Islam participated in funding and revising the article
critically for important intellectual contents.
Declaration of interests
β The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
βThe authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests:
