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棕榈果知识讲解
一. 棕榈果
二. 工艺
三. 主要用途
一、棕榈果:
1、油棕是世界上生产效率最高的产油植物, 苗圃培育棕苗,种发芽后1年移植入
土,每公顷可植138棵棕榈树,年产棕榈果20-25吨左右/公顷,2-3年开始结果,8-
15年进入旺产期,到18-20年后开始老化、产量降低,这个时候通常需要砍掉重植,,
采摘工人每人每天可摘60/70串棕果,棕榈果生长在棕榈树的大果串上,每个果串
大约有棕榈果2000-3000个。每棵树年长10-12个果串,重20-30公斤/串,每树年产
摘两次。棕榈树通常含油28%-30%。
棕榈油的原产地在西非。1870年,棕榈树传入马来西亚,当时只是作为一种装饰植
物。直到1917年才进行第一次的商业种植。在上个世纪六十年代,马来西亚为了减
少对橡胶和咖啡的贸易依赖,开始大规模提高棕榈油的产量。现在经过改良后的棕
榈产品已经广泛在热带地区的非洲、拉丁美洲和东南亚种植。其中棕榈油产量高度
集中在马来西亚和印度尼西亚.
2、以新鲜棕榈果串为单位, 棕榈果串总量100%,其空果串占比33%、棕榈果67%
。以整个棕榈果串为单位,其棕榈油含量占比26%,棕果仁油含量3.25% 。
3,棕榈果制油先后工艺顺序可分为:杀酵、 脱果、破碎 、 压榨、壳仁回收 、澄
清 、毛油储存罐
4,处理一吨棕榈果产生的废水0.5吨。
二、棕榈果工艺:
1.杀酵
2.脱果
3.破碎
4.压榨
5.壳仁回收
6.澄清
7.毛油储存罐
1.杀酵
卧式型杀酵罐。
优缺点:处理量大,配套设备多,占地
大成本高,操作复杂
立式杀酵罐
优缺点:处理量相对小,不需要太多的
配套设备,厂房设计简单。
(棕榈果杀酵过程中采用直接蒸汽温度145℃,时间90~120分钟)
1.1 杀酵的目的:
(1)是破坏果肉组织中脂肪酶的活性、阻止酶分解,以免游离脂肪
酸含量升高。
(2)果实容易分离果串,果实也变得松软易于捣碎,增加果实的湿
度,所以容易取油;
棕榈果进入杀酵罐后,关闭杀酵罐快关门,打开杀酵罐下方的排
气阀,后通入压力 3bar(温度 145℃左右)的饱和蒸汽,待罐内冷空
气基本排出后,关闭排气阀,进入蒸煮杀酵阶段,杀酵时间一般为
90~120分钟。 杀酵完成后,关闭进汽阀,打开通向消音器的阀门,
将罐内水与蒸汽 排尽,方可打开杀酵罐的门。进入下一环节
1.2 杀酵的过程:
2.脱果
• 将杀酵后的果实,通过提升机-剥落机振动将果实与空果串
分离,空果串可以作为原料燃烧或作为肥料,脱落的果实
再通过输送机送入蒸煮罐。
3.破碎
撕破果表皮,将果肉与果核分离且捣烂果肉组织,同时进行加
热使果肉松软,且破坏果肉细胞结构,有利于油脂从果肉组织中
析出。
(1)捣碎罐上部有进料口,下部有出料口。罐内有一根装有许多
轴向打棒的中心轴,罐内壁装有多块衬板,果粒在搅拌打棒的打
击和衬板的碰撞作用下,将果肉捣碎。
(2)捣碎蒸煮设备是一个具有加热夹套的圆柱罐体,夹套内通入
间接蒸汽进行加热,罐内有直接蒸汽喷管,以调节水分和温度。
加热1h,使整个料坯的温度达到90℃-95℃左右。加热的目的是破
坏果实组织中油和水所形成的乳化状态,降低油的粘度,有利于
油脂流动和析出。
3.1 捣碎和蒸煮的目的:
3.2 捣碎蒸煮的过程:
3.破碎
4.1 棕榈果压榨过程及构成:
• (1)一般采用连续式螺旋榨油机。它有一个带孔的卧式箱体,
呈8字交叉型,内有两根螺杆,箱体排渣口有一个校饼头,它可
控制压力以确保饼中残油最少,并且还可使果核破碎率调整至合
理范围之内。
• (2)在螺旋压力的作用下,油脂从果肉组织中析出炸饼从机头
挤出,内含果核(不破裂棕仁油),液体部分从下口流出,过滤后
送入蝶式离心分离机,得出毛棕榈油,过滤后送入蝶式离心分离
机,得出毛棕榈油。
• (3)油棕果经压榨后分为3部分:油、水、固体杂质的混合物;
4.压榨
6.澄清(毛油净化)
• (1)机榨毛油中一般含有66%的油脂,24%的水,10%的非油固体
,毛棕油经振动筛分过滤机,除去纤维等粗渣后流入饨化油箱饨化油
箱内通有间接蒸汽与直接蒸汽,棕油水混合物经纯化后由离心泵打入
高罐,稳流入澄清油箱。澄清油从澄清油箱的出油口流入贮油罐,经碟
式分离机去除油中水份,后清油经板式热交换器,加热至 105℃,由
真空干燥器 ,将油中残留水份抽干净。真空干燥内的油由底部的屏蔽
电泵抽吸,抽到储存油罐。
• (2)入储存罐的油脂需要达到一定要求,其水分含量是在0.1%~
0.2%之间,杂质应小于0.02%。
5.壳仁回收
7.毛油储存罐
三、棕榈油的特点和主要用途
棕榈油具有两大特点
一是含饱和脂肪酸比较多,稳定性好,不容易发生氧化变质。
二是棕榈油中含有丰富的维生素 A(500-700ppm)和维生素 E(500-
800ppm)。
分提之后的棕榈油:
将棕榈油进行分提,使固体脂与液体油分开,其中固体脂可用来代替
昂贵的可可脂作巧克力;液体油用作凉拌、烹任或煎炸用油,其味清
淡爽口。大量未经分提的棕榈油用于制皂工业。用棕榈油生产的皂类
能起耐久的泡沫和具有较强的去污能力,棕榈油还可用于马口铁的镀
锡及铝箔的碾压。因此,棕榈油在世界上被广泛用于餐饮业、食品制
造业及油脂化工业

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