FAO regularly conducts global and regional reviews of aquaculture status and trends, most recently during 2008 and 2009.

1. March | April 2012
Feature title: Regional review on status and trends
- Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa
International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
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The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

2. FEATURE FEATURE
FEATURE FEATURE
However, in view of the potential role This is predominantly fish and in particular feeding trial implemented with control commer-
Based on this statement, any perturba- reference, coated at two percent dosage In most cases, the small-scale rural farmers
feeding started in the country in late 1990s tion of the could play in food and nutrition the indigenous and ubiquitous species of are cial feed, with or without FPH supplementation
aquaculture water quality, resulting from onto a nutritionally balanced Plant Based Feed owner/operators and practice extensive
when semi-intensive shrimp farming of brack-
security, employment, wealth generation to (PBF), within two distinct experimental facili- (two percent dosage). See Figure 4.
overfeeding, overcrowding, water renewal tilapias and the African catfishes including farming. The more aggressive farmers, par-
ish water started in the southeastern part of 1.0ml of a bacterial suspension consisting
both small- and large-scale producers in both ties named ‘C’ and ‘D’.
shortage or algae blooming, may have critical Clarias gariepinus. Brackish water aquaculture ticularly those living near large towns and who
the coastal area and in the beginning of last These facilities, consisting in two serials in 9x108 UFC of Aeromonas hydrophila was
consequences on health & growth statuses of and marine fish culture, as well as the culture in most cases have other professional jobs,
rural and peri-urban localities, as exemplified
decade in fresh water, when Thai catfish farm- farmed species. of 24 tanks of 100l capacity supplied with injected into the fish abdominal cavity. There
in a few countries, the AU/NEPAD Food of crustaceans, date back to less than 20–30 practice semi-intensive farming. Well-placed
ing started getting popular. Two ammonia challenge trial were imple- thermo regulated and filtrated seawater; only were four replicates and 15 fish per replicate
Security Summit in December 2006, in Abuja, years ago and production is concentrated in individuals, corporate companies and estates,
Regional review on status and trends Before that a few farms used rice bran and mented on Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthal- a few countries tank heights. Fish of marine all of who operate large production units, for
agreed to promote and protect fisheries and differ by their while the culture into facilities were inoculated and then monitored
oil cakes mash from in aquaculture.
Aquaculture development aquaculture as strategic commodity alongside ‘C’, due to lower tanks, are more exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila symptoms for 10 days.
mus), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), algae is recent innovation. dominate semi-intensive farming.
Supplemental feeds in pellet form for semi- juveniles (mean weight = 13g) in order to technician’s work and visual contacts. Based The more intensive systems, for the most
At the end of this period, average survival
rice, maize and other strategic food products. Producers in the region Socio-economic
intensive Peneaus monodon farming were assess the impact of FPH on overall survival surveys and National Aquaculture Sector for rate of inoculated fish for dynamic and was
on the significant differences observed part, are owned by the more control feed
in Sub-Saharan Africa mostly imported and a joint venture company
started producing several thousand tonnes
rates.
Farming environments average zootechnical performance indicators very high, which means that initial fish health
Overviews (NASOs) reveal that aquaculture enterprising farmers, as well as large corporate
Basically, fish were fed for 10 weeks with producers in 4), this visual crop and live- ventures, with an influx of foreign capital and the
The production of fish and shellfish through (see Figure SSA include disturbance stress status was really good before starting
annually in the country.
aquaculture in SSA as described is limited obviously impacts fish behavior.
commercial diets, formulated with different stock farmers, but also civil servants, retired expertise that produce for overseas markets.
disease challenge trial.
However, semi-intensive Peneaus mono- levels of fishmeal – FM -, supplemented or not civil Thus, growth of fish reared in facilities ‘C’
by Benedict P. Satia, University of Washington, School of Marine and compared with the historical production in servants, local businessmen and women, (FAO, 2009b; Ridler and Hishamunda, 2001). sup-
Despite this high survival rate, FPH
don farming started and vanished like bubbles, is only at 67 percent of the average potential plementation significantly improved overall
with FPH2 and FPH3 (1.8 percent in tilapia storekeepers and individuals with other jobs.
Environmental Affairs, Seattle, USA Asia, Europe and even Latin America.
aquaculture feed imports ceased to exist and
Furthermore, women are involved directly Main production systems
diets & three percent in catfish diets). After growth observed for facilities ‘D’. This growth survival rates from 88 up to 98 percent
Aquaculture is not a tradition in most sub-
the joint venture company switched over those feeding periods, 10 tilapia and 20 catfish as owners of is mostly explained countries
retardation fishponds in several by a much Production At this macroscopic scale, it is dif-
(p<0.02). systems and technologies in
Saharan African countries.
to producing low-cost aquaculture feeds for were distinctly placed in aquaria (n=4 repli- including feed intake, which may entirely be ficult to discuss how FPH has improved fish
However, in a few countries, such as Benin, lower Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, the SSA show great diversity ranging from exten-
fishes. solved by PH supplementation.
cates) for an ammonia challenge consisting in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, sive aquaculture in ponds, lagoons and coastal
Ghana and the Mauritius, the peoples’ attach- resistance to opportunistic pathogens.
Since than pellets became familiar and In addition, through PH supplementation,
a ment to capture fisheries load for 48 hours Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda (Abban et areas; semi-intensive farming in ponds and
constant 150ppm TAN probably enabled We may, however, propose two different
F
AO regularly conducts global and several companies and private farm owners
school enrolment, measles vaccination, the 2006 and in tertiary education it stood at only with a 100 percent/day water exchange rate. al., 2009; Rana et al., 2005; Satia, 1989). Some 20 and maybe combined, patterns. tanks,
them to evolve traditional11forms of aqua- growth rate is finally improved by almost lagoons and intensive culture using
are now producing pellets for fish and shrimp Survival results are non-food grade livestock by-products; 2)
regional reviews of aquaculture use of insecticide treated bed nets, reduc- five percent in 2006 compared to 17 percent According to research report and management in acadjas, whedos studies (Abban et al, 2009; Rana et al., 2005) cages and recirculating aquaculture systems. func-
culture and various illustrated with Figure percent, due to a combined improvement of First, FPH, thanks to its bioactive
in for developing countries and 25 percent surveys it was found that there are 100 feed- plant oilseed and grain legume meals; 3) cereal
status and trends, most recently tions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the way they like. Most of the pellets for 2 and Figure 3. the FCR, by 10 percent on average.
and barochois, etc, (Satia, 1989; Welcomme, have reported that most successful fish farmers In addition, (anti-stress and immunostimulant
tionalities there is a growing interest in
during 2008 and 2009. prevalence rates in some countries and some the world (UNECA, 2008). junks than mills in Bangladesh that produce aquaculture by-product meals; and 4) miscellaneous pro-
produced as feed contains more This benefit combination results, on aver- mostly), may have improved overall fish health
Both FPH 2 and 3 had a positive impact on particularly the peri-urban producers have had integrated aquaculture and aquaculture in
1972; GTZ, 2002).
aspects of gender equality. Improvements were reported in feed and poultry feed together.
nutritionally required proportional ingredients. one Aquaculture is presently practiced as single-cell in a 28 percent growth rate improve-rice-based systems, for example, in Burkina
tein sources such in age, proteins, leaf
fish survival to high ammonia load challenge, primary or at least post-primary education. status before and/or during the challenge trial.
The present regional review and synthesis all three being also protein concentrates, invertebrate meals, etc.
However, very limited gains were made of the key human to a terrestrial ani- life It is clear that there is no specific study observed on fishmeal ment under normal conditions and almost
Improper feeds provided development index, this benefit environments, namely freshwater, Second, FPH may have been a natural source
There are two main types of producers in Faso, Malawi, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, etc.
mal expectancy and the mean of which were emphasising sustainability/ feasibility of the end product of the eventual success of these
for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) provides an on poverty, eradication of hunger, maternal may cause harm to it or the animal can 54 brackish As feed- However, protein 80 percent growth rate increase under visual of Anti Microbial Peptides, which the
free diet. water and marine waters, but most SSA, namely the owner/operator and owner/ Non-commercial producers undertake may have
to years and and provider has years in 2009, of the activities are concentrated in freshwater as fishmeal replace-
overview of major issues and trends in the mortality and addressing disparities due deny consuming the range 44–77 an option based aquaculture, especially in Bangladesh. potential feed resources disturbance conditions.
metabolism, ammonia is the most common non-operator. Different groups of individuals extensive system, while farmers with the prin-
been effective against Aeromonas hydrophila.
aquaculture sector over the past few years. gender income and disability. which accounts for more than 95 percent by depend upon the
toxicant in culture ment in aquafeeds will
to change or modify to make it palatable. In a In fact, the production of aqua-feeds has and live-transportation appear also to be attracted by different aqua- cipal objective of generating wealth practice
as compared to an average of 43.9 years At this macroscopic scale, most likely assump- Biochemical studies would be necessary to con-
The regional review reflects development Recent estimates indicate that the per- decade ago. systems. of the fast- further development and use of improved
case of aquaculture once feed (sinking) is pro- been widely recognised as one It is more toxic under its unionized culture systems.
tonnage of the region’s production in 2008. tions may be the followings: FCR improvement firm one, or both, of these assumptions. Page 1
_OffshoreMaric_Quarter_SplitAd_OMC_Quarter 20/02/2012 07:53
the semi-intensive and intensive systems. In
vided, it is difficult to know that percentage of est
in 42 of the 55 countries in SSA for which centage of the population living in extreme However, child mortality has not declined expand- form NH3 as it easily diffuses across the gill probably reflects a
production was reported to FAO in 2008. poverty in SSA has almost doubled from in 27 SSA countries due mainly to prevent- agricultural
feed being consumed by target animal. ing membrane reducing outward flux of ammonia reduction of PBF
The production volume and value data have 200 million in 1981 to 380 million in 2005 able diseases and malnutrition. The under-five industries in excretion. induced gut inflam-
been derived from the latest FAO-FISHSTAT (Ravallion and Chen, 2008). SSA unemploy- impact of poorer
The mortality rate decreased slightly from 185 per world, with
the As a result, ammonia level in fish plas- mation and/or an
plus database for 2009. Between 1998 and ment declined slightly from 8.5 percent quality feeds
in 1 000 live births in 1990 to 165 live births in
2008, there has been a five-fold increase in 1997 to eight percent in 2007 and was To make things worse uneaten feed/ rates in excess
2005 (UNICEF, 2008; UNECA, 2008).
annual growth ma increases causing various physiological optimization of A must attend
event for all
responses, in many ways similar to anoxia gut flora while the
production from 42,587 to 238,877 tonnes. particles partly used as fertiliser in aquatic eco- of 30 percent
expected to rise sharply in 2009 as a result of Progress in responding to HIV/AIDS, symptoms and finally leading to neurotoxicity higher feed intake
OFFSHORE
fish farmers!
The greatest catalyst for increased produc- the global recession (ILO, 2008). tuberculosis, malaria and body diseases per year (Tacon,
system and pollute the water other rapidly, has and fish death in most serious cases. recorded with PH
tion has been the emergence and intensifica- if water exchange is not practiced (Tacon, 1996). On the
In the area of education, although primary generally been limited. Several studies implemented on FPH have supplementation
MARICULTURE
CONFERENCE2012
tion of private sector led small and medium- enrolment rate has been improving, the pri- 1996). In Bangladesh aquaculture most ponds basis of differ-
Despite the positive outcomes recorded demonstrated their biochemical functionali- is certainly due to
17-19 October With fish farming output expected to reach
are rain fed and hardly has any scope of water ent categories
size enterprises and the expansion of large mary completion rate is an area of concern. in some countries in terms of growing inte- ties, including potent anti-oxidative properties. feed enhanced pal- close to 120 million tons by 2020, the
commercial ventures stimulated in some cases Between 1999 and 2006, the completion gration of HIV/AIDS concerns into national species, 25
exchange. of Thus, it becomes possible to increase atability. HILTON HOTEL Offshore Mariculture Conference –
by growing public support and the inflow of rate improved from 49 percent to 60 but Therefore, cost effective quality feed is a percent of total
development plans and the increasing number IZMIR • TURKEY two day conference plus visit to an offshore
animal’s own anti-oxidative defenses thanks to
must for aquaculture. aqua-feed pro- fish farm – will explore the progress and
foreign capital and expertise. the completion for girls was much lower. The of people receiving antiretroviral treatment FPH supplementation and, as a consequence, FPH
SUPPORTED BY
prospects for offshore aquaculture in
(ART), UNAIDS (2008), into poorer duction
In addition, the implementation of the gross enrolment ratio in secondary education Bad quality feed translated reported that HIV was reduce expected adverse effects of exces- improve fish European and international waters.
FAO Special Program for Aquaculture rose from 25 percent in 1999 to 32 percent in prevalence is apparently on the decline for shrimp and
production performance, pollutes water bod- in sive production of ROS -Reactive Oxygen resistance to
Turkish Ministry of Food Central Union of Turkish
Agriculture and Livestock Aquaculture Producers
Development in Africa (SPADA), the region, but rates are still prawn.
ies, degrade eco-system and environment and far Species- resulting from anoxia like stresses opportunistic For details on how to submit an abstract
as well as the introduction of new higher than in other world regions. The efforts
may lead to out break of disease in aquacul- induced by many chemical and physical dis- pathogens and for the full list of topics to be covered,
MEDIA SUPPORTERS:
production systems, for example ture farms (Barua et al, 2011).
The Kingdom of Swaziland has the have been together with information on the conference,
turbances. Chronic stress,
including details of sponsorship packages,
cages and tanks previously untried It is very much difficult to find out the placed on the
world’s highest rate of HIV: 26 per- because of con- please call the Events Team on
or unproven in SSA, accompanied time when formulated feed was introduced in use of by-prod-
cent of the population ages 15–49 Restoring feed intake and tinuous secretion of A MERCATOR MEDIA EVENT
by the refinement of existing produc- aqua farms of Bangladesh, but it is well known ucts from the
is HIV positive. growth during stressful events cortisol, is harmful
tion systems have contributed to this that during the introduction of semi intensive much larger and
In SSA, HIV disproportionately It is a common practice to supplement as it leads to immu-
+44 (0) 1329 825335
email conferences@offshoremariculture.com
development. method supplementary feed was introduced. faster-growing
affects young women. 1.6 Sources aquatic feed with palatability enhancer during nosuppression and or visit www.offshoremariculture.com
Especially in shrimp farms located in Cox’s terrestrial agri-
of livelihood and importance of critical and stressful periods such as spawning, thereby increases
Trends in social Bazaar used fishmeal, rice bran and different the
aquaculture. Agriculture in cultural pro- weaning, wintering, oral antibiotic treatments. risks of disease out-
development broad sense plays a dominant role
types of oil cakes as supplementary feed. duction sector, breaks.
Progress towards meeting the tar- Local farmer started to use this mixture an
in most African economies as including: 1) Improving growth rates A disease chal-
Figure 1: Aquaculture production and value in sub-
gets of the Millennium Development important source of livelihood, but
in 1987-1988. The Meghna Farm of Cox’s terrestrial ani-
Saharan Africa excluding aquatic plants (1990–2008). A Protein Hydrolysate was formulated lenge was initi-
Goals (MDGs) has been mixed. the role of aquaculture as a major
Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture first used the pelleted feed in 1989. mal by-product
bazar to meet such needs and serve as an internal ated on juvenile
Sub-Saharan Africa continued Department, Fishery Information, Data and StatisticsBangla Fishfeed Ltd, first livelihood in all but
Saudi contributor to manufactured meals result- reference for assessing newly developed FPH. Nile tilapia (mean
to make progress in a number of Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software
pelleted feed in 1990. In 2001, (Nigeria, Uganda, from the
a few countries Bangladesh ing
for fishery statistics time series. Rome (www.fao.org/ A total of 28 short term feeding trials (13- weight: 37.7g±2.2)
social development areas, with con- Integrated Fishery and Poultry Limited” first still
Madagascar, Mozambique) is processing (i.e. 21days) were implemented with this internal following a 42 days
fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en)
crete gains in such areas as primary very small.
introduced floating feed which is very costly. rendering) of
al AquAFeed | March-april 2012 26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13

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4. FEATURE FEATURE
primarily wealth generating enterprises, the only a few countries indicating the immense Salient issues undertaking, and laying emphasis on pri-
production units could be further classified possibility for increased production if the full Exports of aquaculture prod- vate sector-led initiatives with govern-
as small and medium enterprises (SME) and potential is realised by small-, medium- and
"The overarching objective ucts in the continent are increas- ments providing the enabling environment
large-scale aquaculture. large-scale investors and many govern- should be to promote ing and this is likely to have a for growth. The increased growth could
Whereas, the typical non-commercial ments were committed to the develop- positive impact on growth of be realised through improvements in
extensive system is characterized by low- ment of the subsector and helped the aquaculture as a viable the sector as organisations of technologies and resource use, 41 inte-
input, low-output and very little or no value growth of the industry by removing producers and wholesalers con- gration of aquaculture with other farming
added and generally located in rural areas; constraints.
wealth creating, tinue to influence development activities accompanied with appropriate
in the semi-intensive approach the inputs undertaking, in several aspects of the industry. policies and strategies in marketing and
amounts are increased and quality of inputs Top producers However, trade in aquaculture trade.
are in principle better; while small and medi- Nigeria is consistently the largest pro- and laying products between regions is virtually A few of which are:
um enterprises and large- scale commercial ducer. inexistent because of low supplies, • Enlarging markets for aqua-products
aquaculture systems are to an extent vertically In 2008, it accounted for 60 percent of
emphasis on but also because of high costs due through improved market regulation
integrated, located in urban and peri-urban production by quantity and 56 percent of private sector- to poor infrastructure and insuf- framework and support services, by zon-
areas and are also characterised by higher lev- the total value. Other major producers are ficient trade facilitation. The role of ing areas for aquaculture and organizing
els of management, capital investment, higher Uganda and Madagascar (see Figure 2). from capture fisheries now led initiatives producer organisations serving as producer organisations, by enhancing
levels of quality control and a more complex These three countries together contrib- exported. A number of fac- a catalyst for aquaculture develop- information flow, by assisting with estab-
and structured market (Abban et al., 2009; uted 86 percent of the total production in tors affect fish consumption
with governments ment and marketing lishing appropriate trade practices and
Ridler and Hishamunda, 2001). SSA in 2008 (the first seven major producers or demand. providing the enabling trans boundary movement of aquatic
Depending on the system, a variety of account for 93.7 percent of total production These include income, prices The way forward products
species are cultured in containment or holding in 2008 by quantity). of fish, prices of fish comple- environment On the whole, the demand for • Expanding the consumption of aqua-
The success of these three countries is ments such as rice, tastes and aquaculture products in SSA is high products through such strategies as by
attributed to the promotion of a private sec- nonprice factors that affect the
for growth" and the potential for further growth improving access while ensuring market
tor led strategy accompanied with increases transaction costs of purchasing of the industry in the region is prom- competitiveness, or by demonstrating
in expansion and productivity driven by sig- and preparing fish, the availability ising. Along with technical improve- high quality control
nificant improvements in feed and improved of cold chains etc. ments, increased market opportuni- • Developing strategies for value addi-
technologies (tanks in Nigeria), aqua-feed In the absence of data, Delgado ties are central to the sustainable tion for aquatic products such as by
production and utilisation in Uganda and farm et al, (2003) used regression analysis development of aquaculture in SSA. demonstrating high quality control,
management, as well as government policies and proxies for disposal income, cost The overarching objective improve biosecurity and aquatic animal
in favour of the sector, for example divest- of fishery products, changes in tastes and should be to promote aquacul- health management and by under taking
ing redundant and undeliverable services in national differences in the tradition of fish ture as a viable wealth creating, market/product-related research ■
Uganda and Madagascar. Strong growth was consumption and came up with an aggre-
also exhibited by Ghana and Kenya (FAO, gate increase of fish consumption of 2.7
2009a). percent per year or an additional 1.6 million
tonnes of fish a year by 2015 just to maintain
Figure 2: Major aquaculture Potential for an increase in current consumption of 7.8 kg per person per
producers by quantity and value in demand for aquaculture products year. Given the projected population increase
sub-Saharan Africa (2008).
It is estimated that by 2015, the total (> than 2 percent a year), the growth rate in
Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries
and Aquaculture Department, annual fish consumption in SSA could be overall fish consumption and the stagnation in
Fishery Information, Data and 1.5–2.0 million tonnes higher than in 2005 both the marine and inland fisheries, the ques-
Statistics Unit. FishStat Plus Version if fish supplies expand at an equal pace with tion is not what would be the demand but
2.32. Universal software for fishery demand. where could supply come from to fill the gap.
statistics time series.Rome (www.
This would result from a yearly increase The expansion of commercial aquaculture
fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/
fishstat/en). in volume of fish consumed by about three is likely to be rapid particularly under the
percent in volume terms (FAO, 2009b). aegis of the Special Program for Aquaculture
Some 70 percent of the growth in demand Development in Africa (SPADA) which aims
comes from an increase in population, which to train approximately 28 000 in 20 target
facilities such as: earthen ponds, concrete tanks, means that demand growth is steady and countries to produce an additional 259 000
raceways, pens, cages and racks. Production large. Depending on the economic situation tons of aqua-products per year within six
units or systems that are being promoted in this could even increase more. years and if the enabling environment is
the region include: enhancement/restocking, This is due to high nutritional significance provided by the public sector and the inter-
integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) and of fish products given that intake of red meat national climate is favourable, the production
aquaculture in rice-based systems. is relatively low. could even be higher.
By 2015, neither domestic production Small and medium enterprises, as well as
Regional aquaculture from capture fisheries (marine and fresh- large-scale undertakings will generate wealth
production, species and values water) nor local aquaculture will be able in most cases through international trade but
From a production of 42,587 tonnes in to provide the increased quantities of fish also contribute to food security at sub region-
1998, production in 2008 was reported to needed for human consumption. A part of al levels while small-scale aquaculture will
have risen to 238,877 tons with a value of this need may continue to be satisfied through contribute to food security and for national
US$665 million (see Figure 1). This converts increased imports of low-value species. markets and possibly intraregional trade.
2011/12 OUT NOW
into an average annual growth rate of 18.8 Sub-Saharan Africa has been a net import- By 2015 and assuming the SPADA initia-
percent for the years 1998 to 2008. However, er of fish for some time. Growing local tive is fully embraced by the countries, aqua-
several countries registered negative growth demand will tend to increase this trade gap culture production from SSA would be more
during the period. The five-fold increase in by pulling in more imports and retaining for than 400 000 tonnes a year, but even this will
production since 1998 has been limited to local consumption some of the fish mainly be little in comparison to the demand.
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29

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