a huge problem as the longevity of humans increase

2. Osteoporosis: The Silent Killer
 The use of
bisphosphonates and
selective estrogen receptor
modulators have
revolutionized the
treatment.General
hygienic interventions,
such as dietary or
supplemental calcium and
adequate physical activity
are recommended for
virtually all patients.

3.  Osteoporosis is a condition
characterized by a decrease in the density
of bone, decreasing its strength and
resulting in fragile bones.
 It leads to abnormally porous bone that
is compressible, like a sponge.
 Normal bone is composed of protein,
collagen, and calcium, all of which give
bone its strength.

5.  This disorder of the skeleton weakens the
bone and results in the frequent fractures in
the bone.
 The spine, hips, ribs, and wrists are common
areas of bone fractures from osteoporosis.

6.  Thin and small body frame
 Family history of osteoporosis
 Smoking

7.  Excessive alcohol consumption
 Diet low in calcium
 Malabsorption

8. classification
 Osteoporosis may be either primary or secondary.
 Primary or physiological osteoporosis has been divided
into two main types by some as
1. postmenopausal osteoporosis(Type I)
2.Age-related(senile )osteoporosis(Type II)
 The most common forms of osteoporosis are senile
and post-menopausal osteoporosis
 Age-related osteoporosis affects men & women of 7o
years or older.

9.  Fractures - over 1.5 million annually caused by
osteoporosis in the USA.
 Vertebrae fracture - approximately 700,000
vertebral (spinal) fractures annually in the USA.
 Hip fracture - about 300,000 hip fractures
due to osteoporosis annually in the USA.
 Wrist fracture - about 250,000 wrist
fractures in the USA.

10.  This disorder of the skeleton weakens the
bone and results in the frequent fractures in
the bone.
 The spine, hips, ribs, and wrists are common
areas of bone fractures from osteoporosis.

11. • At the top is the
normal Bone
• Effected by
osteopenia showing
lack of calcium
• Severe case of
osteoporosis

12. Primary osteoporosis:
 The condition is caused by age-related
bone loss.
 Usually in people after the age of 70.

13. Secondary osteoporosis:
 The loss of bone mass is caused by
lifestyle factors, diseases or medications.
Causes:
 Hypogonadism
 alcohol abuse
hypercalciurea
 immobilization

14.  Low testosterone levels in men
(hypogonadism)
 Chemotherapy
 Chronic inflammation, due to chronic
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or
liver diseases
 Hyperthyroidism

15. SECONDARY CAUSES OF
OSTEOPOROSISEndorine disecase
1. Hypogonadism*
2.Hyperparathyroidism
3 .Hyperthyroidism
4.Cushing's syndrome
5. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Inflammatory disease
1. Inflammatory bowel disease .
2.Ankylosing spondylitis
3.Rheumatoid arthritis .
Gastrointestinal disease
1. Malabsorption
2.Chronic liver disease
* Hypogonadism plays an important role in
osteoporosis associated with these conditions.
Drugs
1.Corticosteroids
2.Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
agonists*
3.Aromatase inhibitors
4.Thyroxine over-replacement
5.Sedatives 6. Rosiglitazone
7.Anticonvulsants
8. Alcohol excess 9.Heparin .10. Cyclosporine
Miscellaneous
1.Myeloma
2.Homocystinuria
3.Anorexia nervosa*
4.Highly trained athletes*
5.Gaucher's disease
6.Systemic mastocytosis
7.Immobilisation
8.Poor diet/low body weight .
9. Osteogenesis imperfecta

16. Nonmodifiable :
1.Personal history of
fracture as an adult .
2. History of fracture
in first-degree
relative.
3. Female sex
4. Advanced age
5. Caucasian race
6. Dementia
Potentially modifiable
: 1.Current cigarette
smoking
2. Low body weight
[<58 kg (127 lb)] .
3. Estrogen deficiency
4. Low calcium intake
5.Alcoholism
6. Poor health/frailty .
7. Inadequate physical
activity .
8. Recurrent falls
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
Fracture