Ingeniería Civil

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
Chapter 1
Introduction
Andre Filiatrault, Ph.D., Eng.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
CONTENTS
1. Definition of Nonstructural Components
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
3. Importance of Considering Nonstructural Components in
Seismic Design
4. Challenges Associated with the Seismic Design of
Nonstructural Components
5. Causes of Seismic Damage to Nonstructural Components
6. Performance of Nonstructural Components in Recent
Earthquakes
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
1. Definition of Nonstructural Components
• Every part of the building and all its contents with the exception of
the structure.
• Everything except the columns, floors, beams, etc.
• Common nonstructural components include: ceilings; windows;
office equipment; computers; inventory stored on shelves; file
cabinets; heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
equipment; electrical equipment; furnishings; lights; etc.
• Typically not analyzed by structural engineers and may be
specified by architects, mechanical engineers (e.g. HVAC systems
and plumbing for larger buildings), electrical engineers, or interior
designers (contents).
• May be purchased without the involvement of any design
professional by owners or tenants after construction of a building.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Nonstructural components can be
classified into three main categories:
– Architectural Components
– Building Utility Systems
– Building Contents
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Architectural Components
– Built-in nonstructural components that form
part of the building.
– Examples: partitions and ceilings, windows,
doors, lighting, interior or exterior
ornamentation, exterior panels, veneer, and
parapets.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Architectural Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions Ceiling Systems

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Architectural Components
Window Systems Doors
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Architectural Components
Lighting Systems
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Architectural Components
Interior Ornamentation Exterior Ornamentation

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Architectural Components
Exterior Cladding Veneers
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Architectural Components
Parapets
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Utility Systems
– Built-in nonstructural components that form part of
the building.
– Examples: mechanical and electrical equipment and
distribution systems, water, gas, electric, and
sewerage piping and conduit, fire suppression
systems, elevators or escalators, HVAC systems, and
roof-mounted solar panels.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Utility Systems
Mechanical Equipment Electrical Equipment
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Utility Systems
Piping Systems Pressurized Fire Sprinkler Systems
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Utility Systems
Elevators Escalators

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Utility Systems
HVAC Systems
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Utility Systems
Roof-Mounted Solar Panels
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Contents
– Nonstructural components belonging to tenants or
occupants.
– Examples: computer and communications
equipment; cabinets and shelving for record and
supply storage; library stacks; kitchen and laundry
facilities; furniture; movable partitions; lockers; and
vending machines.
– Judgment needed to identify critical items in a
particular building.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Contents
Computer Equipment Communication Equipment
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Contents
Cabinets and Shelving
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Contents
Library Stacks Kitchen Furniture

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Contents
Movable Partitions Lockers
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
• Building Contents
Vending Machines
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
Source: FEMA 74
2. Classification of Nonstructural Components
Architectural
Components
Building Utility Systems
Building Contents
Structural Components

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
• Nonstructural components represent the major portion of
the total investment in typical buildings.
3. Importance of Considering Nonstructural
Components in Seismic Design
Fig 1. Investments in building construction (Miranda 2003)
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
3. Importance of Considering Nonstructural
Components in Seismic Design
• Nonstructural damage can limit severely the functionality
of critical facilities, such as hospitals.
Emergency Room of Veteran Hospital a few minutes after the 1994 Northridge Earthquake in California
Video
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
3. Importance of Considering Nonstructural
Components in Seismic Design
• Harmonization of seismic performance between
structural and nonstructural components becomes vital
during an earthquake.
– Even if the good performance of structural components of a
building allow its continuous and immediate occupancy after a
seismic event, failure of architectural, mechanical or electrical
components and contents can lower the performance level and
functionality of the entire building system.
• Failure of nonstructural components can become a safety
hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants
evacuating or of rescuers entering buildings.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
3. Importance of Considering Nonstructural
Components in Seismic Design
• Damage to nonstructural components occurs at seismic
intensities much lower than those required to produce
structural damage.
– Steel moment-resisting frames yield at story drifts beyond 1%
while gypsum partition walls show significant crack at drifts as
low as 0.25%.
– In many past earthquakes, losses from damage to nonstructural
building components have exceeded losses from structural
damage.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
3. Importance of Considering Nonstructural
Components in Seismic Design
• Risk Levels Associated with Damage to Nonstructural
Components
– Life Safety (LS) Could anyone be hurt by this component in an
earthquake?
– Property Loss (PL) Could a large property loss result?
– Functional Loss (FL) Could the loss of this component cause an
outage or interruption?
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
4. Challenges Associated with the Seismic Design of
Nonstructural Components
• In comparison to structural components and systems, there is
much less information available giving specific guidance on
the seismic design of nonstructural building components for
multiple-performance levels.
• Limited basic research has been done and often design
engineers are forced to start almost from square one: observe
what goes wrong and try to prevent repetitions.
– Consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations
and guidelines for nonstructural components.
– Design information currently available for the most part is based on
judgment and intuition rather than on experimental and analytical
results.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
4. Challenges Associated with the Seismic Design of
Nonstructural Components
• Multiple factors affecting the
seismic behaviour of
nonstructural components.
– the regional seismicity
– the proximity to an active fault
– the local soil conditions
– the dynamic characteristics of the
building structure
– the dynamic characteristics of the
nonstructural element and its
bracing to the structure
– the location of the nonstructural
component within the building
– the function of the facility
– the importance of the particular
component to the operation of
the facility
Factors influencing structural response
Supplemental factors influencing
nonstructural response
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
5. Causes of Seismic Damage to
Nonstructural Components
• Earthquake ground shaking has three primary
effects on nonstructural elements in buildings:
– Inertial Effects
– Distortions imposed on nonstructural components
when the building structure sways back and forth
– Separation or pounding at the interface between
adjacent structures
– Nonstructural interaction
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
5. Causes of Seismic Damage to
Nonstructural Components
• Inertial Effects
– Inertia forces caused by accelerations at various
level in the structures.
– Cause overturning or sliding in mainly
“acceleration-sensitive” nonstructural components.
• e.g. unrestrained file cabinets, emergency power
generating equipment, freestanding bookshelves, office
equipment, and items stored on shelves or racks
Source: FEMA 74

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
5. Causes of Seismic Damage to
Nonstructural Components
• Inertial Effects
Video
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
5. Causes of Seismic Damage to
Nonstructural Components
• Building Distortion
– Seismic response of a building gives rise to inter-
story displacements or drifts.
– Cause distortions in “drift-sensitive” nonstructural
components.
• Windows, partitions, and other items that are tightly
locked into the structure.
Source: FEMA 74
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
5. Causes of Seismic Damage to
Nonstructural Components
• Building Separation
– Pounding of closely spaced adjacent buildings may
occur during earthquakes.
– Cause damage to acceleration-sensitive and drift-
sensitive nonstructural components crossing the
separation.
• Parapets, veneer, or cornices on the facades, flashing,
piping, fire sprinkler lines, HVAC ducts, partitions, and
flooring.
Source: FEMA 74

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
5. Causes of Seismic Damage to
Nonstructural Components
• Nonstructural Interaction
– Interaction between nonstructural components may share the
same space in a ceiling plenum or pipe chase.
– These items may have different shapes, sizes, and dynamic
characteristics, as well as different bracing requirements vibrate
differently from one another causing dynamic interaction.
– Examples:
• Sprinkler distribution lines interacting with the ceiling causing the
sprinkler heads to break and leak water into the room below.
• Adjacent pipes of differing shapes or sizes are unbraced and collide with
one another or adjacent objects.
• Suspended mechanical equipment swings and impacts a window, louver,
or partition.
• Ceiling components or equipment can fall, slide, or overturn blocking
emergency exits.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• Five Case Studies
– 2001 Nisqually US Earthquake
– 2010 Maule Chile Earthquake
– 2010 & 2011 Christchurch New Zealand Earthquakes
– 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually US Earthquake
– Mw = 6.8
– Struck the Puget Sound in the western region of
Washington State on February 28, 2001 at 10:54 am
(PST) and originated at a depth of 52 km
– Because of focal depth of 52 km, only light-to-moderate
ground shaking
– Large portion of the estimated two billion dollar loss
associated with damage to nonstructural components,
– Seismic event particularly interesting for studying the
seismic performance of nonstructural components.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– ShakeMap
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Suspended Ceiling Systems
– One of the most common types of nonstructural component
failure related to suspended ceiling systems.
Generalized failure of suspended ceiling light fixtures in an office
building in downtown Seattle. Although the eccentrically braced steel
frames used to seismically upgrade the building performed as intended,
the suspended lighting fixtures were unable to accommodate the
induced lateral acceleration and caused significant damage to the
offices, Fortunately, only minor injuries resulted from the failure of
suspended lighting fixtures throughout the building.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Interior Partition Walls
– Cracking observed in many buildings.
– Diagonal and vertical cracking occurred at upper corners of
doors and window openings and at the intersection of beams
and walls.
– Heavy masonry partition walls, particularly in stairwells,
suffered severe cracking as a result of building drift.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Interior Partition Walls
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Window Systems
– Shattering of glass windows occurred at several locations.
– Control tower at Sea-Tac airport loss of all but one window.
» Main contributor to the shutdown of the airport for hours
following the earthquake.
» Air-traffic control had to be relocated into a temporary
trailer.
» Prime example of how damage to nonstructural
components can limit severely the functionality of critical
facilities.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Window Systems

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Unreinforced Masonry Parapets
– Total or partial collapse of parapets was the most common type
of damage suffered by buildings.
Military dormitory building in Fort Lewis Building in Downtown Seattle
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Chimneys
– Unbraced chimney failures were observed mostly in residential
buildings.
– Braced chimneys performed well.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Architectural Components
• Chimneys
Three-story light-frame wood house in Olympia
Undamaged braced chimney of a wood army barrack in Fort Lewis

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
• Performance of Building Utility Systems
– Several water and gas lines of mechanical equipment inside
buildings were severed during the ground shaking.
A 75 mm diameter water pipe broke in the mechanical room on
the roof of a hotel building in Olympia, causing 3000 litres of
water in a storage tank to flood several floors of the building.
The unsecured water tank was shifted about 150 mm along the
floor. This, in turn, caused the supply water line to the tank to
rupture. As a result of the failure of this mechanical equipment,
the hotel had to be evacuated and shut down after the
earthquake.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Building Contents
Failure of bookshelves that caused books to fall in a library in
Olympia. The detail of the screwed wood-to-metal connection that
failed at the top of one of the leaning bookshelves is also shown.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2001 Nisqually Earthquake in the United States
– Performance of Building Contents
Overturning and damage to furniture in guest rooms on the top floor of an eight-story hotel building in Olympia. In the
bottom five floors most of the furniture remained in the upright position. None of the guest room furniture in the building had
been fastened to the walls to prevent overturning.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Contributors:
• Dr. Eduardo Miranda, Stanford University, CA
• Dr. Gilberto Mosqueda, University of California, San Diego
• Dr. Gokhan Pekcan, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
• Dr. Rodrigo Retamales, Consulting Engineer, Santiago, Chile
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Magnitude 8.8
– Struck on February 27, 2010 at 3:35 am local time.
– Felt by approximately 80% of the population.
– 525 death
– Approx. 200,000 housing units affected .
– Approx. 800,000 homeless.
– Economic loss approx. US $25 billion.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Chile is a country with a long history of large
earthquakes.
– Long tradition in Earthquake Engineering (e.g.
4WCEE 1969).
– Very good and well enforced building codes.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Affected Area and ShakeMap
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Closure of the Santiago and Concepcion International
Airports.
• US$40 million for repairs of nonstructural damage at SCL.
• US$10 million loss to Lan Chile.
• Two thirds of the Chilean air traffic interrupted.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Failure of suspended air handling units and ceiling tiles

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Failure of suspended air handling units and ceiling tiles
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Failure of sprinkler piping bracing
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Failure of sprinkler piping bracing

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Failure of sprinkler piping hangers
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Failure of sprinkler piping joints
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on airports
• Failure of sprinkler piping tee joints

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• 130 hospitals were affected in six regions,
– represents 71% of all public hospitals in the country,
– 4 were completely shut down,
– 12 loss more than 75% of their capacity,
– 8 partially loss their functionality,
• 62% of hospitals required repairs or replacement,
• 18% of the hospital beds in public hospitals were lost for at
least one month,
• The ministry of health estimated it will require US$ 2.8 billion
to repair hospital damage,
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Felix Bulne Hospital in Santiago shut down primarily due
to nonstructural damage.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to wall-mounted monitors at Talcahuano and
San Carlos Hospitals.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to wall-mounted monitors in Hospitals.
– Seismic Testing at the University at Buffalo
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to HVAC Equipment.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to HVAC Equipment
– Roof-mounted small AC units at the Clínica del Maule in Talca

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to Elevators
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to medical gas lines
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to ceiling systems

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on hospitals
• Damage to ceiling systems
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
Company Industry
Estimated Loss
(USD millions)
Type of Loss
Grupo Arauco Pulp, Plywwod Producer and Saw Mill. 400 to 600
Approximately 65% of the loss is
from business interruption
Grupo Quinienco Brewery, Winery and Manufacturing 300 60% from business interruption
CMPC Pulp and Paper Manufacturer 170 60% from business interruption
D&S (WalMart Chile) Retail Stores 150 Primarily physical damage
ENAP Oil and Gas 150
Evenly distributed between physical
damage and business interruption
CAP Steel Mill (Huachipato Plant) 140 60% from business interruption
Viña Concha y Toro Winery 110
Evenly distributed between physical
damage and business interruption
Telefónica Communications 100 Primarily physical damage
Grupo Claro Winery, Communications, TV channel, Bottler 84
Evenly distributed between physical
damage and business interruption
Censosud Retail 72 Primarily physical damage
Carozzi Food Manufacturer 60 Primarily physical damage
SCL - Santiago Airport Infrastructure 40 Primarily physical damage
Fallabella Retail - Largest chain of retail stores in Chile 42 Primarily physical damage
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Ceiling-sprinkler head dynamic interaction
Note:
1 in. = 25.4 mm

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Damage to elevators
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Damage to water pipes
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Damage to glazing

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Damage to glazing
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Damage to glazing
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Damage to storage racks
– Considered as non-building structures in the US.

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Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Impact of nonstructural damage on industry
• Damage to storage racks
– Considered as non-building structures in the US.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Examples of good performance
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Examples of good performance

29. 2014-10-11
29
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake
– Final comments
• In general very good structural performance of building
relative to the magnitude of the event (8.8).
• Massive amount of nonstructural damage that lead to
large impact and significant disruption to Chilean society.
• Very large economical losses (approx. US$25 billion)
which represents 12% of country’s GDP.
• There were many examples in which details, similar to
those used in the U.S., were not enough to prevent
significant damage and impact.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Contributors:
• Dr. Eduardo Miranda, Stanford University, CA
• Dr. Kenneth Elwood, University of British Columbia, BC
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes

30. 2014-10-11
30
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– A country with a long history of moderate and large
earthquakes.
– Long tradition in Earthquake Engineering (e.g.
3WCEE, 1965; 12WCEE, 2000).
– Very good and enforced building codes.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Three main types of damage observed in these
earthquakes:
• Damage/collapse to URM structures.
• Massive liquefaction and associated damage.
• Large amount of nonstructural damage.

31. 2014-10-11
31
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to building contents
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to building contents
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to building contents

32. 2014-10-11
32
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to ceilings
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to facades
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to glazing

33. 2014-10-11
33
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to stairs and elevators
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Damage to storage racks
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2010 and 2011 Christchurch New Zealand
Earthquakes
– Final Comments
• Relatively small number of collapses/fatalities.
• Good structural behavior of new engineered construction.
• Extremely large economical losses (approx. US$17 billion)
considering the magnitude of the events (7.1 and 6.3) and
especially relative to the population of Christchurch (385,000).
• Nonstructural damage is costly and affects business recovery.
• Long-lasting effect for the economy of Christchurch specially
for the downtown commercial district.

34. 2014-10-11
34
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Contributors:
• Dr. Gilberto Mosqueda, University of California, San
Diego
• Dr. Eduardo Miranda, Stanford University, CA
• Dr. Dimitrios Lignos, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Magnitude (Mw): 9.0
– Depth: 32 km
– Distance from Shore: 70 km
– Rupture zone: 500 x 200 km
– PGA: 2.9g measured
– Tsunami: >35 m
– Casualties: ~ 25,000
– Refugees: 151,000
– Economic Loss: > US$309 B
– Cost of Recovery: > US$615 B
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Large investment in earthquake preparedness –
tsunami warning system and adoption of advanced
technologies
– Strong research program in earthquake engineering
(US-Japan cooperative research program in many
areas)
– Advanced and enforced seismic codes

35. 2014-10-11
35
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Non-Structural Damage - Sendai
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Non-Structural Damage - Sendai
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Non-Structural Damage - Sendai

36. 2014-10-11
36
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Damage to precast ACC (Autoclave Lightweight
Aerated Concrete - ALC) façade elements
Angle used for alignment
9-mm Re-bar
Mortar
9-mm Re-bar
Mortar
Weight supporting angle
Typical Failure modes observed also in past earthquakes: (1) cracking and
chipping of ALC, (2) debonding between rebar and mortar, (3) fracture of
rebars, ALC falling
For newer Japanese residences virtually no damage in their ALC panels
The sliding or rotating panel method was adopted for those Reinforcing
bars are disconnected at the individual stories
(Summary prepared by Dr. Taichiro Okazaki, Dr. Dimitrios Lignos and Dr. Mitsumasa Midorikawa)
ALC panels are rigidly connected
to structural frame
Minimum specified compressive
strength of 3.0MPa
Min Thickness of 100mm
Typically used in 600mm modules
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Non-Structural Damage - Sendai
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Non-Structural Damage - Sendai

37. 2014-10-11
37
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Non-Structural Damage - Tokyo
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Ceiling Damage - Tokyo
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Tohoku Japan Earthquake
– Final Remarks
• Not considering tsunami inundation zone, there was very
little structural damage considering intensity of shaking.
• Majority of damage in large cities including Tokyo and
Sendai was mainly nonstructural.
• Frequently observed non-structural damage:
– Ceiling damage / collapse.
– Damage / collapse older ACC façade panels.
– Overturning/sliding of contents.

38. 2014-10-11
38
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
– Contributors:
• Dr. Gilberto Mosqueda, University of California, San
Diego
• Dr. Eduardo Miranda, Stanford University, CA
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake

39. 2014-10-11
39
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake

40. 2014-10-11
40
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake

41. 2014-10-11
41
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• 2011 Virginia US Earthquake
– Final Remarks
• Damage to suspended ceilings, masonry chimneys, masonry
veneer, masonry infills was widespread.
• Damage to contents in residential and commercial buildings.
• Reports of pipe burst in Pentagon causing minor flooding.
• Damage resulted in closure and reduced functionality of some
buildings including schools.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• Lessons from Recent Earthquakes
– Recent earthquakes described occurred in countries
with a long strong tradition in Earthquake Engineering.
– Structural damage in these earthquakes was relatively
small in structures designed according to recent codes.
– Large amounts of nonstructural damage occurred that
lead to significant impacts on facilities and society in
general.
– Nonstructural damage often occurs as a result of
problems in the bracing and anchorage.

42. 2014-10-11
42
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
6. Performance of Nonstructural
Components in Recent Earthquakes
• Lessons from Recent Earthquakes (cont’d)
– In many cases the failure is due to the deformation,
vibration, and pounding of neighboring
components. In current practice the deformation of
the components is typically not addressed.
– These earthquakes highlight the need of
performance based design for controlling economic
losses and downtime in addition to life safety
through enhanced seismic design of nonstructural
systems.
Seismic Design of Nonstructural Building Components
January 12-15, 2015
Quito, Ecuador
Questions/Discussions