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若手理論・計算力学普及委員会 話題提供
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Hidehiko MURAO
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地盤工学会北陸支部 若手理論・計算力学普及委員会での話題提供スライド 23rth April, 2019
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若手理論・計算力学普及委員会 話題提供
1.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 若⼿理論・計算⼒学普及委員会話題提供 ⼀様変形における有限ひずみと微⼩ひずみ (株)村尾地研 村尾 英彦
2.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. ⼀様変形における有限ひずみと微⼩ひずみ Contents 1. 剛体回転 ← 前回の委員会で 話題となったので最初に説明 2. 伸び変形 ← 普通はここから説明した⽅が 良いかもしれない 3. 等体積せん断変形 4. 等⻑せん断変形
3.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. ⼀様変形における有限ひずみと微⼩ひずみ Contents 1. 剛体回転 ← 前回の委員会で 話題となったので最初に説明 2. 伸び変形 ← 普通はここから説明した⽅が 良いかもしれない 3. 等体積せん断変形 4. 等⻑せん断変形
4.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 1. 剛体回転 剛体回転 各辺⻑は変わらず, 元の形のまま, 回転する運動
5.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 1. 剛体回転 剛体回転の運動x = φ(X),および変位u = x - Xは下式で表される. 変位勾配テンソルF,F-1,および微⼩ひずみ仮定のもとでの 変位勾配テンソルは下式で表される.
6.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 1. 剛体回転 有限ひずみテンソルE,e,および 微⼩ひずみテンソルεは下式で表される. 剛体回転なので,正⽅形は変形しておらず,ひずみは零と評価されるべきで, 有限ひずみテンソルE,およびeはこの要件を満たしている(E = e = 0).
7.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 1. 剛体回転 ⼀⽅で,微⼩ひずみテンソルでは,ε11=ε22=(η-1)と, ⽔平と鉛直の両⽅向に圧縮ひずみがあるように評価 することになる. すなわち,微⼩変形の仮定では,dxとdXが同じ⽅向にある ものとして扱うので,剛体回転後のdx1,dx2の⻑さは, 元のdX1,dX2⽅向の成分では のように評価されることになる. そのため,⻑さが元の cosθ 倍になったとして,(剛体回転なので)圧縮ひず み η-1= cosθ - 1 が「ない」にも関わらず,「ある」ものとして評価してしま う. 他の⼀様変形ではどうなのか?
8.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. ⼀様変形における有限ひずみと微⼩ひずみ Contents 1. 剛体回転 ← 前回の委員会で 話題となったので最初に説明 2. 伸び変形 ← 普通はここから説明した⽅が 良いかもしれない 3. 等体積せん断変形 4. 等⻑せん断変形
9.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 2. 伸び変形 伸び変形 鉛直,⽔平⽅向の辺⻑に 伸び縮みが⽣じる運動
10.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 2. 伸び変形 伸び変形の運動x = φ(X),および変位u = x - Xは下式で表される. 変位勾配テンソルF,F-1,および微⼩ひずみ仮定のもとでの 変位勾配テンソルは下式で表される.
11.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 2. 伸び変形 有限ひずみテンソルE,e,および微⼩ひずみテンソルεは下式で表される. 各テンソルの⾒た⽬が異なっているので,以降のスライドで 実際に値を⼊れて具体的な計算を⾏ってみることにする.
12.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 2. 伸び変形 変形量δ =0.1(10%),0.01(1%) の場合の計算例. 変形量δ =0.1(10%) の場合 変形量δ =0.01(1%) の場合 変形量δが0.1(10%)になる と,Eとeの値がだいぶん異 なっているのでは…? 変形量δが0.01(1%)では, 有限ひずみeと微⼩ひずみε の差は最⼤で2.5%ほど
13.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 2. 伸び変形 変形量δが0.1(10%)になると,Eとeの値がだいぶん異なっているのでは…? 変形前後の微分ベクトルdX1とdx1は下式で表される. これらから,ノルム*の差を計算すると Eとeの違いは,それぞれの定義による違いであることが確認できた. * ノルム:ベクトルの⻑さ
14.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. ⼀様変形における有限ひずみと微⼩ひずみ Contents 1. 剛体回転 ← 前回の委員会で 話題となったので最初に説明 2. 伸び変形 ← 普通はここから説明した⽅が 良いかもしれない 3. 等体積せん断変形 4. 等⻑せん断変形
15.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 3. 等体積せん断変形 等体積せん断変形 鉛直⽅向の辺⻑に 伸びが⽣じ, せん断変形する運動
16.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 3. 等体積せん断変形 伸び変形の運動x = φ(X),および変位u = x - Xは下式で表される. 変位勾配テンソルF,F-1,および微⼩ひずみ仮定のもとでの 変位勾配テンソルは下式で表される.
17.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 3. 等体積せん断変形 有限ひずみテンソルE,e,および微⼩ひずみテンソル ε は下式で表される. 等体積せん断においては,せん断成分(⾮対⾓項)に注⽬すると,3つのひずみ テンソルにおいて,2E12 = 2e12 = 2ε12 = γ と⼀致している. ||dX2||と||dx2||の関係は である(dX2 = {0 1}Tとすると|| dx2||2 - ||dX2||2 = γ2).
18.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 3. 等体積せん断変形 当然,変形前後の⻑さの⼆乗の差は,有限ひずみテンソルの定義式によっても 与えられ,前スライドの結果と⼀致する. 有限ひずみテンソルEとeでは,等体積せん断 において,鉛直⽅向の辺が伸びる事実を正しく 評価できる. (Eとeの違いは,それぞれの定義による違い) ⼀⽅で,微⼩ひずみテンソルεでは対応する成分は ε22 = 0 であり,鉛直⽅向の辺の伸びは評価されていない. 微⼩変形の仮定ではXとxを区別せず,dx2が元のdX2と同じ鉛直⽅向にあると するため(伸びたものを,伸びていないと評価している).
19.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. ⼀様変形における有限ひずみと微⼩ひずみ Contents 1. 剛体回転 ← 前回の委員会で 話題となったので最初に説明 2. 伸び変形 ← 普通はここから説明した⽅が 良いかもしれない 3. 等体積せん断変形 4. 等⻑せん断変形
20.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 4. 等⻑せん断変形 等長せん断変形 各辺⻑は変わらず, せん断変形する運動
21.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 4. 等⻑せん断変形 等⻑せん断変形の運動x = φ(X),および変位u = x - Xは下式で表される. 変位勾配テンソルF,F-1,および微⼩ひずみ仮定のもとでの 変位勾配テンソルは下式で表される.
22.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 4. 等⻑せん断変形 有限ひずみテンソルE,e,および微⼩ひずみテンソルεは下式で表される. eの幾何学的解釈は難しいが, が成り⽴つ.Eとeの違いは,それぞれの定義による違いである. 微⼩ひずみテンソルεでは,ε22が鉛直⽅向の⻑さ変化を表しており, ⻑さがcosθ 倍に縮んでいるので,ε22 = η-1と評価する(⻑さが不変 なのに,縮んだと評価している). ( = 0 )
23.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. ⼀様変形における有限ひずみと微⼩ひずみ 付録
24.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 付録:有限ひずみテンソルについて E:ラグランジューグリーン(Lagrange – Green)のひずみテンソル e:オイラーーアルマンジ(Euler – Almansi)のひずみテンソル
25.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 付録:有限ひずみテンソルの定義式から得られる変形前後の⼆乗の差 変形前後の⻑さの⼆乗の差は,有限ひずみテンソルの定義式 によっても与えられる.簡単のためにdX2 = {0 1}Tとして dX2とdx2を⽤いると以下のようになる. この結果は(等体積せん断のスライド),||dx2||2 - ||dX2||2 = γ2 に⼀致する. i.e. 有限ひずみテンソルEとeでは,(スライドxと併せて)等体積せん断において, 鉛直⽅向の辺が伸びる事実を正しく評価できている.
26.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 付録:有限ひずみテンソルについて E:ラグランジュ的な⾒⽅ e:オイラー的な⾒⽅ 大文字の人 小文字の人 「⼤⽂字の世界」のモノの⾒⽅ 「⼩⽂字の世界」のモノの⾒⽅ X x
27.
Young computational mechanics
dissemination committee, Hokuriku branch of The Japan Geotechnical Society Copyright © 2018 Murao Chiken Co., Ltd., All right reserved. 付録:私⾒ 有限変形(finite deformation) という名称は, 微⼩変形 (infinitesimal deformation)に対峙させたもので,⼤変形 (large deformation)ではないことに注意が必要. すなわち,有限変形は材料の⾮線形性を,必ずしも伴わない. cf. 有限要素(finite element) ⇄無限⼩要素(infinitesimal element) 例えば,弾性座屈のように変位は⼤きくても,変形(ひずみ)が ⼤きいとは限らない場合もある. 逆に,変形(ひずみ)が⼤きい(⾮線形になる)場合に,必ずしも 変位が⼤きくなるとも限らない. なので,変位と変形を区別して考えた⽅がわかりやすいと思う. と⾔ってみたものの,正直なところ,理解できているのか,そうでないのかわからなくなることがある…
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