3. INTRODUCTION
FRESHWATER
Freshwater are areas which having law salt
concentration approximately less than 1% and
organisms that can not survive in other regions that
have high salt concentration such as sea and oceans.
4. FRESHWATER TYPES
1:- Lentic
(standing bodies of water)
-ponds and lakes
2:- Lotic
(moving bodies of water)
-streams and rivers.
5. 1. LENTIC (STANDING BODIES OF WATER)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PONDS AND LAKES
Speared on earth
Those are differ from just a few square meters to
thousands of square kilometers.
Many ponds are seasonal
Lasting for few months
However lakes may exist for hundreds of years.
6. ZONES OF POND AND LAKES
LITTORAL ZONE
LIMNETIC ZONE
PROFUADAL ZONE
BENTHIC ZONE
8. 2.LIMNETIC ZONE
The near surface after
littoral zone well
lighted, and has a
large amount of
phytoplankton and
Zooplankton.
9. 3.PROFUNDAL ZONE
This zone is much colder
also there is a little light
penetrates into this zone.
Zones organisms are
heterotrophs, meaning
that they eat dead
organisms and use oxygen
for cellular respiration.
Example dead plankton
that fall down from
limnetic zone.
10. 4.BENTHIC ZONE Benthic organisms that are
greater than 1 mm in size.
Some examples are
polychaete worms, bivalves,
echinoderms, sea
anemones, corals, sponges,
sea squirts, turbellarians
and larger crustaceans such
as crabs, lobsters and
cumaceans.
11. CLIMATE OF LAKES AND PONDS
DURING THE SUMMER
The temperature can range from 4°c near the bottom
to 22°c at the top.
DURING THE WINTER
The temperature at the bottom can be 4°c while the
top is 0°c.
DURING THE SPRING AND FALL SEASONS
There is a mixing of the top and bottom layers usually
due to winds which results in uniform water
temperature of around 4°c.
12. 2.LOTIC (MOVING WATER BODIES)
RIVERS AND STREAMS
These are bodies of flowing water moving in one
direction.
They get their starts at headwater which may be
springs , snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all
the way to their mouth.
The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at
the mouth.
13. STREMS AND RIVERS PARTS
High oxygen level
In the middle part numerous
aquatic green plants and algae can
be found.
The mouth of river , the water
becomes murky from all the
sediments that it has picked up
upstream .
Because of the lower levels in mouth,
fish that require less oxygen ,such as
a catfish and crap can be found.
There is a less light that is a reason
for less diversity of flora in streams
and river.
14. FLORA AND FAUNA WHICH ARE LIVE IN RIVERS
AND STREMS
Frogs and turtles are prevalent in freshwater bodies of
all types. Species vary depending on location. Many
species of fish can be found in rivers and streams,
including trout, eels, mullets, bully's, molly's and
catfish.
Three types of plants usually live in rivers and streams:
algae, mosses and submerged plants.
Stonewort, plankton algae and chara can be found in
many rivers and streams
17. REFERENCES
ECOLOGY BY MOHAN P. ARORA
FIFTH EDITION Page no. 77 to 79
FRESH WATER HABITAT SCIENCE &
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA BY S.K GHOSH &
A.G.PONNISH