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Industrial Computer Applications, ch-3
1.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Industrial Computer Application Chapter III Relay Logic Diagrams Professor Dr. Ibrahim Hamarash ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd
2.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Binary Concept ✓ The PLC, like all digital equipment, operates on the binary principle. ✓ The term binary principle refers to the idea that many things can be thought of as existing in only one of two states. These states are 1 and 0. The 1 and 0 can represent ON or OFF, open or closed, true or false, high or low, or any other two conditions. ✓ The key to the speed and accuracy with which binary information can be processed is that there are only two states, each of which is distinctly different. There is no in-between state so when information is processed the outcome is either yes or no.
3.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Logic Gate A logic gate is a circuit with several inputs but only one output that is activated by particular combinations of input conditions. The two-state binary concept, applied to gates, can be the basis for making decisions. Logic is the ability to make decisions when one or more different factors must be taken into account before an action is taken. This is the basis for the operation of the PLC, where it is required for a device to operate when certain conditions have been met.
4.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Example: The high beam automobile lighting circuit of example of a logical AND decision. For this application, the high beam light can be turned on only when the light witch AND the high beam switch are closed. Example: The dome light automobile circuit of Figure 4-2 is an example of a logical OR decision. For this application, the dome light will be turned on whenever the passenger door switch OR the driver door switch is activated.
5.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Logical Functions ✓ The operations performed by digital equipment are based on three fundamental logic functions: AND, OR, and NOT. Each function has a rule that will determine . ✓ the outcome and a symbol that represents the operation. For the purpose of this discussion, the outcome or output is called Y and the signal inputs are called A, B, C, and so on. Also, binary 1 represents the presence of a signal or the occurrence of some event, and binary 0 represents the absence of the signal or nonoccurrence of the event
6.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The AND Function
7.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The OR Function
8.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The NOT Function
9.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Example (NAND, NOR)
10.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The XOR Function
11.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Boolean Algebra ✓ The mathematical study of the binary number system and logic is called Boolean algebra. ✓ The purpose of this algebra is to provide a simple way of writing complicated combinations of logic statements. There are many applications where Boolean algebra could be applied to solving PLC programming problems.
12.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Boolean Equation ✓ PLC digital systems may be designed using Boolean algebra. Circuit functions are represented by Boolean equations. ✓ The figure illustrates how logic operators AND, NAND, OR, NOR, and NOT are used singly to form logical statements. ✓ The figure illustrates how basic logic operators are used in combination to form Boolean equations
13.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Boolean Algebra Laws
14.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Example: Developing logic gate circuit from Boolean Expression Y=A (BC+D)
15.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Hardwired Logic The term hardwired logic refers to logic control functions that are determined by the way devices are electrically interconnected. Hardwired logic can be implemented using relays and relay ladder schematics. Relay ladder schematics are universally used and understood in industry. Hardwired logic is fixed; it is changeable only by altering the way devices are electrically interconnected.
16.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Hardwired Logic, cont. A typical relay ladder schematic of a motor stop/start control station with pilot lights is shown in this diagram. The control scheme is drawn between two vertical supply lines. All the components are placed between these two lines, called rails or legs, connecting the two power lines with what look like rungs of a ladder—thus the name, relay ladder schematic
17.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd The Programmable Control The programmable control is based on the basic logic functions, which are programmable and easily changed. These functions (AND, OR, NOT) are used either singly or in combinations to form instructions that will determine if a device is to be switched on or off. The form in which these instructions are implemented to convey commands to the PLC is called the language. The most common PLC language is ladder logic. shows a typical ladder logic program for the motor start/stop circuit. The instructions used are the relay equivalent of normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contacts and coils
18.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Example: The Programmable Control This diagram shows a typical ladder logic program for the motor start/stop circuit. The instructions used are the relay equivalent of normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contacts and coils
19.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Notes ✓ PLC contact symbolism is a simple way of expressing the control logic in terms of symbols. These symbols are basically the same as those used for representing hardwired relay control circuits. A rung is the contact symbolism required to control an output. ✓ Some PLCs allow a rung to have multiple outputs while others allow only one output per rung. A complete ladder logic program then consists of several rungs, each of which controls an output. ✓ In programmed logic all mechanical switch contacts are represented by a software contact symbol and all electromagnetic coils are represented by a software coil symbol.
20.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Examples: The relationship between the relay ladder schematic, the ladder logic program, and the equivalent logic gate circuit. LS: Limit Switch SOL: Solenoid PL: Pilot Lamp PS: Push Button
21.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Examples: The relationship between the relay ladder schematic, the ladder logic program, and the equivalent logic gate circuit. LS: Limit Switch FS: Flow Switch PL:Pilot Lamp
22.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Examples: The relationship between the relay ladder schematic, the ladder logic program, and the equivalent logic gate circuit.
23.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Programming Word Level Logic Instructions Most PLCs provide word-level logic instructions as part of their instruction set. The figure illustrates the operation of the AND instruction to perform a word-level AND operation using the bits in the two source addresses. This instruction tells the processor to perform an AND operation on B3:5 and B3:7 and to store the result in destination B3:10 when input device A is true. The destination bits are a result of the logical AND operation.
24.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Programming Word Level Logic Instructions The figure illustrates the operation of a word-level OR instruction, which ORs the data in Source A, bit by bit, with the data in Source B and stores the result at the destination address. The address of Source A is B3:1, the address of Source B is B3:2, and the destination address is B3:20. The instruction may be programmed conditionally, with input instruction(s) preceding it, or unconditionally, as shown, without any input instructions preceding it.
25.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Selecting the correct word logic instruction for different situations If you want to . . . . . . use this instruction. Know when matching bits in two different words are both ON AND Know when one or both matching bits in two different words are ON OR Know when one or the other bit of matching bits in two different words is ON XOR Reverse the state of bits in a word NOT
26.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Reading List Frank Petruzella, Programmable Logic Controllers, McGeaw Hill, 5th Ed., 2017. Austin Scott, Instant PLC Programming with RSLogix 5000, Packt Publishers, 2013. Websites https://www.plcacademy.com http://www.plcs.net
27.
Industrial Computer Application,
Chapter III: Relay Logic Diagrams © 2020, UKH, Dr.Ibrahim Ismael Hamarash, ibrahim.hamad@ukh.edu.krd Questions?
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