Tree Species: 1. Distribution 2. Morphology 3. Phenology 4. Growth Behaviour 5. Silvicultural Characteristics 6. Nursery Technique 7. Protection Measures 8. Utilisation

1. PRESENTATION ON
SILVICULTURAL TREES
Tectona grandis
Dipterocarpus turbinatus
Dipterocarpus indicus
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii
(1st Semester, Forestry & Biodiversity, TU)
Harjlai Debbarma
Prantik Roy
Rathindra Tripura
Alpana Bhowmik

2. SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Verbenaceae
Genus: Tectona
Species: T. grandis
Tectona grandis

3.  Native to South and Southeast
Asia
 Widely grown in Bangladesh,
India, Java, Sumatra, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand,
and Sri Lanka
 Naturalized and cultivated in
many countries in Africa and the
Caribbean
 Extensive forests found in Burma
DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA
 MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Rajasthan, TN,
Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh
Fig. 1. States-wise distribution
of teak in India
DISTRIBUTION

4. MORPHOLOGY
 Large, deciduous tree that grows
up to 40 m (131 ft) tall with grey
to greyish-brown branches
 Leaves are ovate-elliptic to
ovate, 15-45 cm long by 8-23
cm wide, and are held on robust
petioles that are 2-4 cm long
 Fragrant white flowers 25-40 cm
long are borne by 30 cm wide
panicles
 Corolla tube is 2.5- 3 mm long
with 2 mm wide obtuse lobes.
 Fruits are globose and 1.2-1.8
cm in diameter

5.  Leaf-fall: Dry area- November to
January, Wet area- March
 Leaf renewal: May
 Flowering: June to September
 Fruiting: November to January
 Seed collection: January/February
 Seed viability: more than 1 year
 Seed weight: 125 to 176 per 100 gm
 Germination: 60 to 80 per cent
PHENOLOGY

6. GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
 Faster-growing tropical
species (half an inch per day)
 Takes 20 to 25 years to grow
 Naturally occurs in
deciduous forests
 Mature plants can reach 30
to 40 m in height and 2 m in
diameter
 Grows well on moist sites

7. SILVICULTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS
 Strong light demander
 Frost tender
 Good coppice
 Drought and wind
sensitive
 Fire resistant
 Has a large deep root system

8. NURSERY TECHNIQUES
 Nursery are prepared 1 year prior to planting
 Soil is washed & dug out for 45-50cm depth. Stones, stubbles
and stumps, are removed
 Pre-treated seeds are sown on prepared raised beds of about
7.5-10 cm from the ground level in the month of April-June
 2.5-3 kg of seeds are sown on standard beds of 12 x 1.2m
size,, from which 1200-1500 seedlings are obtained
 Daily watering is carried out, till the seedlings become 1 year
old except the rainy days

9. PROTECTION MEASURE
 Seedlings are intolerant to shade
 Thrives best in the open
 In dry localities they benefit in their earlier stages by side
protection from the direct rays of the sun
 Teak coppices and pollards vigorously, and sometimes retains
the power of coppicing to a considerable size

10. UTILIZATION OF THE SPECIES
 Used for Poles, beams, trusses,
columns, roofs, doors, window
frames, flooring, planking, panelling,
staircases, and other constructional
work
 Furniture and cabinet-making, wagon
and railway carriages
 Boat decks and indoor flooring

11. SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Malvales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Genus: Dipterocarpus
Species: D. turbinatus
Dipterocarpus turbinatus

12.  Native to South and Southeast Asia
 Grown in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular
Malaysia, Borneo, Cambodia, Laos to Vietnam
 It is cultivated in Indonesia, the Philippines, and China
 It typically grows in lowland and hill forests, typically at
elevations of up to 1000 meters
Distribution in India:
 Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura,
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
DISTRIBUTION

13. They are lofty, growing 30–45 m tall
The barks are grey-brown
The leaf of are ovate–lanceolate, blunt,
accumglabrous on both surface with
undulated margin, thick, coriaceous,
lateral veins straight, parallel, 12-20
pairs, 2.5-4 cm long
Flower is white and pinkish, very
fragrant in few
Fruit is a nut, 5x2-4cm, oblong with 1
prominent vein and 2 basal smaller veins
MORPHOLOGY

14. Leaf shading occurs from January to
February
 Rose-coloured flowers appear from
March to April
Fruits ripen from May to early June
Germination takes place as soon as the
seed falls
PHENOLOGY

15. Pure plantations are in better
height and diameter growth yet
increase in altitude of plantations
may lead to decrease of the height
and DBH
Fast-growing species, girth
increment can be predicted with
some confidence after only 2-5
years
A 10-year-old plantation gave an
average crop height of 11.9 m and
an average crop diameter of 10.4
GROWTH BEHAVIOUR

16.  Fast-growing species, with an average height increment of 2 to 3
meters per year
 Grows well in well-drained soils with a pH ranging from 4.5 to 6.0
 Light-demanding
 Propagated through seeds
 Managed through selective logging and planted in monoculture or
mixed species plantations
 Wood is heavy and hard, with high strength and durability
 Susceptible to several pests and diseases, including bark beetles,
termites, and fungal decay
SILVICULTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS

17. NURSERY TECHNIQUES
Seedlings can be easily raised in the nursery in shaded beds of
polythene bags
Seeds are shown within 2-3 days after collection
Seeds are sown below the soil with wings sticking out
Overhead shade is provided during summer months to induce
vertical growth and reduce branching
The seedling sends out a strong root under natural conditions

18. PROTECTION MEASURES
 Need for proper forest management practice
 Vulnerable to forest fires, so control measures should be in place
to protect the species
 Monitoring, early detection, and treatment is required for pest
and disease management
 Monoculture or mixed species plantations
 High genetic diversity

19. UTILIZATION OF THE SPECIES
1. Timber: Heavy and hard, with high
strength and durability
2. Fuelwood: Source of fuelwood,
particularly in rural areas where it is
used for cooking and heating
3. Medicinal purposes: The tree have
been used in traditional medicine to
treat various ailments
4. Garjan oil
5. Plywood production

20. Dipterocarpus indicus
INTRODUCTION
 Endemic to the Western
Ghats of India
 Recognized as an endangered
species under the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species,
2021
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Plantae
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Order: Malvales
Genus: Dipterocarpus
Species: D. indicus

21. DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT
 Rare tree and endemic, seen in
low and medium-elevation
evergreen forests of the Western
Ghats from Northern Karnataka to
Southern Kerela
 Elevation range is from 400 m to
900 m
 Maximum temperature varies from
95 ° to 100° F
 Minimum temperature from 55° to
65° F
 Normal rainfall from about 80 to
200 inches or more

22. MORPHOLOGY
Evergreen tree attaining a height of 120
ft. or more and a girth of 12 ft. or over,
with a tall clean cylindrical bole
Bark light grey, smooth. Wood is reddish
grey, rough, and not very durable
Leaves are simple and show alternate
phyllotaxy. Mostly seen as clustered
towards the end of branches. Leaf shape:
broadly elliptic or ovate
Ten to thirteen pairs of strong and parallel
secondary nerves are seen. Petiole’s length
is about 3 cm
Flowers: white and seen in axillary
racemes
Fruits are smooth with 3 short and 2 long,
enlarged, wing-like, persistent calyx lobes

23. PHENOLOGY
FLOWERING: The flowers appear in December-January
FRUITING: The fruit ripens from April to early July,
according to locality, the fruit is large and somewhat heavy, with
two wings about 4 inches long

24. GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
HYGROPHILOUS AND XEROPHILOUS TYPES
The dipterocarps of the Indo- Burman region may be divided
into two broad types:
(1)the hygrophilous or sporadic type, the species of which occur
on fertile ground in moist tropical usually evergreen forest,
and
(2)the xerophilous or gregarious type, in which the species are
adapted to grow in dry or moderately dry localities and to
endure conditions under which species of the hygrophilous
type would succumb
D. indicus is a type of hygrophilous

25. SILVICULTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS
1.Growth rate: Slow-growing species, with an average height
increase of approximately 1-2 meters per year
2.Maximum height: Grows up to 60 meters tall in its natural
habitat
3.Diameter at breast height: can reach a diameter at breast
height (DBH) of up to 100 cm
4.Crown structure: Tall, conical crown with a dense canopy
5.Bark: Thick, rough bark and grayish-brown in color
6.Leaves: Leathery leaves, dark green in color and have a
glossy appearance
7.Reproductive structure: Monoecious species
8.Root system: Deep and extensive root system

26. NURSERY TECHNIQUES
1.Collection of seeds: Fresh seeds collected from mature,
healthy trees in the forest
2.Preparation of seedbeds: Prepared in a well-draining, fertile
soil mix and kept moist and shaded until the seeds germinate
3.Germination: Takes place within 2 to 4 weeks and can be
accelerated by soaking the seeds in water for 24 hours before
planting, Hypogeous germination is found in this species
4.Transplanting: Once the seedlings have developed sufficient
roots, they can be transplanted into containers or into the field
5.Care and maintenance: Protection from harsh environmental
conditions and should be protected from pests and diseases
6.Hardening: Involves in reducing watering and exposing them
to increased light and wind

27. PROTECTION MEASURES
1.Select the right site: Choose a site with well-draining soil,
plenty of sunlight and protection from strong winds
2.Propagation: Propagated using seeds or cuttings
3.Soil preparation: The soil in the nursery should be loose
and well-drained, with a neutral pH
4.Watering: Over-watering can lead to root rot
5.Fertilization: Feed the seedlings with a balanced fertilizer
every two weeks to promote healthy growth
6.Pest and disease management: Regularly inspect the
seedlings for pests and diseases
7.Transplanting: Once the seedlings are large enough, they
can be transplanted

28. UTILIZATION OF THE SPECIES
Wood is somewhat rough, but not very durable, used for
interior construction, like cabinet making, railway carriages,
boat masts and plywood
The tree is tapped for wood oil. Olea resin is applied for
treating rheumatic complaints

29. Dendrocalamushamiltonii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Dendrocalamus
Species: D. hamiltonii

30. Found in South Asian
countries such as India, Sri
Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal,
Pakistan and far eastern China
DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA
Native to the northeast of
India, including the states of
Assam and Meghalaya
DISTRIBUTION

31. MORPHOLOGY
1.Size: Large bamboo species, capable of
reaching heights of up to 30 meters and
diameters of up to 20 cm
2.Culms: Green when young and turn
yellowish-brown when mature
3.Leaves: Green, glossy, and lance-shaped
and are generally 30-60 cm long
4.Rhizomes: Thick, and fleshy, and produce
new shoots and roots
5.Roots: Fibrous and shallow
6.Flowers: The flowers are small,
yellowish, and arranged in clusters
7.Seeds: The seeds are small and dark, and
are produced within the inflorescences
8.Woodiness: Considered a woody species
due to its large size and dense, structural
culms

32. PHENOLOGY
Flower sporadically or
gregariously
New culms arise from buds on the
rhizome during July-August
New culms attain their full length
by November-December

33. GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
1.Clumping habit: Grows in dense clumps or stands
2.Rhizome development: Produces underground rhizomes,
which are horizontal stems that grow underground and give
rise to new shoots
3.Shoot development: New shoots emerge from the ground
4.Culm formation: The shoots develop into culms
5.Reproduction: Reproduces vegetatively, as well as sexually
6.Growth cycle: Growth cycle of several years, during which
time the plant grows rapidly and then goes into a period of
dormancy, before producing new shoots again
7.Environmental factors: Influenced by a range of
environmental factors, such as temperature, rainfall, soil type,
and light availability

34. SILVICULTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Growth rate: It is known
for its fast growth rate and
can grow up to 30 meters in
height
Soil requirements: It grows
best in well-drained soils
with a neutral to slightly
acidic pH
Climate tolerance: This
species can tolerate tropical
and subtropical climates
with high humidity and
rainfall

35. 1.Propagation: The plant is usually propagated through the
use of culms or cuttings
2.Soil preparation: A well-draining soil mixture that is rich in
organic matter
3.Seedling production: Seeds are sown in raised beds or
containers and covered with a layer of soil
4.Watering: Regular watering is essential, especially during
the dry season
5.Fertilization: Requires a balanced supply of fertilizers for
optimal growth
6.Shade: Young bamboo should be protected from direct
sunlight to prevent excessive evaporation of moisture and
sunscald
7.Pest and disease management: Regular monitoring and
treatment of pest and disease outbreaks can help to maintain
the health
NURSERY TECHNIQUES

36. PROTECTION MEASURES
1.Conservation of natural habitats: Can help to maintain its
populations and genetic diversity
2.Sustainable harvesting: Harvesting in a sustainable
manner, through the use of selective cutting techniques, can
help to prevent the over-exploitation of the species
3.Afforestation: Planting in degraded or deforested areas can
help to restore ecosystems and conserve the species
4.Research and monitoring: Research and monitoring
programs can help to improve conservation and management
efforts
5.Community involvement: Engaging local communities in
the protection and management

37. UTILIZATION OF THE SPECIES
Use as a wood substitute,
fodder and edible shoots used
for making pickles
Edible products such as
preserved candy, chutney,
nuggets, crackers (papad) and
chukh can be prepared
Used for construction,
scaffolding, basket making,
mats, and source of paper pulp