Thesehelpfulchecklistswillguideyouthroughtheprocess ofwritinganessay. QuestionsaboutYourPurpose 14 QuestionsforCriticalReading 22 ReadingVisualTexts 25 SettingLimits 30 QuestionsforProbing 32 StatingYourThesis 45 RecognizingaPattern 50 WhatNottoDoinanIntroduction 53 EffectiveSupport 56 WhatNottoDoinaConclusion 60 ConstructingaFormalOutline 61 Drafting 63 Revising 66 GuidelinesforPeerEditing 69 EditingforGrammar 83 EditingforPunctuation 86 EditingforSentenceStyleandWordChoice 89 Proofreading 90 CheckingYourPaper’sFormat 91 Anoteaboutthecover Artistsusepatternstogiveshapetotheirartandtoguidetheeyethroughthe elementsofavisualwork.Inthesameway,patternsincompositionhelpto shapeawriter’sworkandtocreatepathwaysforunderstandingit. FOURTEENTHEDITION PatternsforCollegeWriting ARhetoricalReaderandGuide LaurieG.Kirszner UniversityoftheSciences,Emeritus StephenR.Mandell DrexelUniversity ForPeterPhelps,1936–1990,withthanks ForBedford/St.Martin’s VicePresident,Editorial,MacmillanLearningHumanities:EdwinHill DirectorofContentDevelopment:JaneKnetzger DevelopmentManager:MauraShea SeniorProgramDirector:LeasaBurton ProgramManagerforReadersandLiterature:JohnE.SullivanIII DevelopmentalEditor:SherryMooney SeniorContentProjectManager:JessicaGould MediaProducer:RandThomas SeniorContentWorkflowManager:JenniferWetzel MarketingManager:JoyFisherWilliams AssociateEditor:JenniferPrince CopyEditor:KathleenLafferty SeniorPhotoEditor:MarthaFriedman PhotoResearcher:SheriBlaney PermissionsEditor:KalinaIngham SeniorArtDirector:AnnaPalchik TextDesign:RichardKorab CoverDesign:JohnCallahan CoverArt:AutumnInterior,Wheatley,Jenny;PrivateCollection/BridgemanImages OpenerBannerPhoto:JonnyDrake/Shutterstock Composition:LuminaDatamatics,Inc. Copyright©2018,2015,2012,2010byBedford/St.Martin’s. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,exceptas maybeexpresslypermittedbytheapplicablecopyrightstatutesorinwritingbythePublisher. 210987fedcba Forinformation,write:Bedford/St.Martin’s,75ArlingtonStreet,Boston,MA02116 ISBN-13978-1-319-12081-8(EPUB) Acknowledgments Textacknowledgmentsandcopyrightsappearatthebackofthebookonpages786–90,whichconstitute anextensionofthecopyrightpage.Artacknowledgmentsandcopyrightsappearonthesamepageas theartselectionstheycover. Preface Sinceitwasfirstpublished,PatternsforCollegeWritinghasbeenusedby millionsofstudentsatcollegesanduniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.We havebeendelightedbytheoverwhelminglypositiveresponsetothefirst thirteeneditionsofPatterns,andwecontinuetobegratifiedbypositive feedbackfromthemanyinstructorswhofindPatternstobethemost accessibleandthemostpedagogicallysoundrhetoric-readertheyhaveever used.Inpreparingthisfourteenthedition,wehaveworkedhardtofine-tune thefeaturesthathavemadePatternsthemostpopularcompositionreader availabletodayandtodevelopnewfeaturestoenhan ...

1. Thesehelpfulchecklistswillguideyouthroughtheprocess
ofwritinganessay.
QuestionsaboutYourPurpose 14
QuestionsforCriticalReading 22
ReadingVisualTexts 25
SettingLimits 30
QuestionsforProbing 32
StatingYourThesis 45
RecognizingaPattern 50
WhatNottoDoinanIntroduction 53
EffectiveSupport 56
WhatNottoDoinaConclusion 60
ConstructingaFormalOutline 61
Drafting 63
Revising 66

2. GuidelinesforPeerEditing 69
EditingforGrammar 83
EditingforPunctuation 86
EditingforSentenceStyleandWordChoice 89
Proofreading 90
CheckingYourPaper’sFormat 91
Anoteaboutthecover
Artistsusepatternstogiveshapetotheirartandtoguidetheeyethrough
the
elementsofavisualwork.Inthesameway,patternsincompositionhel
pto
shapeawriter’sworkandtocreatepathwaysforunderstandingit.
FOURTEENTHEDITION
PatternsforCollegeWriting
ARhetoricalReaderandGuide
LaurieG.Kirszner
UniversityoftheSciences,Emeritus
StephenR.Mandell
DrexelUniversity

3. ForPeterPhelps,1936–1990,withthanks
ForBedford/St.Martin’s
VicePresident,Editorial,MacmillanLearningHumanities:EdwinHi
ll
DirectorofContentDevelopment:JaneKnetzger
DevelopmentManager:MauraShea
SeniorProgramDirector:LeasaBurton
ProgramManagerforReadersandLiterature:JohnE.SullivanIII
DevelopmentalEditor:SherryMooney
SeniorContentProjectManager:JessicaGould
MediaProducer:RandThomas
SeniorContentWorkflowManager:JenniferWetzel
MarketingManager:JoyFisherWilliams
AssociateEditor:JenniferPrince
CopyEditor:KathleenLafferty
SeniorPhotoEditor:MarthaFriedman
PhotoResearcher:SheriBlaney
PermissionsEditor:KalinaIngham

4. SeniorArtDirector:AnnaPalchik
TextDesign:RichardKorab
CoverDesign:JohnCallahan
CoverArt:AutumnInterior,Wheatley,Jenny;PrivateCollection/Bri
dgemanImages
OpenerBannerPhoto:JonnyDrake/Shutterstock
Composition:LuminaDatamatics,Inc.
Copyright©2018,2015,2012,2010byBedford/St.Martin’s.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinar
etrievalsystem,ortransmitted
inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,re
cording,orotherwise,exceptas
maybeexpresslypermittedbytheapplicablecopyrightstatutesorinw
ritingbythePublisher.
210987fedcba
Forinformation,write:Bedford/St.Martin’s,75ArlingtonStreet,Bo
ston,MA02116
ISBN-13978-1-319-12081-8(EPUB)
Acknowledgments
Textacknowledgmentsandcopyrightsappearatthebackofthebooko
npages786–90,whichconstitute
anextensionofthecopyrightpage.Artacknowledgmentsandcopyrig

5. htsappearonthesamepageas
theartselectionstheycover.
Preface
Sinceitwasfirstpublished,PatternsforCollegeWritinghasbeenused
by
millionsofstudentsatcollegesanduniversities acrosstheUnitedState
s.We
havebeendelightedbytheoverwhelminglypositiveresponsetothefir
st
thirteeneditionsofPatterns,andwecontinuetobegratifiedbypositive
feedbackfromthemanyinstructorswhofindPatternstobethemost
accessibleandthemostpedagogicallysoundrhetoric-
readertheyhaveever
used.Inpreparingthisfourteenthedition,wehaveworkedhardtofine-
tune
thefeaturesthathavemadePatternsthemostpopularcompositionread
er
availabletodayandtodevelopnewfeaturestoenhancethebook’susef
ulness
forbothinstructorsandstudents.
WhatInstructorsandStudentsLikeaboutPatterns
forCollegeWriting
AnEmphasisonCriticalReading
TheIntroduction,“HowtoUseThisBook,”andChapter1,“Readingto
Write:BecomingaCriticalReader,”preparestudentstobecomeanaly
tical
readersandwritersbyshowingthemhowtoapplycriticalreadingstrat
egies
toatypicalselectionandbyprovidingsampleresponsestothevariousk
inds

6. ofwritingpromptsinthebook.Notonlydoesthismaterialintroducest
udents
tothebook’sfeatures,butitalsopreparesthemtotacklereadingandwri
ting
assignmentsintheirothercourses.
ExtensiveCoverageoftheWritingProcess
TheremainingchaptersinPartOne,“TheWritingProcess”(Chapters
2
through5),comprisea“mini-
rhetoric,”offeringadviceondrafting,writing,
revising,andeditingastheyintroducestudentstoactivitiessuchas
freewriting,brainstorming,clusteri ng,andjournalwriting.Thesech
apters
alsoincludenumerouswritingexercisestogivestudentsopportunitie
sfor
immediatepractice.
DetailedCoverageofthePatternsofDevelopment
InPartTwo,“ReadingsforWriters,”Chapters6through14explainand
illustratethepatternsofdevelopmentthatstudentstypicallyuseinthei
r
collegewritingassignments:narration,description,exemplification
,process,
causeandeffect,comparisonandcontrast,classificationanddivision
,
definition,andargumentation.Eachchapterbeginswithacomprehen
sive
introductionthatpresentsadefinitionandaparagraph-
lengthexampleofthe
patterntobediscussedandthenexplainstheparticularwritingstrategi

7. esand
applicationsassociatedwithit.Next,eachchapteranalyzesoneortwo
annotatedstudentessaystoshowhowthepatterncanbeusedinparticul
ar
collegewritingsituations.Chapter15,“CombiningthePatterns,”illu
strates
howthevariouspatternsofdevelopmentdiscussedinChapters6throu
gh14
canworktogetherinanessay.
ADiverseandPopularSelectionofReadings
Variedinsubject,style,andculturalperspective,thesixty-eight
professionalselectionsengagestudentswhileprovidingthemwith
outstandingmodelsforwriting.Wehavetriedtoachieveabalancebet
ween
classicauthors(GeorgeOrwell,JessicaMitford,E.B.White,MartinL
uther
KingJr.)andnewervoices(BichMinhNguyen,ZeynepTufekci,Mari
na
Keegan)sothatinstructorshaveabroadrangeofreadingstochoosefro
m.
MoreStudentEssaysthanAnyComparableText
Toprovidestudentswithrealisticmodelsforimprovingtheirownwrit
ing,
weincludeeighteensamplestudentessays.
HelpfulCoverageofGrammarIssues
Grammar-in-
Contextboxesinchapterintroductionsofferspecificadvice
onhowtoidentifyandcorrectthegrammar,mechanics,andpunctuatio
n
problemsthatstudentsarelikelytoencounterwhentheyworkwithpart

8. icular
patternsofdevelopment.
ApparatusDesignedtoHelpStudentsLearn
Eachprofessionalessayinthetextisfollowedbythreetypesofquestio
ns.
Thesequestionsaredesignedtohelpstudentsassesstheirunderstandi
ngof
theessay’scontentandofthewriter’spurposeandaudience;torecogni
zethe
stylisticandstructuraltechniquesusedtoshapetheessay;andtobeco
me
sensitivetothenuancesoflanguage.Eachessayisalsoaccompaniedb
ya
JournalEntryprompt,WritingWorkshoptopics(suggestionsforfull -
length
writingassignments),andThematicConnectionsthatidentifyrelated
readings
inthetext.AlsofollowingeachessayisaCombiningthePatternsfeatur
ethat
focusesondifferentpatternsofdevelopmentusedintheessayandposs
ible
alternativestothesepatterns.EachchapterendswithalistofWriting
AssignmentsandaCollaborativeActivity.Manyoftheseassignments
and
activitieshavebeenupdatedtoreflectthemostcurrenttopicsandtrend
s.
ExtensiveCulturalandHistoricalBackgroundforAllReadings
Inadditiontoabiographicalheadnote,eachreadingisprecededbya
headnotecontainingessentialbackgroundinformationtohelpstuden

9. tsmake
connectionsbetweenthereadingandthehistorical,social,andecono
mic
forcesthatshapedit.
AnIntroductiontoVisualTexts
Everyrhetoricalchapterincludesavisualtext—
suchasaphotograph,a
pieceoffineart,orpanelsfromagraphicnovel—
thatprovidesanaccessible
introductiontoeachrhetoricalpattern.Apparatusthathelpsstudentsd
iscuss
thepatterninitsvisualformfollowsea chimage.
ThoroughCoverageofWorkingwithSources
PartThree,“WorkingwithSources,”takesstudentsthroughtheproce
ssof
writingaresearchpaperandincludesamodelstudentpaperinMLAsty
le.
(TheAppendixaddressesAPAstyleandincludesamodelAPApaper.)
What’sNewinThisEdition
EngagingNewReadings
Thetwenty-
fivenewprofessionalessaystreattopicsofcurrentinterest.
IsabelWilkersonexploresthehistoryof“EmmettTillandTamirRice,
Sons
oftheGreatMigration.”JoshBarroexplains“WhyStealingCarsWent
Outof
Fashion.”KarenMillerPensieroshowsusthe“PhotosThatChangeHi
story.”
Inallcases,readingshavebeencarefullyselectedfortheirhigh-
interest

10. subjectmatteraswellasfortheireffectivenessasteachablemodelsfor
studentwriting.
ArgumentationChapterUpdated
Theargumentchapterhasbeenrevisedtofocusonissuesofparticul ar
importancetocollegestudents.Itincludestwonewdebates(“ShouldP
ublic
CollegesBeFree?”and“DoesItPaytoStudytheHumanities?”)andon
enew
casebook(“DoCollegeStudentsNeedTriggerWarnings?”).
WithBedford/St.Martin’s,YouGetMore
AtBedford/St.Martin’s,providingsupporttoteachersandtheirstude
nts
whouseourbooksanddigitaltoolsisourtoppriority.TheBedford/St.
Martin’sEnglishCommunityisnowourhomeforprofessionalresourc
es,
includingBedfordBits,ourpopularblogwithnewideasforthecompos
ition
classroom.Joinustoconnectwithourauthorsa ndyourcolleaguesat
community.macmillan.com,whereyoucandownloadtitlesfromour
professionalresourceseries,reviewprojectsinthepipeline,signupfo
r
webinars,orstartadiscussion.Inadditiontothisdynamiconlinecom
munity
andbook-specificinstructorresources,weofferdigitaltools,custom
solutions,andvaluepackagestosupportbothyouandyourstudents.W
eare
committedtodeliveringthequalityandvaluethatyou’vecometoexpe
ct
fromBedford/St.Martin’s,supportedasalwaysbythepowerofMacmi
llan

11. Learning.Tolearnmoreaboutortoorderanyofthefollowingproducts,
contactyourBedford/St.Martin’ssalesrepresentativeorvisittheweb
siteat
macmillanlearning.com.
LaunchPadforPatternsforCollegeWriting:WhereStudentsLearn
LaunchPadprovidesengagingcontentandnewwaystogetthemostout
ofyourbook.Getaninteractivee-
Bookcombinedwithassessmenttoolsina
fullycustomizablecoursespace;thenassignandmixourresourceswit
h
yours.
InteractivePeerReviewWorksheetsallowstudentstotypetheir
responsesintoaformthatiseasytosharewithfellowstudentsandtheir
instructor.
ReadingComprehensionQuizzesforeveryselectioninPatternshelp
youquicklygaugeyourstudents’understandingoftheassigned
reading.
DiagnosticsandExerciseCentralprovideopportunitiestoassess
areasforimprovementandassignadditionalexercisesbasedon
students’needs.Eightdiagnosticquizzes—pre-andpost-testson
sentencegrammar,punctuationandmechanics,readingskills,and
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http://macmillanlearning.com
readingstrategies—offervisualreportsthatshowperformanceby
topic,class,andstudentaswellascomparisonreportsthattrack
improvementovertime.Usethesereportstotargetadditionalpractice
byassigningquizzesfromtheExerciseCentralquestionbank.

12. Pre-builtunits—includingreadings,videos,quizzes,discussion
groups,andmore—areeasytoadaptandassignbyaddingyourown
materialsandmixingthemwithourhigh-qualitymultimediacontent
andready-madeassessmentoptions,suchasLearningCurveadaptive
quizzing.
LaunchPadalsoprovidesaccesstoagradebookthatoffersaclear
windowontheperformanceofyourwholeclass,individualstudents,
andevenresultsofindividualassignments.
UseLaunchPadonitsownorintegrateitwithyourschool’slearning
managementsystemsothatyourclassisalwaysonthesamepage.
LaunchPadforPatternsforCollegeWritingcanbepurchasedonitsow
nor
packagedwiththeprintbookatasignificantdiscount.Anactivationco
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required.ToorderLaunchPadforPatternsforCollegeWritingwiththe
print
book,useISBN978-1-319-13642-0.Formoreinformation,goto
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ChoosefromAlternativeFormatsofPatternsforCollegeWriting
Bedford/St.Martin’soffersarangeofaffordableformats,allowing
studentstochoosetheonethatworksbestforthem.
PaperbackToorderthepaperbackedition,useISBN978-1-319-
05664-
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Populare-BookformatsFordetailsofoure-Bookpartners,visit
macmillanlearning.com/ebooks.
SelectValuePackages

13. Addvaluetoyourtextbypackagingoneofthefollowingresourceswith
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thefollowingproducts,contactyourBedford/St.Martin’ssalesrepre
sentative
orvisitmacmillanlearning.com.
LaunchPadSoloforReadersandWritersallowsstudentstoworkon
whatevertheyneedhelpwiththemost.Athomeorinclass,studentslear
nat
theirownpace,withinstructiontailoredtoeachstudent’suniqueneed
s.
LaunchPadSoloforReadersandWritersfeatures:
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http://macmillanlearning.com/ebooks
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Pre-builtunitsthatsupportalearningarc.Eacheasy-to-assignunit
iscomposedofapre-
testcheck,multimediainstructionandassessment,
andapost-testthatassesseswhatstudentshavelearnedaboutcritical
reading,writingprocess,usingsources,grammar,style,andmechani
cs.
Dedicatedunitsalsoofferhelpfor multilingualwriters.
Diagnosticsthathelpestablishabaselineforinstruction.Assign
diagnosticstoidentifyareasofstrengthandareasforimprovementon
topicsrelatedtogrammarandreadingandtohelpstudentsplana
courseofstudy.Usevisualreportstotrackperformancebytopic,cla ss,
andstudentaswellascomparisonreportsthattrackimprovementover
time.
Avideointroductiontomanytopics.Introductionsofferanoverview
oftheunit’stopic,andmanyincludeabrief,accessiblevideoto

14. illustratetheconceptsathand.
Twenty-fivereadingselectionswithcomprehensionquizzes.Assign
arangeofclassicandcontemporaryessays,eachofwhichincludesa
labelindicatingLexileleveltohelpyouscaffoldinstructionincritical
reading.
Adaptivequizzingfortargetedlearning.Mostunitsinclude
LearningCurve,game-likeadaptivequizzingthatfocuse sontheareas
inwhicheachstudentneedsthemosthelp.
Theabilitytomonitorstudentprogress.Useourgradebooktosee
whichstudentsareontrackandwhichneedadditionalhelpwith
specifictopics.
Additionalreadingcomprehensionquizzes.PatternsforCollege
Writingincludesmultiple-choicequizzes,whichhelpyouquickly
gaugeyourstudents’understandingoftheassignedreading.Theseare
availableinLaunchPadSoloforReadersandWriters.
OrderISBN978-1-319-14527-
9topackageLaunchPadSoloforReadersand
WriterswithPatternsforCollegeWritingatasignificantdiscount.Stu
dents
whorentorbuyausedbookcanpurchaseaccess,andinstructorsmayre
quest
freeaccessatmacmillanlearning.com/readwrite.
Writer’sHelp2.0isapowerfulonlinewritingresourcethathelps
studentsfindanswerswhethertheyaresearchingforwritingadviceon
their
ownoraspartofanassignment.
Smartsearch.Builtonresearchwithmorethan1,600studentwriters,
http://macmillanlearning.com/readwrite

15. thesmartsearchinWriter’sHelpprovidesreliableresultsevenwhen
studentsusenoviceterms,suchasflowandunstuck.
Trustedcontentfromourbest-sellinghandbooks.ChooseWriter’s
Help2.0,HackerVersion,orWriter’sHelp2.0,LunsfordVersion,and
ensurethatstudentshaveclearadviceandexamplesforalloftheir
writingquestions.
Diagnosticsthathelpestablishabaselineforinstruction.Assign
diagnosticstoidentifyareasofstrengthandareasforimprovementon
topicsrelatedtogrammarandreadingandtohelpstudentsplana
courseofstudy.Usevisualreportstotrackperformancebytopic,class,
andstudentaswellascomparisonreportsthattrackimprovementover
time.
Adaptiveexercisesthatengagestudents.Writer’sHelp2.0includes
LearningCurve,game-
likeonlinequizzingthatadaptstowhatstudents
alreadyknowandhelpsthemfocusonwhattheyneedtolearn.
Readingcomprehensionquizzes.PatternsforCollegeWriting
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students’understandingoftheassignedreading.Theseareavailablei
n
Writer’sHelp2.0.
Writer’sHelp2.0canbepackagedwithPatternsforCollegeWritingat
a
significantdiscount.Formoreinformation,contactyoursalesreprese
ntative
orvisitmacmillanlearning.com/writershelp2.
MacmillanLearningCurriculum

16. Solution
s
Curriculum