Hino master powerpoint 300 500 700 series v01

SPECIFY HEAVY VEHICLES OPTIONS & ADD-ON PRODUCTS
SAQA ID: 259889 NQF LEVEL: 5 CREDITS: 7
LEARNER PRESENTATION
Commercial Vehicle
Technical Orientation

COMMERCIAL VEHICLE SEGMENTS
MAJOR TRUCK COMPONENTS
VALUE ADDED SERVICES & SUPPORT
COMPETITOR COMPARISON
NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
SECTION 5
SECTION 6
COMMERCIAL VEHICLE
TECHNICAL ORIENTATION

SPECIFY HEAVY VEHICLES OPTIONS & ADD-ON PRODUCTS SAQA ID: 259889 NQF LEVEL: 5 CREDITS: 7
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
INDUSTRY NOMENCLATURE
LEGISLATIVE NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Section 1:
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
The commercial vehicle market is separated into five segments
 Freight carrier category
 Tipper category
 Truck Tractor category
 Bus category
 Cement mixers
Information on each of the above vehicles will be unpacked further in the presentation.
The market is further divided into 5 classifications for NAAMSA sales volumes reports
 Light commercial vehicles (up to 3,500kg)
 Medium commercial vehicles (3,500kg to 8,500kg)
 Heavy commercial vehicles (8,500kg to 16,500kg)
 Extra Heavy commercial vehicles (16,500kg and over)
 Bus
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Section 1:
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
The freight carrier category is the largest of the segments and is therefore hotly contested by all of the
manufacturers. Competing in this category is where the bulk of the business comes from so it is important
to be familiar with your own product and that of your competitors.
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Section 1:
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
Tipper trucks are found in the same configuration as the freight carriers excluding the 6x2 but vary in the
size of the body fitted to suite the commodity that they are transporting.
Example: A 4x2 tipper transporting coal with a mass of 800kg/m3 could theoretically have a body of 12m3
whereas a 4x2 tipper transporting sand at 1600kg/m3 would only have a body half the size of the one
transporting the coal. It is therefore essential to confirm the commodity and the mass before recommending
a body fitment to a tipper chassis.
Freight carrier
Tipper category

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TRAILERS
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KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
When a load is bigger or heavier than a truck can carry trailer options are available:
 Draw bar trailer behind the freight carrier
 Truck tractor drawing a semi-trailer or a combination of trailers.
Truck tractors are also configured the same as the freight carriers. The various popular combinations are:
1. 4X2 truck tractor with a single axle trailer (approx. 12 tonne payload)
2. 4X2 truck tractor with a tandem axle trailer (approx. 18 tonne payload)
3. 4X2 truck tractor with a tridem axle trailer (approx. 27 tonne payload)
4. 6X4 truck tractor with a tandem axle trailer (approx. 25 tonne payload)
5. 6X4 truck tractor with a tridem axle trailer (approx. 30 tonne payload)
These are only approximations and will depend on the configuration and the weights of the truck and trailer.
Truck Tractor category
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Section 1:
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
These units are very robust in design because of the product that they transport and the type of terrain that
they have to negotiate. Typically they operate on building construction sites with a product that is
transported in liquid form. This leads to great stresses on the chassis at critical points so they require
additional strengthening. These units are normally fitted with a engine mounted PTO. (Power Take Off)
Cement mixer
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Section 1:
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
Hino 300 and 500 series chassis are often used for the development of small busses. These are used in
schools, mining operations, clubs, construction companies etc. The chassis’ are easily adapted to suite this
application and vary in seating from 25 to 35 in the 300 series to 39 to 65 in the 500 series.
Hino 300 & 500 Series bus

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
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CHASSIS
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KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Draw bar trailer
Semi-trailer Flatbed trailer
Tanker trailer
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Section 1:
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Lowbed trailer Interlink tipper trailer
Interlink tipper trailer Interlink trailer (Grain carrier)
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Section 1:
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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The components that make up the drive train are:
- Engine - Universal joints and carrier bearings
- Clutch - Differential
- Transmission/ Gearbox - Side shaft
- Prop shaft - Wheels
HINO Series specific information is contained in the presentations for each of the 300, 500 & 700 series
All trucks are assembled in the same way. What sets the particular brand of vehicle apart are the design of the
components and the unique way in which they are married together to supply the expected performance levels.
By knowing the assembly of your vehicle you are able to identify the positive salient points to enhance your
selling.
Establishing salient features of the truck that you are selling is more than reading the specification sheet to the
customer. It requires the sales person to study each of the components that are fitted to the truck and identify the
differences and advantages to the customer. Remember that all components that are fitted to different trucks are
the same. A turbocharger may have a number of derivatives and so it is important to know which is fitted to your
vehicle and the advantages attached to it.
Drive Train:
All components that deliver power generated by the engine and transfer it in a chain of reactions to driving axles.
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MAJOR COMPONENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Engine
This is the prime source of power which allows the vehicle to perform the task. If the engine is too small the
vehicle will not be able to do the work that it was designed for. This we refer to as underpowered. Engines
come in different designs. Common engines used today are:
 4 cylinder engines for smaller trucks
 6 cylinder (in line) for the larger trucks
 6 cylinder in a “V” design which takes up less space
 8 cylinder in a “V” design which also requires less space
 10 cylinder in a “V” design when space is limited
Today most of the engines on the market are fitted with turbochargers and intercoolers / after-coolers but
there are a few vehicles that are operating as normally aspirated engines where no turbocharging and after-
cooling system is fitted. It is important to establish if you are selling against an intercooled vehicle before you
do the presentation to the customer.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Sales section: Engine – Why HINO is superior
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Fuel Injection system.
The Common Rail Fuel Injection system is used extensively on diesel engines because of the efficiency of the
system and for compliance with the emission regulations. This system pressurises a common tube to
extremely high pressure by means of the injector pump and all of the injectors are fed off of the common rail.
Advantages of the common rail system:
 Fuel pressure on demand
 Higher injection pressure and finer fuel atomization
 Injection pressure created independent of the engine speed
 Multiple injection per cylinder combustion are possible
Benefits of the common rail system:
 Reduction in overall exhaust emissions
 Reduction in particulate emissions
 Reduction in noise emissions
 Improved fuel efficiency
 Higher performance
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Transmission
The transmission commonly known as the gearbox is attached to the engine through a clutch which is fitted
between the two components. This clutch allows the driver to disengage the engine from the rest of the drive
train to select a different gear. The type of gearbox varies in the number of gears depending on the application.
The gearboxes used on the South African roads are mainly a 6 speed, 9 speed, 16 speed and 18 speed. These
come in various forms such as Manual, Automatic, Tip-Tronic, Auto-shift, Power-shift, but all fall into three
categories Manual, Automatic or Semi-automatic (AMT). The gearbox is the heart of the drive train delivering
power to the rear axle and finally to the wheels. Gearboxes are matched to the engine performance so as to
maximize the output as efficiently as possible. Miss matched components fail to deliver the required results.
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MAJOR COMPONENTS

Clutch Assembly
The clutch assembly is made up of a clutch plate, pressure plate and thrust bearing. The clutch couples the
engine and gearbox into a power generating unit. The clutch needs to be maintained in good order so that there
is no slipping. Slipping of the clutch robs the truck of the power required to deliver the expected performance.
Clutches vary in their design to suite the truck that it will be fitted to. The different types of clutch are divided into
Single plate, Dual plate & Mechanical Diaphragm Type Clutches
COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
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SUSPENSION
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CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Prop shaft
A Prop shaft is a mechanical component, transmitting torque and rotation, connected other components of a
drive train that can’t connect directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between
them. The prop shaft assemble is made up of the shaft, yokes, universal joints and carrier bearings.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Differential
The differential which forms part of the rear axle consists of a crown wheel and pinion which is the final
reduction that drives the wheel in a vehicle that has a Hypoid type axle. Should the vehicle be fitted with a hub
reduction rear axle then there is a secondary reduction in the wheels! (Extra heavy work- loads)
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Side shafts
The side shafts are the driving shafts that transfer the power from the differential to the wheels. The side shaft is
either splined or has a gear affixed to the end for the driving of the planetary gears in the hub reduction. (See
illustration above) The side shaft is driven by the crown wheel that is part of the differential.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Rims
The selection of the correct rims and tyres for the application is critical as the wrong tyre fitment will jeopardize
the performance of the vehicle.
There are various types of rims that are used. While most of the vehicle manufacturers have moved to the
tubeless tyres and rims some still use the three piece rims on the smaller vehicles. The three piece rim is made
up of the rim, the front plate and the snap ring.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Tyres
The total load is ultimately carried by the tyres that are fitted to the vehicle. For this reason the tyring must be
correct for the load and the application. Being familiar with the requirements for tyring will assist the sales
executive in discussion during the needs analysis investigation. Understanding how to read the tyre
manufacturers specifications from the tyre data book will assist in establishing an understanding of how load
indexing is applied. Wheels are the last component of the drive train by transmitting the power from the engine
to the surface of the road. Good tyring is essential for peak performance.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Suspension
Different manufactures use suspension units that are most suited to their truck and suitable for the type of
application. The suspension units fall into the following categories:
Steel suspension leaf springs
 Multi-leaf spring pack (Over-slung or under-slung)
 Single parabolic leaf spring (Over-slung or under-slung)
Air suspension
 Air bag suspension
The selection of steel or air suspension depends on a number of factors i.e. Comfort of ride, load ability, roll
factor, stiffness etc.
Leaf Springs
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Originally
called a laminated or carriage spring, it is one of the oldest forms of springing.
A leaf spring takes the form of a slender arc-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross-section. In the
most common configuration, the centre of the arc provides location for the axle, while loops formed at either
end provide for attaching to the vehicle chassis. For very heavy vehicles, a leaf spring can be made from
several leaves stacked on top of each other in several layers, often with progressively shorter leaves. Leaf
springs can serve locating and to some extent damping as well as springing functions. While the interleaf
friction provides a damping action, it is not well controlled and results in stiction in the motion of the suspension.
For this reason, some manufacturers have used mono-leaf springs.
A leaf spring can either be attached directly to the frame at both ends or attached directly at one end, usually
the front, with the other end attached through a shackle, a short swinging arm. The shackle takes up the
tendency of the leaf spring to elongate when compressed and thus makes for softer springiness.
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NOMENCLATURE
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TERMINOLOGIES
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Multi-leaf spring packSingle parabolic leaf spring
Under and over slung setups.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
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TRAILERS
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ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
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SUSPENSION
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CABS
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WARRANTIES
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NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Air Suspension
Air suspension unit is used in the transportation of goods that are fragile and require a softer ride. Comfort of
ride for long distance driving is also popular as there is less fatigue with the driver. The air bags are able to be
pumped to the required pressure so that the unit is uniform in height protecting the axles from becoming
overloaded.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Braking
Braking on a commercial vehicle is either full air or Air over hydraulics.
To be familiar with the two systems will allow the sales executive the information so that he/she is able to
negotiate the transaction with the customer more professionally. Apart from the type of braking it is important
to know how the dual line braking system on the vehicle that they are selling functions.
Air over hydraulics fitted to the Hino 500 series
This type of system has hydraulics as the primary source of braking with the support of air to soften the pedal
operation. This system has two separate systems incorporated into one. This type of system if used is found
mainly on the smaller range of vehicle.
Full air fitted to the Hino 700 series
This system is the most popular as it is easier to maintain and is very efficient. Problems in the system of
braking are easier to detect. The system works by suppling air from a compressor into a storage tank which
at a certain pressure releases the spring parking brake and frees the wheels. When the pedal is depressed
the total pressure that has been stored in the reservoir is used to overpower the service pressure and the
brakes are applied. Should the pressure in the system drop below a predetermined level then the brakes are
automatically applied.
Dual system
This system has a split air supply system either front and back on opposite sides or as a front and rear
independent system.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
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TRANSMISSION
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CABS
CHASSIS
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WARRANTIES
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KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Vacuum Servo braking
The vacuum booster or servo is used in most modern hydraulic brake systems containing four wheels. The
vacuum booster is attached between the master cylinder and the brake pedal and assists braking force
applied by the driver. The units consist of a hollow housing with a movable rubber diaphragm across the
centre, creating two chambers. Attached to the intake manifold of the engine or vacuum pump, the pressure
in both chambers is lowered. The equilibrium created by low pressure in both chambers keeps the diaphragm
still until the brake pedal is depressed. A return spring keeps the diaphragm in the starting position until the
brake pedal is applied.
When the brake is applied, the movement pushes against a small spring which pushes against an air valve,
opening it to allow atmospheric pressure air to flow into the "supply" chamber of the booster. Once the pedal
stops advancing forward, the air valve closes again and can open further to allow more air in for continued
boosted braking. Since the pressure becomes higher in one chamber (or "supply" chamber), the diaphragm
moves toward the lower pressure chamber (or "vacuum" chamber) with a force created by the area of the
diaphragm and the differential pressure. This force, in addition to the driver's foot force, pushes on the master
cylinder piston. When the pedal is allowed to return to rest, the air from the supply chamber escapes to the
vacuum chamber and can then flow towards the source of vacuum.
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SUSPENSION
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CHASSIS
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WARRANTIES
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KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Cabs
During this section we will be looking at the different types of cabs and chassis designs that are currently
on the South African markets. There are three types of cab derivatives on the road. They are:
Forward Control Cab
The Forward control cab is often referred to as
the cab over which refers to the position of the
engine in relation to the driver. In this vehicle
the driver sits over the engine. This unit is
distinguishable by the flat front. This unit comes
in sleeper type, semi-sleeper and day cabs.
Normal Control Cab
The Normal control cab is the unit where the
driver assumes a normal driving position
behind the engine behind a firewall. This
unit is distinguishable by the long bonnet.
Semi-forward Control Cab
The semi-forward cab is the unit
where the engine protrudes into the
cab and is accessible from inside the
vehicle. This unit is distinguishable by
a short bonnet or nose.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Chassis
Tipper chassis
The tipper chassis is normally stiffer in design than the long wheel base truck because of the hard work
environment. The chassis members are made of a heavier gauge “U” frame and often have flitching or
stiffeners to strengthen the construction. The flitching may be seen on the inside of the chassis rail.
Long wheel base chassis
The long wheelbase or freight carrier chassis is lighter in construction as the load is spread over a larger
surface area. The long wheelbase vehicle has to be more flexible as the axles are further apart and often
have to negotiate undulations in the road.
Truck tractor wheelbase
The truck tractor chassis is short and has to carry the full load in a point loading situation. The strengthening
of the chassis at the point of loading where the 5th wheel is to be situated is achieved by using flitching, a
sub-frame and mounting plates.
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Section 2:
MAJOR COMPONENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Electrical Components
An engine control unit (ECU) is an electronic control unit that controls a series of actuators on an internal
combustion engine to ensure optimal engine performance. It does this by reading values from a multitude
of sensors within the engine bay, interpreting data using multidimensional performance maps (called lookup
tables), and adjusting the engine actuators accordingly. Before ECUs, air-fuel mixture, ignition timing, and idle
speed were mechanically set and dynamically controlled by mechanical and pneumatic means.
Control of Air/Fuel ratio
For an engine with fuel injection, an engine control unit (ECU) will determine the quantity of fuel to inject based
on a number of parameters. If the throttle position sensor is showing the throttle pedal is pressed further down,
the mass flow sensor will measure the amount of additional air being sucked into the engine and the ECU will
inject fixed quantity of fuel into the engine (most of the engine fuel inlet quantity is fixed). If the engine coolant
temperature sensor is showing the engine has not warmed up yet, more fuel will be injected (causing the
engine to run slightly 'rich' until the engine warms up).
Control of idle speed
Most engine systems have idle speed control built into the ECU. The engine RPM is monitored by
the crankshaft position sensor which plays a primary role in the engine timing functions for fuel injection, spark
events, and valve timing. Idle speed is controlled by a programmable throttle stop or an idle air bypass control
stepper motor. A full authority throttle control system may be used to control idle speed, provide cruise control
functions and top speed limitation.
Control of variable valve timing
Some engines have Variable Valve Timing. In such an engine, the ECU controls the time in the engine cycle at
which the valves open. The valves are usually opened sooner at higher speed than at lower speed. This can
optimize the flow of air into the cylinder, increasing power and fuel economy.
Electronic valve control
Experimental engines have been made and tested that have no camshaft, but have full electronic control of the
intake and exhaust valve opening, valve closing and area of the valve opening. Such engines can be started
and run without a starter motor for certain multi-cylinder engines equipped with precision timed electronic
ignition and fuel injection. Such a static-start engine would provide the efficiency and pollution-reduction
improvements of a mild hybrid-electric drive, but without the expense and complexity of an oversized starter
motor.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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The first production engine of this type was invented (in 2002) and introduced (in 2009) by Italian
automaker Fiat in the Alfa Romeo MiTo. Their Multiair engines use electronic valve control which dramatically
improves torque and horsepower, while reducing fuel consumption as much as 15%. Basically, the valves are
opened by hydraulic pumps, which are operated by the ECU. The valves can open several times per intake
stroke, based on engine load. The ECU then decides how much fuel should be injected to optimize
combustion.
At steady load conditions, the valve opens, fuel is injected, and the valve closes. Under a sudden increase in
throttle, the valve opens in the same intake stroke and a greater amount of fuel is injected. This allows
immediate acceleration. For the next stroke, the ECU calculates engine load at the new, higher RPM, and
decides how to open the valve: early or late, wide-open or half-open.
The optimal opening and timing are always reached and combustion is as precise as possible. This is
impossible with a normal camshaft, which opens the valve for the whole intake period, and always to full lift.
The elimination of cams, lifters, rockers, and timing set reduces not only weight and bulk, but also friction. A
significant portion of the power that an engine actually produces is used up just driving the valve train,
compressing all those valve springs thousands of times a minute.
Once more fully developed, electronic valve operation will yield even more benefits. Cylinder deactivation, for
instance, could be made much more fuel efficient if the intake valve could be opened on every down stroke
and the exhaust valve opened on every upstroke of the deactivated cylinder or "dead hole". Another even
more significant advancement will be the elimination of the convention throttle. When a car is run at part
throttle, this interruption in the airflow causes excess vacuum, which causes the engine to use up valuable
energy acting as a vacuum pump. BMW attempted to get around this on their V-10 powered M5, which had
individual throttle butterflies for each cylinder, placed just before the intake valves. With electronic valve
operation, it will be possible to control engine speed by regulating valve lift. At part throttle, when less air and
gas are needed, the valve lift would not be as great. Full throttle is achieved when the gas pedal is depressed,
sending an electronic signal to the ECU, which in turn regulates the lift of each valve event, and opens it all the
way up.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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YOU’RE OFF TO A GREAT
START.
The moment you slide behind the
wheel of your new Hino you know
you’ve made the right choice.
Every Hino truck is conceived,
designed and engineered under
three strict brand attributes:
Quality, Durability and Reliability
(QDR).
Combined with our relentless drive
for technological innovation and
investment in R&D, you can trust
Hino to deliver superior
performance, fuel efficiency and
ROI for you over the long haul.
You will enjoy the ride ahead even
more knowing that continually
improving safety, economy and
environmental responsibility are
guiding company principles.
ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE.
Longer trucking life, lower overall
business operating costs; that’s the
way we drive our entire approach
to servicing and maintenance.
That’s why servicing your truck at a
Hino genuine dealer matters.
All Hino service technicians are
highly skilled professionals. Our
network of premium service keeps
expanding. We will make sure your
truck runs and keeps running.
No costly mistakes or breakdowns,
just outstanding long term service.
For even greater peace of mind,
you have the option of a Service
Agreement.
HELPING YOU MAKE BETTER
BUSINESS DECISIONS.
We’re here to help you run your
business more efficiently and
profitably. Now you can be linked
to your trucks or fleet 24/7 in real
time, receiving reports on
everything that counts. All the
vitally important, highly detailed
data that can build your business.
Optimising safety. Analysing and
comparing driver performance. Up
to the minute, pinpoint-accurate
truck locations. Plus a wealth of
associated fleet intelligence which,
when harnessed and cross
analysed, can dramatically improve
your operational efficiency and
business decision making.
ONE BIG GROUP DRIVEN TO DO MORE FOR YOU.
It’s a good feeling knowing that whenever you have a service or mechanical need, HINO South
Africa has the largest footprint of dealerships ready to assist you. We are proud to be part of
the Toyota Group of Companies, one of the world’s most customer and service focused
corporations.
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Section 2:
MAJOR COMPONENTS

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
A GENUINE OPERATING
ADVANTAGE.
Give your business an advantage
when using our competitively
priced Hino genuine parts. Every
single one has been designed,
engineered and tested to meet the
original manufacturing standards
and will fit first time, every time.
Providing you with the overall
reassurance your truck will never
let you down, no matter what
conditions you put it through.
Similarly, Hino genuine
accessories are engineered to
exceed the toughest of conditions,
so you can
rest assure you are getting the
best quality. And if you get your
Hino genuine parts or accessories
fitted by an authorised Hino
dealer, you’re fully covered for
parts and labour for three years*
no matter how far you travel.
FINANCING YOUR GROWTH.
Don’t be surprised that with all
this valuable business help, that
you’ll soon be in a position to
expand and grow.
Backed by the strength of
Toyota Finance, Hino Financial
Services offers a range of
flexible finance options - such as
a Hino Business Vehicle Loan or
Hino Fleet Financing.
There is no smarter way to
finance a truck best designed to
suit your business needs.
TAKING CARE OF YOU
PERSONALLY.
The in-house Hino Care Centre
provides customers with a
complete support solution by
connecting you directly to the
centre of operations. Giving you
access to every part of Hino
Advantage quickly and easily.
Whether you have a specific
detailed question about the Hino
model range, or simply want
information or advice, you’ll have
your call answered by real people
who take a real interest in you and
your business.
Our experienced trained Care
Centre representatives are
always happy to help.
GOING THE EXTRA MILE.
Flat tyre in the middle of nowhere?
Trust Hino to be there to help with
Hino Roadside Assist.
Manned by top professionals and
operating 24/7.
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Section 3:
SERVICE & SUPPORT

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Section 3:
SERVICE & SUPPORT

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Maintenance contracts
Maintenance contracts have become popular in the transport industry because of the regulatory effect it has
on the customers running cost calculations. The necessity to have a mechanic employed has been largely
eliminated so overheads for workshop personnel and facilities no longer need to feature in the vehicle running
cost calculations.
With a vehicle service contract, the contract holder is covered when their vehicle experiences a mechanical
breakdown or failure that is addressed by the vehicle service contract.
The process varies throughout the industry, but, typically, you simply have the repair facility of your choice,
employing an ASE certified technician, contact the provider's claims centre to report the claim prior to repairs.
The claims representative then works with the service centre to ensure that they receive their payment and
that your vehicle is repaired.
If you are unsure of where to take your vehicle for repair, you can typically contact the administrator of your
service contract for guidance.
The terms of the agreement should make clear that certain costs are covered and certain costs may not be
covered. In some cases, the contract holder may need to pay a deductible. The vehicle components that are
specified for coverage in your agreement should be covered completely provided regular maintenance has
been properly performed as defined by the terms and conditions of your vehicle service contract.
A vehicle service contract can offer peace of mind and several other benefits to truck owners. Knowing that
many of your repair costs will be covered can ease any tension about owning a truck. Similarly, unexpected
repair costs are minimized because of coverage - making it more affordable to own and maintain a vehicle.
Your vehicle is a big investment and the longer it stays in great working condition, the more value you get from
your investment. Vehicle service contracts are designed to protect your investment by keeping your vehicle in
good, drivable shape without you having to incur a lot of extra, unexpected repair costs that you might
otherwise have difficulty paying.
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Section 3:
SERVICE & SUPPORT

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Service plans
Service plans are in place to provide the customer with servicing options without having to lay out large sums of
money. Payment of the plan over a measured amount of time levels out the cash flow projections. Service plans
however cover only the consumables that would be regarded as normal wear and tear. Any other parts
replacements required would be for the customer’s account. In some instances the service plan and
maintenance plans can be incorporated into the lease agreement. This is called a “Full maintenance leasing
plan.”
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SERVICE & SUPPORT

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Service Intervals
The time between services on a vehicle are determined by the manufacturer and are enforced by nullifying
the warranty if the time table is not adhered to. The service intervals may vary on a similar vehicle if the
application that the customer works in is more arduous (dusty conditions or extreme loading conditions)
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SERVICE & SUPPORT

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Warranties
Every product that is sold carries a warranty of some sort. The warranty is put forward by the manufacturer
showing faith in the product that has been introduced into the market. Warranties are at the discretion of the
manufacturer and are enforced under the Consumer Protection act. Important factors are making sure that
you are familiar with the warranties that are on offer by the various suppliers that you deal with and of
availing yourself with the information.
Add on ancillary equipment carry a separate warranty from the supplier or manufacturer so it is important
when selling a vehicle that has additional equipment for example load body, crane, tail lift etc. that you
discuss the warranties with the customer so that there is no confusion later on.
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SERVICE & SUPPORT

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Warranties
All products that is sold carries a warranty of some sort. The warranty is put forward by the
manufacturer showing faith in the product that has been introduced into the market.
Warranties are at the discretion of the manufacturer and are enforced under the Consumer
Protection act. It is important to make sure that you are familiar with the warranties that are
offered by the various suppliers you deal with and of availing yourself with the information.
Add on ancillary
equipment carry a
separate warranty.
It is important when
selling a vehicle that
this is discussed
with the customer.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Know your opposition is a slogan often used in the industry. During the Second World War to know your
opposition is to understand him so that you could defeat him. Today we need to know the enemy so that we
are better prepared to do battle in the market place. Competitor comparisons and how to prepare them is an
important tool to be able to develop. Let us look at a competitor comparison.
In attempting to sell against your competitor you will first need to conduct a survey into the operation of the
various competitors. Things to consider are the following:
 Main competitors
 SWOT analysis of your competitor and of the organisation and product that you are selling
 Pricing advantages or disadvantages
 Strategies used for the target marketing
 Features of the product that you are selling and the competitor’s.
 Performance returns
Standard fitments and after- market fitments.
When doing a comparison between makes it is important to establish what equipment is fitted as standard and
what is required to be fitted after- market to bring the vehicle up to the same specification. Value for money in
the purchase, is selling the customer on what he receives as standard fitment on the vehicle that you are
selling.
Example 1:
Selling a tipper to a customer where the opposition has a vehicle fitted standard with a PTO and controls.
Make sure that you do not quote the customer as an extra as it will cause the customer to view the opposition
vehicle in a more positive light.
Example 2:
The customer has need of a large body necessary for the transport of bulky items. You have a vehicle that has
a long enough wheelbase and the opposition has to do a chassis extension use this as a positive in your
selling approach.
By doing a proper and thorough comparison you are able to set the stage for converting more prospects into
sales.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Section 4:

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Understanding how to read the signage on a vehicle will allow the sales executive to ascertain which class of
vehicle the customer would be interested in. The word use is common in various art forms and in the medical
or biological fields. It is the naming of things within an industry so that it is understood by all who operate
within the industry. Within the Hino range of vehicles we find the following identifying nomenclature. To bring
commonality to the industry many of the manufacturers have adopted the practice.
Hino 300 series 614 6 tonne GVM 140 horsepower
714 7 tonne GVM 140 horsepower
Hino 500 series 1017 10 tonne GVM 170 horsepower
Some of the manufacturers have decided not to use the format where the tonnage and the horsepower rating
are displayed and use only the legal tonnage as a payload or alternatively they will use the horsepower rating
of the vehicle only. It is important to familiarize yourself with the various methods so as to identify the vehicle
that you are competing against, so that the selection of vehicle is correct.
UD series UD40 denotes 4 tonne payload Isuzu N series
UD60 denotes 6 tonne payload F series
UD90 denotes 9 tonne payload FX series
UD290 denotes horsepower G series
UD440 denotes horsepower E series
In each of the ranges there are a variety of chassis configurations from which to choose. Only by doing the
comparison with the Hino brand will you be able to match “Apples with Apples” This is done by comparing the
specifications with those of your brand.
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Section 5:
NOMENCLATURE

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Truck nomenclature
AFV – Alternative Fuelled Vehicle. A vehicle that runs on something other than gas or diesel.
Berth – Sleeping compartment behind the cab.
Bill of Lading – Itemized list of goods contained in a shipment.
Bobtail – Tractor operating without a trailer. Also a deadhead.
Bridge Formula – A bridge protection formula used by federal and state governments to regulate the amount
of weight that can be put on each of a vehicle’s axles, and how far apart the axles must be.
Bunk – Sleeping compartment behind the cab.
Cabover – Cab-Over-Engine (COE). A type of truck design with the cab over the engine.
Cargo Weight – The weight of the loads, gear and supplies on a vehicle.
Cartage Company – A company that provides local pickup and delivery.
CB – Citizens Band Radio. This is a two-way radio system used to communicate.
Chassis Weight – The empty weight of a vehicle. Also curb weight and tare weight.
COFC – Container On Flat Car. Shipping containers on flat railroad cars.
Common Carrier – A company that will carry freight for any customer, as opposed to a private or dedicated
carrier that only works for one customer.
Container – Shipping Container. One giant box, about 20 or 40 feet long that will fit in ships’ holds and can
also be carried by rail or truck. Some containers are lighter and longer and are only used in rail and road
transportation.
Container Chassis – A trailer designed to carry containers.
Contract Carrier – A company that carries freight for a small number of customers under contract.
CPM – Cents per Mile. The per-mile rate at which drivers are paid.
Deadhead – A truck with no cargo.
Doubles – A combination of a truck and two trailers.
Drayage – Carrying freight a short distance as part of a longer trip. For example, a tractor picking up freight
from a rail yard and carrying it 50 miles to its final destination.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
EDI – Electronic Document Interchange. An electronic system for sharing transportation-related documents
like bills of lading.
EOBR – Electric On-Board Recorder. A device that records information about a truck’s trip.
E-Log – A computerized system to keep track of their hours of service and miles. The carrier and dispatcher
have instant access to this information, which improves their ability to schedule drivers appropriately. The
federal government favours the use of E-Logs over traditional hand-written logs.
Fifth Wheel – The way tractors and trailers are connected. The fifth wheel accepts a trailer’s kingpin and
supports the front end the trailer.
Flatbed – An open trailer used for carrying construction materials and equipment and other objects of
unusual size and shape.
FMCSA – Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Regulates the US commercial trucking industry.
Forced Dispatch – When the company dispatcher assigns a load, customer and delivery time to a driver
and the driver must take the load or suffer consequences (such as being forced to wait around several hours
or another day for another load, or even being fired).
GAWR – Gross Axle Weight Rating. The manufacturer’s rating of how much weight an axle can carry.
GCW – Gross Combination Weight. The total weight of an entire loaded vehicle including truck, trailer and
cargo.
Governor – A device that regulates the truck’s top speed. Large fleets use these to ensure their drivers stay
within guidelines to improve fuel efficiency and safety.
Grade – The steepness of a hill. A 5% grade means a hill rises 5 feet per 100.
GVW – Gross Vehicle Weight. The total weight of a vehicle and everything on it.
GVWR – Gross Vehicle Weight Rating. How much the manufacturer approves the vehicle to carry.
Hazmat – Hazardous materials.
Headache Rack – A barrier behind the truck cab designed to protect the driver from behind in the case of a
load shifting forward from the trailer.
Hours-Of-Service – FMCSA safety regulations governing how long and when drivers may be on duty and
driving.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Jackknife – When the tractor and trailer are at a sharp angle to one another.
JIT – Just-In-Time. The art of getting goods to a customer extremely close to the time he needs to sell it.
Kingpin (axle) – An axle’s wheels pivot around a kingpin.
Kingpin (trailer) – Connects the truck to trailer.
Landing Gear – Supports to hold up the front end of a trailer when it is not attached to a tractor.
LCV – Long Combination Vehicle. A vehicle longer than a double trailer, like a triple.
Lessee – A company or person that pays money to use someone else’s property.
Lessor – A company or person that owns the property someone else is paying to use.
Lift Axle – An extra axle that can be lowered and put into use for a heavier load so that the vehicle can meet
federal and local weight standards.
Logbook – A truck driver’s book for recording hours and activities during a 24-hour period.
Logistics – The art and science of getting people and materials where they need to be within time.
Long-haul – Driving long distances.
Lowboy – A flatbed trailer with a low deck used for carrying taller materials like construction equipment.
LTL – Less-Than-Truckload. Carrying less cargo than a full truckload weight for a customer. This includes
shipping one package or half of a truckload.
LTL Carrier – A company that specializes in combining smaller shipments for multiple customers on one truck.
Owner-Operator – Trucker who owns or leases and operates his own truck(s).
OTR – Over-the-Road. Long-haul trucking, as opposed to local or regional.
P&D – Pickup and delivery.
Payload – Cargo weight.
Pintle Hook – Used to connect doubles and triples.
Private Carrier – A fleet that specializes in carrying goods for its own company.
PSI – Pounds Per Square Inch. Used to measure pressure in the tires and air brake system.
PTDI – Professional Truck Driver Institute. This organization certifies truck driver training programs. It does not
teach CDL classes.
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NOMENCLATURE

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Qualcomm – A wireless communication system that carriers use to keep in touch with drivers. It’s like a
combination of GPS, email and text messaging.
Relay – Two drivers start out in two different origin points several hours apart with loaded trucks. They meet in the
middle, exchange cargo and return to their points of origin.
Reefer – Refrigerated trailer that has a cooling unit in the front and insulated walls.
Retarder – Helps the brakes slow down the vehicle.
RoadRailer – A trailer made to travel on both road and rail.
Runaway Ramp – These are wide, soft areas a truck can pull into to slow down when its brakes lose power.
Shipping Weight – The weight of a truck not including the liquids like fuel and coolant.
Sleeper – A space to sleep behind the truck’s cab.
Sleeper Team – When two drivers work together so one can sleep while the other one drives.
Sliding Fifth Wheel – A fifth wheel that can move back and forth to change weight distribution among axles.
Straight Truck – A truck with the cargo area attached to the chassis, as opposed to a vehicle combination.
Team – When two drivers work together so one can sleep while the other one drives
TL – Truckload. A full trailer-load of freight.
TL Carrier – A trucking company that carries a single shipper’s freight on one truckload.
Tractor – A truck that is made to pull a trailer.
Tractor Trailer – A truck and trailer together.
Transfer Company – A firm that specializes in handling cross-border transactions.
Upper Coupler – Part of the connection between the tractor and trailer, it carries weight from the trailer, and
houses the kingpin, which connects to the fifth wheel of the tractor.
VIN – Vehicle Identification Number. The manufacturer gives a unique VIN to every vehicle.
WIM – Weigh-In-Motion. A way to measure the weight of a vehicle as it rolls through a station, instead of making it
come to a complete stop.
Yard Tractor – A tractor that moves trailers around a warehouse or distribution center
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Qualcomm – A wireless communication system that carriers use to keep in touch with drivers. It’s like a
combination of GPS, email and text messaging.
Relay – Two drivers start out in two different origin points several hours apart with loaded trucks. They meet in the
middle, exchange cargo and return to their points of origin.
Reefer – Refrigerated trailer that has a cooling unit in the front and insulated walls.
Retarder – Helps the brakes slow down the vehicle.
RoadRailer – A trailer made to travel on both road and rail.
Runaway Ramp – These are wide, soft areas a truck can pull into to slow down when its brakes lose power.
Shipping Weight – The weight of a truck not including the liquids like fuel and coolant.
Sleeper – A space to sleep behind the truck’s cab.
Sleeper Team – When two drivers work together so one can sleep while the other one drives.
Sliding Fifth Wheel – A fifth wheel that can move back and forth to change weight distribution among axles.
Straight Truck – A truck with the cargo area attached to the chassis, as opposed to a vehicle combination.
Team – When two drivers work together so one can sleep while the other one drives
TL – Truckload. A full trailer-load of freight.
TL Carrier – A trucking company that carries a single shipper’s freight on one truckload.
Tractor – A truck that is made to pull a trailer.
Tractor Trailer – A truck and trailer together.
Transfer Company – A firm that specializes in handling cross-border transactions.
Upper Coupler – Part of the connection between the tractor and trailer, it carries weight from the trailer, and
houses the kingpin, which connects to the fifth wheel of the tractor.
VIN – Vehicle Identification Number. The manufacturer gives a unique VIN to every vehicle.
WIM – Weigh-In-Motion. A way to measure the weight of a vehicle as it rolls through a station, instead of making it
come to a complete stop.
Yard Tractor – A tractor that moves trailers around a warehouse or distribution center
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NOMENCLATURE

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Industry nomenclature
Every industry has a language that they use in communicating with each other much of the terminology that is
used is addressed in the chassis terminology section of this manual. We will look at the use of some of these
in this section.
 CPK is the Cost Per Kilometre that a vehicle will operate at. This calculation is vital to the success of a
business venture. If you have no idea of what the trip is costing then chances are that you are
underselling your service to the customer. This calculation takes into account all of the expenses related
to a transport operation including all running and fixed costs and is thereafter broken down into the cost
per kilometre so as to enable the transporter to set the rate.
Example: Let us consider a simple example of operating a commercial vehicle for the period of a year.
Purchase price R100,000.00
Finance costs at 10%/annum R50,000.00
Kilometres travelled in the year 100,000
Drivers wage per annum R144,000.00
Tyre life 100,000Km
Tyre cost R7500.00 each
Insurance R7500.00
Licence R7,700.00 (R1,10 per Kg.)
Fuel cost R240,000.00
Maintenance R72,000.00
Toll fees @ R1,30/Km R130,000.00
Helpers wage R72,000.00
Overheads and admin R100,000.00
If the vehicle operating was a 6X4 freight carrier the cost for operating that vehicle would be if the value of the
vehicle was amortised in one year.
Total cost R998,200.00.
By dividing the kilometres travelled in one year I would arrive at the CPK for the vehicle
Calculation R998,200.00 ÷ 100,000 = R9,98/ km.
These figures are hypothetical but gives an indication of the cost of running a vehicle.
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ENGINES
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SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
 RV is residual value that is negotiated with the dealer for a buy back after the period of financing has
expired. The value placed on the new vehicle varies depending on the demand for the vehicle as a
second hand unit and the condition at the end of the period. Residual values are used to keep the
instalments of the vehicle low during the period of financing. Should the customer wish to retain the
vehicle after the period he may settle the outstanding amount of the negotiated residual.
 RFA is the Road Freight Association and is representative of the transport industry in legislative
decisions that the DOT may be considering to regulate the transport industry.
 DOT is the Department of Transport and is responsible for the regulatory aspects of the transport
industry as required by the government.
 NAAMSA is the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa and is the
association that records and reports on the statistics for all automotive sales in the country as well as
the export market.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
What is homologation?
To summarize the process described up to here, homologation can be viewed as:
 Determining the legal compliance of a motor vehicle (model) to specific national standards where there
is intent to market these motor vehicles in South Africa.
 Ensuring that safety critical components, individually and collectively, meet the relevant requirements
(brakes, windows, lights, etc.).
 Ensuring that the quality management system implemented by the Manufacturer, Importer or Builder
(MIB), is of acceptable international standard (ISO 9000 series or similar).
 Proof to the MIB that the motor vehicle model series complies with all legislated technical
requirements.
 Providing a written declaration by the appointed Inspectorate of Manufacturers, Importers and Builders
(SABS) that satisfactory evidence has been submitted to register the vehicle.
The homologation process commences when a Manufacturer, Importer or Builder introduces a new model of
vehicles into the model range and submits a vehicle to the inspectorate of MIBs for examination. Thereafter,
the process proceeds as per the flow chart illustrated on the accompanying diagram.
It is emphasized that only one vehicle for a particular model is submitted for homologation and a NaTIS
number for that model is issued if the model is approved, after which production and distribution and sale of
that model can commence.
If a Manufacturer, Importer or Builder decides to modify a model which has been homologated, the whole
process of homologation must be repeated for the modified model and a new NaTIS number issued for the
modified model.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Compulsory Motor Vehicle Specifications
The South African Bureau of Standards is appointed to prepare, approve and publish (in the Government
Gazette) compulsory standards for motor vehicles and in terms of Road Traffic Regulation 216; all motor
vehicles which operate on public roads must comply with these standards.
SABS is also the appointed Inspectorate of Manufacturers, Importers and Builders of new motor vehicles and
as such, is authorized to monitor and ensure that ALL new vehicles produced by MIBs comply with the
compulsory standards.
Compliance with the compulsory standards must not be confused with homologation; they are entirely
different in purpose, objective and application.
Homologation is to present one vehicle of a model to obtain acceptance of design, etc. of compliance with
manufacturer’s specification, relevant compulsory standards and applicable national legislation, and be
issued with a NaTIS number.
Compliance with compulsory motor vehicle standards means continued compliance of all vehicles
manufactured, imported or built. The inspectorate is authorized to carry out inspections at manufacturing
plants, importer’s and builder’s facilities, and on instructions, stop production and distribution of any vehicles
found not to comply with the compulsory standards.
Thus, there is adequate legislation in place to ensure no new motor vehicle which does not comply is
distributed for sale. How then, do illegal new vehicles enter the market? Readers form their own views.
A final comment regarding SABS and the compulsory motor vehicle standards: It is emphasized that SABS is
only concerned with NEW motor vehicles. If it is reported to the SABS that a used vehicle or a vehicle in
service does not comply with the compulsory standards, and if the accusation is found to be correct, the
SABS Inspectorate informs the Road Traffic inspectorate who has the power and authority to take
appropriate action.
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ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
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SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Roadworthy Certification
In terms of Road Traffic Regulation 138, any used motor vehicle, the ownership of which changes, must be
submitted to a registered and appropriately graded vehicle testing station for examination in accordance with
the Code of Practice SABS 047-2000 – (the testing of motor vehicles for roadworthiness). If the testing
authority is satisfied that the requirements of the prescribed test have been met, a Certificate of
Roadworthiness is issued.
No transfer of ownership to the purchaser of the vehicle can be affected unless a Certificate of
Roadworthiness is produced. Used vehicles modified, and used vehicles built-up from parts of other
vehicles, etc. also need roadworthy certificates before returning to operation on a public road.
Road Traffic Regulation 142(1) requires that certain vehicles must undergo annual testing and must obtain
roadworthy certificates before the annual license is renewed. These vehicles are –
142. (1) A roadworthy certificate shall be required for
(a) goods vehicle, the gross vehicle mass of which exceeds 3 500 kilograms;
(b) a breakdown vehicle;
(c) a bus;
(d) a mini-bus –
(i) the gross vehicle mass of which exceeds 3 500 kilograms; or
(ii) which is designed or adapted for the conveyance of 12 or more persons, including the driver
(e) a motor vehicle used for the conveyance of persons for reward.
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MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
NaTIS
The NaTIS is the national register and asset that stores, records, manages and enforces the requirements of
the National Road Traffic Act (NRTA) and the National Road Traffic Regulations (NRTR). It provides for the
registration and licensing of vehicles. It manages and records applications for and authorizations of driving and
learner’s licenses. It is a law enforcement tool which is used to ensure that the details of vehicles that are
stolen are circulated and to prevent irregular and fraudulent re-registration of such vehicles. It serves as a
register for recording the decisions of safety as provided by the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS).
This process, where the SABS is linked to the NaTIS, ensures that only vehicles that meet our country’s
stringent safety standards are allowed to be registered in this country.
NaTIS is seen “as a key resource to provide effective road traffic management”. It is used at more than 1 753
sites throughout the country to register, deregister and check the ownership of vehicles. It performs about 40
000 transactions per hour with a turnover of R3 billion per annum.
New vehicle models, built up vehicles and modifications of vehicles, whether locally manufactured or imported,
must conform to the compulsory specifications for vehicles of the relevant class, and in particular the standards
affecting Safety Critical Characteristics of the vehicle and its components. We are appointed as the
inspectorate responsible for ensuring compliance of the following classes of vehicles with the relevant
compulsory standards:
 Passenger vehicles (M1, M2, M3)
 Goods vehicles (N1, N2, N3)
 Trailers (O1, O2, O3, O4)
 Agricultural tractors
The compulsory standards for motorcycles are still in the draft stage. In order to prove the conformity of a
vehicle or vehicle model, we subject it to the process of homologation. In South Africa this process is aligned
with international practice, in accordance with Code of Practice SANS 10267 Homologation of motor vehicle
models. Homologation must be completed successfully before a vehicle or vehicle model is allocated a NATIS
number, which permits the manufacturer or importer to offer the vehicle or vehicle model for sale. No vehicle
may be sold or registered and licensed unless a NATIS number has been allocated.
We require substantial evidence in order to homologate a vehicle. A sample must be supplied for evaluation,
supported by a body of documented evidence provided by the original manufacturer, including inspection and
test reports compiled by accredited laboratories or inspection authorities. The evidence must cover the
characteristics of the complete vehicle, as well as all components referred to in the applicable standards and
codes of practice, all of which are obtainable from the SANS Standards Sales department.
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ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
MIB
Is the Manufacturers, Importers and Builders of vehicles in South Africa . All businesses that fall into one of
the above categories have to be registered with the department of trade and industry and supply a prototype
so that a certificate of compliance with the SANS regulations can be issued. Upon the approval of the
Department of Trade and Industry the company is awarded a NATIS number so that it may participate in the
Homologation of vehicles.
Proxy
What is a proxy in terms of the motor industry and the purchase of or sale of goods? It is the delegated
person in an organisation that has the authority to act on behalf of a third person or an organisation. A proxy
is usually appointed by the owner of the company or through the board of directors at a meeting where all
are present. The appointed proxy has the authority to negotiate on behalf of the appointing party to enter into
contracts and have them binding under the law. The reason for this is so that the owners of the company are
able to concentrate their efforts on building the company and not be tied up in paperwork.
Certificate of Fitness (CoF)
Certificates of fitness for vehicles operating on the South African roads are required to be obtained every 12
months from the testing stations appointed to do the tests. Un-roadworthy vehicles cause many of the
accidents that we experience on our roads.
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ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
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Licence and Registration
To register a new vehicle, go to your appropriate registering authority and submit the following:
 Your identity document (ID) or the ID document for the responsible party.
 The manufacturer's certificate containing all the relevant details of the vehicle
 A roadworthy certificate, if the vehicle is a heavy load or Road Transport Quality System vehicle.
 Weigh bridge slip
Complete the Application for Registration and Licensing of Motor Vehicle (RLV) form.
Register a used vehicle:
Seller must first complete and submit a Notification of change of ownership (NCO) form
Go to your relevant motor vehicle registration authority and submit the following:
 your identity document (ID)
 the vehicle registration certificate (in the seller's name)
 the certificate of roadworthiness if the current certificate is older than 60 days
 proof of purchase of the vehicle
 a valid motor vehicle licence (ensure that the licence fees for the vehicle are up to date).
Complete the Application for registration and licensing of motor vehicle (RLV) form.
Register a vehicle built up from parts:
To register a vehicle built up from parts, go to your motor vehicle registration authority and submit the following:
 an affidavit confirming where the parts came from and what was done to the car (form SOA)
 request for police clearance (form RPC)
 request for police identification (form RPI)
 de-registration certificate (if the vehicle was deregistered)
 a weighbridge (mass measuring) certificate
 proof of title ownership
 letter of authority (if applicable)
The provincial help desk will then introduce the vehicle record on eNaTIS
 request for police clearance (form RPC) must then be submitted
 a roadworthy test must be performed on the vehicle
Complete the Application for Registration and Licensing of Motor Vehicle form (RLV).
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ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Register a modified vehicle:
To register a modified vehicle, go to your nearest motor vehicle registration authority and submit:
 Affidavit confirming where the parts came from and what was done to the vehicle (form SOA)
 request for police clearance (form RPC)
 request for police identification (form RPI)
 de-registration certificate (if the vehicle was deregistered)
 a weighbridge (mass measuring) certificate
 proof of title of ownership
 roadworthy certificate
 letter of authority (if applicable).
Manufacturer’s certificate or previous registration certificate or affidavit if the registration certificate cannot
be provided. Complete the Application for Registration and Licensing of Motor Vehicle form (RLV).
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
Terminology and Definitions
Selling in the transport industry presents many challenges to the new salesperson entering into the market
for the first time. One on the strange characteristics that will require attention is the understanding of the
language used. Each industry has its own dialect so to speak. The IT industry talks about interfacing, data
access, micro processing etc. so also the transport industry has its own language.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
MASSES
Allowable body/payload
Mass rating designated by the manufacturer for the model types that are later fitted with some kind of body. This
is the combined allowance for total mass of the body and payload.
Allowable payload
Maximum load which may be carried on a truck without exceeding the manufacturers or component rating or limit.
Load body
The part of the vehicle used for the transportation of the goods (loading platform). The body is usually fitted to the
chassis cab after purchase because of the variety of options available and the suit the customer’s needs.
Curb weight/ Tare weight
Truck weight without load or driver including fuel, oils, coolant and all items of standard or optional equipment.
GVM (Gross vehicle mass)
The gross vehicle mass of the vehicle fully loaded as specified by the manufacturer.
GCM (Gross combination mass)
Actual vehicle mass at the ground with a trailer or trailers including equipment and payload. (Manufacturer rating)
Payload
Mass or commodity being transported on the loading surface of the vehicle.
Weight Distribution
Portions of vehicle total weight supported by each axle. Predetermination of the distribution of vehicle, equipment,
and payload weight is a critical requirement in selecting a truck or tractor for a particular operation.
Tow hitch
Hook mounted on the trailer or truck used to couple on a full trailer.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
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MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
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SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
DIMENSIONS
FOH (Front over hang)
Dimension from the front bumper to the centre of the front axle.
BBC (Bumper to back of cab)
Dimension from the front bumper to the back of the cab.
Cab gap
The distance between the back of the cab and the front of the mounted body. (Prevent cab to rear body contact)
BW (Back wheel width)
Outer track- measures the distance between the dual rear wheels from the outside of the outer wheels.
CA (Cab to axle)
The dimension from the back of the cab to the centre line of the rear axle. This dimension is important when
determining the body application or 5th wheel mounting and mass distribution.
CE ( Cab to end of chassis)
Dimension from the back of the cab to end of standard frame. Used primarily for the length of body to be fitted.
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ENGINES
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SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
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SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
DIMENSIONS (CONTINUE)
OAL (Overall length)
Overall length of the chassis measured from the front bumper to the end of the frame.
OH (Overall height)
Height of the chassis, from ground to top of cab. (not to be confused with maximum permissible height)
OW (Overall width)
Width of the chassis from the widest part of the cab. (not to be confused with maximum permissible width.)
WB (Wheelbase)
The distance between the centrelines of the front and rear axles. For trucks with tandem rear axles, the
centreline is midway between the two rear axles.
ROH (Rear over hang)
Overhang of the vehicle measured from centre of rear axle to end of chassis or fitted body whichever is greater.
Axle spread
This is the distance measured between the centre of the axles that make up the group.
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COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
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MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
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SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
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SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
ENGINE
Brake, Engine
Braking device using the compression of the engine as a retarding medium.
Compression ratio
The volume of the combustion chamber and the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of the stroke divided
by the volume of the combustion chamber when it is at the top of the stroke.
Diesel Particulate Filter
Diesel engines produce small particles in the exhaust that are trapped in a particulate filter and then burned off
more completely to produce a clean exhaust.
Displacement
Engine displacement is the volume of displacement by the piston during one stroke multiplied by the number
of pistons multiplied by .785 (bore2 x .785 x stroke x number of cylinders)
Fuel injection
A system that injects fuel directly into the combustion chamber giving the engine greater efficiency.
Common Rail System
This system pressurises a common tube to extremely high pressure by means of the injector pump and all of
the injectors are fed off of the common rail.
Horsepower
A measure of the amount of work that can be done by an engine in a certain amount of time. Originally it was
determined that a single horse could move 33000 lbs. one foot in one minute.
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BRAKING
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CHASSIS
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NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
ENGINE (CONTINUE)
Power Curve
A graphic illustration of maximum output of power and torque at all operating speeds. Curves are gathered
from data obtained by running a sample engine on an dynamometer. Net power figures are used in vehicle
Stroke
The distance travelled by a piston in a cylinder during ½ revolution of the crankshaft.
Torque, Engine
Engine torque is the amount of twisting effort exerted at the crankshaft by an engine. The unit of measure is
newton meters, which represents a force acting at right angles at the end of an arm one meter long.
Torque, Gross
The maximum torque developed by an engine without allowing for the power absorbed by the engine’s
accessory units such as fan, water pump, generator. Gross torque is used to determine gross horsepower.
Torque, Net
The torque available at the flywheel of the engine after the power required by the engine accessories (fan,
water pump, generator, etc.) has been provided.
Turbocharger
A rotary compressor that pressurizes engine intake air driven by the flow of exhaust gases. It raises the
pressure in the combustion chamber to increase the power of the engine.
Intercooler
This unit cools the air from the turbocharger before it is taken into the combustion chamber, so that there are
more oxygen molecules in the volume of air, allowing a better combustion.
16%
Completed
20%
Completed
Section 6:
TERMINOLOGIES

COMMERCIAL SEGMENTS
TRUCK CATEGORIES
TRAILERS
MAJOR COMPONENTS
ENGINES
TRANSMISSION
RIMS AND TYRES
SUSPENSION
BRAKING
CABS
CHASSIS
SERVICE & SUPPORT
SERVICE CONTRACTS
SERVICE INTERVALS
WARRANTIES
COMPETITOR RANGE
KEY SELLING FACTORS
NOMENCLATURE
TRUCK NOMENCLATURE
TERMINOLOGIES
TRANSMISSION / GEARBOX
Transmission
A transmission contains a number of gears that, when a connection is made between a specific set, provide a
choice of ratio. Connection is made by sliding the teeth of one gear into mesh with another, or by engaging a
tooth-type clutch that has one part fastened to a gear already meshed to another, and the other part splined to
a shaft. Synchromesh transmissions use gear speed synchronizers to ease engagement.
Gear Ratio
The number of revolutions that a driving gear has to turn to move the driven gear one revolution.
Helical gears
Gears with slanted teeth usually used in transmissions. The teeth are positioned diagonally across the face of
the gear for quieter operation and more gear tooth contact.
Overdrive transmission
A transmission where the high gear ratio is less than 1:1. This permits the truck under favourable conditions to
maintain a higher road speed at lower engine rpm.
Planetary Drive
Gear reduction system with sun gear transmitting reduction through planetary gears to main output shaft. This
type of gear set is typically used with conventional automatic transmissions. (See page 31)
16%
Completed
20%
Completed
Section 6:
TERMINOLOGIES

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