Referensi Kegiatan

1. Rekayasa Perkerasan Jalan
Overview

2. Bahan perkerasan jalan
• Perkerasan jalan adalah segala jenis material
konstruksi yang dihampar dan dipadatkan di atas
lapisan tanah dasar
• Konstruksi perkerasan jalan:
– Perkerasan lentur/flexible pavement
• Agregat, sebagai tulangan
• Aspal, sebagai pengikat
– Perkerasan kaku/rigid pavement
• Agregat, sebagai tulangan
• Semen, sebagai pengikat
• Uji terhadap bahan:
– Jenis bahan
– Keadaan fisik bahan
– Kualitas bahan

3. • Konstruksi jalan:
– Tanah dasar, merupakan tanah yang dipadatkan,
baik dari hasil galian maupun timbunan.tanah
dasar memberi bentuk jalan
– Lapis pondasi, terdiri dari lapisan pondasi atas dan
pondasi bawah. Distribusi beban dan kekuatan
struktur ditentukan pada lapisan ini
– Lapis permukaan, merupakan lapisan yang kontak
langsung dengan beban (roda kendaraan). Sudah
termasuk lapis aus. Lapisan ini harus kuat, juga
stabil dan memiliki daya tahan yang cukup kuat.

4. Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur

5. Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur

8. Bahan Agregat

9. Siklus
Batuan
Batuan
Sedimen
Batuan
Metamorf
Batuan
Beku
Magma
Sedimentasi
Pemadatan
Sementasi
Kristalisasi
Pemindahan
(Transport)
Erosi
Pelapukan Pelapukan
Sempurna
Tanah
Metamorfosis
Pemanasan
Pendinginan

10. Pemilihan Agregat
• Agregat yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan
perkerasan jalan tergantung dari :
– tersedianya bahan setempat
– mutu bahan
– bentuk/jenis konstruksi yang digunakan

11. Pemeriksaan/penelitian
laboratorium
1. Ukuran dan gradasi (size and grading)
2. Kekerasan/keausan (toughness)
3. Ketahanan terhadap pelapukan (soundness)
4. Daya pelekatan terhadap aspal (affinity for asphalt)
5. Bentuk butir (shape)
6. Susunan/bentuk permukaan (surface texture)
7. Daya absorpsi (absorption)
8. Kebersihan (cleaness)
9. Berat jenis (specific gravity)

12. Penggolongan Agregat
Berdasarkan Gradasi
a. Agregat bergradasi pekat/rapat (dense-
graded)
b. Agregat bergradasi renggang/terbuka (open
graded)
c. Agregat bergradasi seragam (single
size/uniform graded)
d. Agregat bergradasi halus (fine graded)
e. Agregat bergradasi celah (gap-graded)

13. Contoh Grafik Gradasi
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0,01 0,1 1 10 100
No. Saringan
%
Lolos

14. Bentuk Agregat
i.Rounded; ii. Irregular; iii. Angular; iv. Flaky;
v. Elongated; vi. Flaky and Elongated

15. Alat Uji Agregat
Aggregate Impact Machine
Aggregate Crushing Machine

16. Alat Uji Agregat
Los Angeles Abrasion Test

17. Alat Uji Agregat
Alat Pengukur Kepipihan Agregat
Alat Pengukur Kelonjongan Agregat

18. Bahan Aspal

19. Definisi:
• Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present
in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. It is most commonly
modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as
the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists
regarding its structure). In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the
carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils.
Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.
Wikipedia
• Asphalt is a dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum
refining and containing bitumens as the predominant component. Bitumen is a
generic term for natural or manufactured black or dark-colored solid, semisolid,
or viscous cementitious materials that are composed mainly of high-molecular
weight hydrocarbons. The term includes tars and pitches derived from coal.
Asphalt is used primarily for road construction and roofing materials due to its
remarkable waterproofing and binding properties. The hard surfaces of roads, for
example, depend on the ability of asphalt to cement together aggregates of stone
and sand.
Encyclopedia of Earth

20. Klasifikasi Aspal
Berdasarkan Sumber Dan Penggunaannya
ASPAL
Aspal Buatan
(petrolueum asphalt)
 Asphaltic Base Crude Oli
 Parafin Base Crude Oli
 Mixed Base Crude Oli
Aspal Keras atau Aspal Panas
(AC, asphalt cement)
Aspal Cair (cut back)
 Rapid Curing (AC+benzene)
 Medium Curing (AC+kerosene)
 Slow Curing (AC+minyak berat)
Aspal Emulsi (AC+air+asam/basa)
 Cathionic/Anionic Rapid Setting
 Cathionic/Anionic Medium Setting
 Cathionic/Anionic Slow Setting
Aspal Alam
(Native Asphalt)
 Lake Asphalt (Trinidad Lake)
 Rock Asphalt (Perancis,
Swiss, Pulau Buton)

21. 0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-
Kehilangan Berat, %
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
Kelarutan pada trichloroethene, %
232
232
232
219
177
163
Titik Nyala (C)
40
50
60
80
140
220
Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)
400
350
300
250
175
125
Viskositas, 135C (275F),Cs, Min
4000 800
3000600
2000 400
1000 200
500100
250 50
Viskositas, 60C (140F), poises
AC-40
AC-30
AC-20
AC-10
AC-5
AC-2.5
Nilai Viskositas
Berdasarkan Nilai Viskositas
-
100
-
100
-
75
-
50
-
-
Daktilitas setelah kehilangan berat
-
40
-
46
-
50
-
54
-
58
Penetrasi setelah kehilangan berat
1.5
-
1.3
-
1.0
-
0.8
-
0.8
-
Kehilangan berat, %
-
99
-
99
-
99
-
99
-
99
Kelarutan pada trichloroethele, %
-
100
-
100
-
100
-
100
-
100
Daktilitas (25C, 5 cm per menit)
-
177
-
218
-
232
-
232
-
232
Titik Nyala (Cleveland Open), C
300
200
150
120
100
85
70
60
50
40
Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)
max
min
max
Min
max
min
max
min
max
min
200-300
120-150
85-100
60-70
40-50
Nilai Penetrasi
Berdasarkan Nilai Penetrasi
Klasifikasi Aspal
Menurut AASHTO

22. Penyulingan Aspal Buatan

23. Skema Analisis
Menentukan Struktur Hidrokarbon Aspal

24. Pengujian-Pengujian
Karakteristik Aspal
1. Pengujian Penetrasi
2. Pengujian Daktilitas
3. Pengujian Titik Lembek
4. Kepekaan Aspal terhadap Perubahan Suhu
5. Pengujian Viskositas
6. Pengujian Titik Nyala dan Titik Bakar
7. Pengujian Berat Jenis
8. Hilang dalam Pemanasan
9. Penyulingan Aspal Cair
10. Kadar Air dalam Minyak Bumi dan Bahan yang
Mengandung Bitumen
11. Kelekatan Aspal dalam Batuan

25. Alat Pengujian Aspal
Pengujian Penetrasi

26. Alat Pengujian Aspal
Pengujian Titik Lembek Ring and Ball

27. log PEN T2
log PEN = AT + K
log PEN T1
log PEN (dmm)
T (oC)
T2
T1
K
A
log Viskositas
(cSt)
Suhu (oC)
log (170  20)
log (280  30)
Suhu pemadatan Suhu pencampuran
Hubungan Suhu dan Viskositas Aspal
Hubungan Suhu dan log Pen Aspal

28. Temperature Susceptibility
Persamaan dasar:
logP = AT + K
A = (log pen T1 – log pen T2)/(T1 – T2)
A = (log pen T1 – log 800)/(T1 – SP)
A  0,015 sampai 0,06
Persamaan PI:
50 A = (20 – PI)/(10 + PI)
PI = (1952 – 500 log pen – 20SP)/(50log pen – SP – 120)
?

29. Alat Pengujian Aspal
Pengujian Daktilitas Aspal
Cetakan Benda Uji dalam Pengujian Daktilitas

30. Alat Pengujian Aspal
Percobaan Titik Nyala dengan Alat Cleveland Open Cup

31. Alat Pengujian Aspal
Percobaan Hilang dalam Pemanasan dengan
Alat Thin Film Oven

32. Alat Pengujian Aspal
Percobaan Penyulingan Aspal Cair

33. Jenis Aspal vs Penggunaan
AC-40
AC-20
AC-10
AC-5
AR-8000
AR-4000
AR-2000
60-70
85-100
120-150
200-300
RS-1
RS-2
MS-1,
HFMS-1
MS-2,
HFMS-2
MS-2h,
HFMS-2h
HFMS-2s
SS-1
CRS-2
CMS-2
CMS-2h
CSS-1
70
250
800
250
800
3000
Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
Asphalt Concrete and
Hot Laid Plant Mix
Pavement Base and Surfaces
Highways X X X X X7 X X X X X7 X X X X X7
Airports X X X X X X X X
Parking Areas X X X X X X X X X
Drivewas X X X X X X
Curbs X X X
Industrial Floors X X X X X X
Blocks X X X
Groins X X X X X X
Dam Facings X X X X X X
Canal and Reservoar Linings X X X X X X
Cold-Laid Plant Mix 10
Pavement Base and Surfaces
Open-Graded Aggregate X X X X
Well-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X X X X
Patching, Immediate Use X X X X X
Patching, Stockpile X X X X
Mixed-in-Place (Road Mix) 10
Pavement Base and Surfaces X X X X X X X X
Open-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X X
Well-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X
Sand X X X X X X X X X
Sandy Soil X X X X X X X X X X
Patching, Immediate Use X X X X
Patching, Stockpile
Recycling
Hot-Mix X X X X X X X X X
Cold-Mix 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X
Asphalt-Aggregate Applications
Surface Treatments
Single Surface Treatment X X X X X X X X
Multiple Surface Treatment X X X X X X X X
Aggregate Seal X X X X X X X X X X
Sand Seal X X X X X
Slurry Seal X X X X
Asphalt Applications
Surface Treatments
Fog Seal X5 X2 X2 X2 X2
Prime Coat X16 X1 X1 X1 X1 X1 X X X
Tack Coat X X2 X2 X X2 X2
Dust Laying X5 X2 X2 X2 X2 X X X X X
Mulch X2 X2
Membrane
Canal and Reservoar Linings X X
Embankment Envelopes X X X X X X
Crack Fillings
Asphalt Pavements X3 X3 X3 X3
Portland Cement Concrete
Pavements X4 X4 X4
1 Mixed-in Prime Only 5 Diluted with water by the manufacturer 8 Before using MC's for spray applications (other than prime coats) check with local pollution control agency
2 Diluted with water 6 MS-2 only 9 Emulsifed asphalts shown are AASHTO and ASTM grades and may not include all grades produced in all geographical areas
3 Slurry mix 7 For use in cold climates 10 Evaluation of emulsified asphalt-aggregate system required to determine the proper grade of emulsified asphalt to use
4 Rubber asphalt compounds
Anionic
AR-16000
Viscosity Graded
-Original
AR-1000
Cationic
SS-1h
CRS-1
CSS-1h
40-50
Viscosity Graded
-Residue
Penetration Graded
Type of Construction
30
3000
Medium Curing
(MC) 8
Emulsified Asphalts 9 Cutback-Asphalts
Rapid Curing
(RC) 8
Asphalt Cements
70
AC-2.5

34. Spesifikasi Bitumen
(Japan Road Association)
Penetration Grade 60 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 120 120 - 150
Penetration (25o
C, 100g, 5 sec) 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 – 150
Softening Point o
C 44.0 – 52.0 42.0 – 50.0 40.0 – 50.0 38.0 – 48.0
Ductility (15o
C) min. cm 100 100 100 100
Loss on Heating maz. % (1) 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5
Retained Penetration after Heating min. % 80 80 75 (3) 70
Penetration Ratio adfter Heating maz. % (2) 110 110 - -
Loss of Weight after Thin Film Oven Test maz. % (1) 0.6 0.6 - -
Retained Penetration after Thin Film Oven Test min. % 55 50 - -
Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride min. % 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
Flash Point (Cleaveland) min. o
C 260 260 210 210
Specific Gravity (25o
C/25o
C) min. 1.000 1.000 - -
Note :
1) In some cases, the test will be resulted in weight increase.
2) Penetration ratio after heating (%) =
stirred
thoroughly
sample
the
on
heating
after
n
Penetratio
sample
the
of
stirring
any
withou
heating
after
n
Penetratio
3) It is desirable for asphalts having more than 47.5oC softening point, percentage of retained penetration exceeds 80.
4) As for asphalts of penetration grade 60 – 80 and 80 –100, it is necessary to inform the Kinematic-viscosity
measurement results at the temperature of 120o
C, 140o
C, 160o
C and 180o
C respectively. For the penetration grades
100 – 120, 120 – 150, not only the viscosity-temperature relationship the specific gravity – temperature relationship is
also needed.

35. Karakteristik Campuran

36. Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 1
1a. Gradasi Menerus (skematis)
Ukuran
Butir
Proporsi
Grafik
Komulatif
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Ilustrasi Setting
- Prinsip Interlocking
- Sifat Kaku
- Kebutuhan Aspal Sedang
Grafik

37. Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 2
1b. Gradasi Menerus (ilustrasi visual)
Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

38. Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 3
2a. Gradasi Senjang (skematis)
Ukuran
Butir
Proporsi
Grafik
Komulatif
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Ilustrasi Setting
- Prinsip Suspensi Mortar
- Sifat Lentur
- Kebutuhan Aspal Tinggi
Grafik Ukuran
yang
hilang

39. Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 4
2b. Gradasi Senjang (ilustrasi visual)
Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

40. Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 5
3a. Gradasi Seragam (skematis)
Ukuran
Butir
Proporsi
Grafik
Komulatif
Ilustrasi Gradasi
Ilustrasi Setting
- Prinsip Max Tekstur Makro
- Sifat Kasar
- Kebutuhan Aspal Khusus
Grafik
Dominasi
Ukuran

41. Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 6
3b. Gradasi Seragam (ilustrasi visual)
Permukaan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

42. Rongga dalam Campuran 1
Agregat
Aspal
Rongga
Ilustrasi Umum
Berat Volume
X
Y
Vx = X/(SGagregat x air)
Vy = Y/(SGaspal x air)
Vr = Vtotal – (Vy + Vx)
0
Vtotal
Wtotal

43. Rongga dalam Campuran 2
Aspal
Rongga
VMA, VIM, VFB/VFA
VMA
VIM
Kadar
Aspal
Absorbed
Agregat
VFB

44. Specific Gravity 1
Solid
Aggregate
Water-impermeable
Pores
Water-permeable
Pores
Apparent & Bulk SG
Ws
Volume
Vs
0
Vtotal
Wtotal 0
Weight
Vi
Vp
SG Apparent = Ws / ((Vs + Vi) x water)
SG Bulk = Ws / ((Vs + Vi + Vp) x water)

45. Specific Gravity 2
Apparent, Bulk & Effective SG
Apparent SG:
Rongga Permeable diisi bitumen sebanyak air yang bisa
mengisinya
Bulk SG:
Rongga Permeable tidak terisi bitumen sama sekali
Effective SG:
Rongga Permeable terisi bitumen sebanyak bitumen
yang bisa mengisinya

46. Specific Gravity 3
Solid
Aggregate
Bitumen-impermeable
Pores
Bitumen-permeable
Pores
Effective SG
Ws
Volume
Vs
0
Vtotal
Wtotal 0
Weight
Vc
Vb
SG Effective = Ws / ((Vs + Vc) x water)
SG Effective = (Apparent SG + Bulk SG)/2

47. Perhitungan Proporsi
Berat
Agregat
Berat
Campuran
Proporsi
Agregat
Berat
Aspal
Selisih
Berat
Agregat
dan
Campuran
By Weight
Berat
agregat
Volume
Agregat
SG
Agregat
Berat
aspal
By Volume
Volume
Campuran
Proporsi
Agregat,
Aspal
dan
Rongga
Volume
Aspal
Proporsi
Aspal
SG
Aspal

48. Daur Ulang Perkerasan

49. Perkerasan Daur-ulang
• Perbaikan terhadap struktur perkerasan lentur pada prinsipnya
mencakup: pelapisan ulang (overlaying), daur-ulang (recycling)
dan rekonstruksi (reconstruction). Material dari perkerasan yang
rusak (deteriorated) yang dikenal sebagai Perkerasan Aspal yang
Diundang Kembali atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP),
sebagian atau seluruhnya digunakan pada konstruksi baru.
Diambil
Digelar &
dipadatkan
RAP Material
Segar
Aspal
+
Agregat
+
1: Eksisting 2: Pengambilan 3: Pencampuran 4: Penghamparan Kembali

50. Jenis Proses Daur-ulang
• Hot in-Place Recycling
(Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi)
• Cold in Place Recycling
(Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi)
• Hot Central Plant Recycling
(Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang)
• Cold Central Plant Recycling
(Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang)

51. Hot in-Place Recycling
Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi
Sumber: Lebuhraya Malaysia (2005)

52. Cold in-Place Recycling
Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi
Sumber: EDP Consultant, USA (2006)

53. Hot Central Plant Recycling
Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang
Sumber: Fujian South Highway Machinery Co., Ltd., Japan (2006)
RAP Feeding
Main Unit
Surge
Hopper
Drum
Mixer

54. Cold Central Plant Recycling
Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang
Sumber: Public Work Deparment, Malaysia (2005)

55. Kelebihan Perkerasan Daur-ulang
• Mempersingkat gangguan yang
dirasakan pengguna
• Konservasi kebutuhan energi
• Preservasi kondisi lingkungan
• Memperkecil biaya konstruksi
• Konservasi kebutuhan material dasar
(agregat dan aspal)
• Preservasi geometri perkerasan eksisting