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Oil spill 
By 
Ghassan hadi
OOiill SSppiillllss
:Introduction 
An oil spill is a release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment 
due to human activity or any accident, and it is a form of pollution. Oil spills 
include releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms , drilling rigs 
and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, 
diesel) and their by-products, and heavier fuels used by large ships such as 
.bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil 
•
So, Oil spills are a major threat to the environment 
which they severely damage the surrounding ecosystems.
Oil is the most ccoommmmoonn ppoolllluuttaanntt iinn tthhee 
.. oocceeaannss 
MMoorree tthhaann 33 mmiilllliioonn mmeettrriicc ttoonnss ooff ooiill 
.. ccoonnttaammiinnaattee tthhee sseeaa eevveerryy yyeeaarr 
TThhee mmaajjoorriittyy ooff ooiill ppoolllluuttiioonn iinn tthhee oocceeaannss 
..ccoommeess ffrroomm llaanndd 
RRuunn ooffff aanndd wwaassttee ffrroomm cciittiieess,, iinndduussttrryy,, 
.. aanndd rriivveerrss ccaarrrriieess ooiill iinnttoo tthhee oocceeaann 
SShhiippss ccaauussee aabboouutt aa tthhiirrdd ooff tthhee ooiill 
ppoolllluuttiioonn iinn tthhee oocceeaannss wwhheenn tthheeyy wwaasshh 
..oouutt tthheeiirr ttaannkkss oorr dduummpp tthheeiirr bbiillggee wwaatteerr
HHuummaann iimmppaacctt ooff ooiill ssppiillllss 
AAnn ooiill ssppiillll rreepprreesseennttss aann iimmmmeeddiiaattee ffiirree • 
..hhaazzaarrdd 
SSppiilllleedd ooiill ccaann aallssoo ccoonnttaammiinnaattee ddrriinnkkiinngg • 
..wwaatteerr ssuupppplliieess 
CCoonnttaammiinnaattiioonn ccaann hhaavvee aann eeccoonnoommiicc • 
iimmppaacctt oonn ttoouurriissmm aanndd mmaarriinnee rreessoouurrccee 
..eexxttrraaccttiioonn iinndduussttrriieess
AAllggaaee aanndd ootthheerr llooccaall ppllaannttss hhaavvee bbeeeenn rreeppoorrtteedd ttoo • 
bbee eerraaddiiccaatteedd.. AAnniimmaallss tthhaatt ccoommee iinn ttoouucchh wwiitthh hhiigghh 
.. ccoonncceennttrraattiioonnss ooff ooiill ddiiee ooff ooiill ppooiissoonniinngg 
WWoorrmmss,, mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss aanndd yyoouunngg sseeaa ccrreeaattuurreess aarree • 
mmoorree sseennssiittiivvee.. HHuummaannss aanndd ootthheerr aanniimmaallss lliivviinngg nneeaarr 
..tthhee sseeaa aarree aallssoo tthhrreeaatteenneedd 
AAmmoonngg tthheessee ccoommppoouunnddss,, aarroommaattiicc hhyyddrrooccaarrbboonnss • 
tthhaatt llooww bbooiilliinngg ppooiinntt aarree mmoorree ddaannggeerroouuss,, ssuucchh aass 
bbeennzzeennee,, ttoolluueennee aanndd xxyylleennee.. NNaapphhtthhaalleennee aanndd 
..PPhheennaanntthhrreennee aarree mmoorree ppooiissoonnoouuss ffoorr ffiisshheess
AArroommaattiicc ccoommppoouunnddss aarree mmoorree ssoolluubbllee iinn wwaatteerr tthhaann • 
ssaattuurraatteedd hhyyddrrooccaarrbboonnss;; tthheerreeffoorree ccrreeaattuurreess mmaayy 
bbeeccoommee ppooiissoonneedd wwiitthhoouutt ddiirreecctt ccoonnttaacctt wwiitthh tthhee ooiill 
..bbyy tthhee ppoolllluutteedd wwaatteerr 
FFoorrttuunnaatteellyy tthheessee ccoommppoouunnddss aarree vvoollaattiillee;; tthheeiirr • 
..hhaarrmmffuull eeffffeeccttss wwiillll ddeeccrreeaassee wwiitthh ttiimmee
CChheemmiiCCaall 
mmeetthhooddss
DDiissppeerrssaannttss 
CChheemmiiccaallss,, ssuucchh aass ddeetteerrggeennttss,, bbrreeaakk aappaarrtt • 
ffllooaattiinngg ooiill iinnttoo ssmmaallll ppaarrttiicclleess oorr ddrrooppss ssoo tthhaatt 
tthhee ooiill iiss nnoo lloonnggeerr iinn aa llaayyeerr oonn tthhee wwaatteerr’’ss 
.. ssuurrffaaccee 
TThheessee cchheemmiiccaallss bbrreeaakk uupp aa llaayyeerr ooff ooiill iinnttoo • 
.. ssmmaallll ddrroopplleettss 
TThhee pprroobblleemm wwiitthh tthhiiss mmeetthhoodd iiss tthhaatt • 
ddiissppeerrssaannttss oofftteenn hhaarrmm mmaarriinnee lliiffee aanndd tthhee 
ddiissppeerrsseedd ooiill rreemmaaiinnss iinn tthhee bbooddyy ooff wwaatteerr 
..wwhheerree iitt iiss ttooxxiicc ttoo mmaarriinnee lliiffee
PPhhyyssiiccaall 
MMeetthhooddss
BBuurrnniinngg 
BBuurrnniinngg ooff ooiill ccaann aaccttuuaallllyy rreemmoovvee uupp ttoo 9988%% ooff aann • 
.. ooiill ssppiillll 
TThhee ssppiillll mmuusstt bbee aa mmiinniimmuumm ooff tthhrreeee mmiilllliimmeettrreess • 
tthhiicckk aanndd iitt mmuusstt bbee rreellaattiivveellyy ffrreesshh ffoorr tthhiiss mmeetthhoodd 
..ttoo wwoorrkk
BBiioorreemmeeddiiaattiioonn 
TThheerree aarree bbaacctteerriiaa aanndd ffuunnggii tthhaatt nnaattuurraallllyy • 
.. bbrreeaakk ddoowwnn ooiill 
TThhiiss pprroocceessss iiss uussuuaallllyy vveerryy ssllooww-- iitt wwoouulldd • 
ttaakkee yyeeaarrss ffoorr ooiill ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd bbyy 
.. mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
AAddddiinngg eeiitthheerr ffeerrttiilliizzeerr oorr mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss ttoo • 
tthhee wwaatteerr wwhheerree tthhee ssppiillll iiss llooccaatteedd ccaann ssppeeeedd 
.. uupp tthhee bbrreeaakkddoowwnn pprroocceessss 
TThhee ffeerrttiilliizzeerr ggiivveess tthhee bbaacctteerriiaa aanndd ffuunnggii • 
tthhee nnuuttrriieennttss tthheeyy nneeeedd ttoo ggrrooww aanndd 
.. rreepprroodduuccee qquuiicckkeerr
MMeecchhaanniiccaall 
MMeetthhooddss
Booms 
It’s easier to clean-up oil if it’s all in one spot, so • 
equipment called containment booms act like a 
fence to keep the oil from spreading or floating 
. away
• One problem with using this method is that once tthhee mmaatteerriiaall iiss 
ccooaatteedd wwiitthh ooiill,, iitt mmaayy tthheenn bbee hheeaavviieerr tthhaann wwaatteerr.. 
• TThheenn yyoouu hhaavvee tthhee pprroobblleemm ooff tthhee ooiill--ccooaatteedd mmaatteerriiaall ssiinnkkiinngg ttoo 
tthhee bboottttoomm wwhheerree iitt ccoouulldd hhaarrmm aanniimmaallss lliivviinngg tthheerree..
MMeecchhaanniiccaall 
MMeetthhoodd-- 
SSkkiimmmmeerrSS
OOnnccee yyoouu’’vvee ccoonnttaaiinneedd tthhee ooiill,, yyoouu nneeeedd ttoo • 
..rreemmoovvee iitt ffrroomm tthhee wwaatteerr ssuurrffaaccee 
SSkkiimmmmeerrss aarree mmaacchhiinneess tthhaatt ssuucckk tthhee ooiill uupp • 
lliikkee aa vvaaccuuuumm cclleeaanneerr,, bblloott tthhee ooiill ffrroomm tthhee 
ssuurrffaaccee wwiitthh ooiill--aattttrraaccttiinngg mmaatteerriiaallss,, oorr 
pphhyyssiiccaallllyy sseeppaarraattee tthhee ooiill ffrroomm tthhee wwaatteerr 
.. ssoo tthhaatt iitt ssppiillllss oovveerr aa ddaamm iinnttoo aa ttaannkk 
•
OOiill sskkiimmmmeerrss aarree ccoommmmoonnllyy • 
:: ffoouunndd iinn tthhrreeee ttyyppeess 
WWeeiirr 11.. 
OOlleeoopphhiilliicc 22.. 
NNoonn-- OOlleeoopphhiilliicc 33..
WWeeiirr sskkiimmmmeerrss ffuunnccttiioonn bbyy aalllloowwiinngg • 
tthhee ooiill ffllooaattiinngg oonn tthhee ssuurrffaaccee ooff tthhee 
.. wwaatteerr ttoo ffllooww oovveerr aa wweeiirr 
``
Thank you

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oil spill

  • 1. Oil spill By Ghassan hadi
  • 3. :Introduction An oil spill is a release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment due to human activity or any accident, and it is a form of pollution. Oil spills include releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms , drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, and heavier fuels used by large ships such as .bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil •
  • 4. So, Oil spills are a major threat to the environment which they severely damage the surrounding ecosystems.
  • 5.
  • 6. Oil is the most ccoommmmoonn ppoolllluuttaanntt iinn tthhee .. oocceeaannss MMoorree tthhaann 33 mmiilllliioonn mmeettrriicc ttoonnss ooff ooiill .. ccoonnttaammiinnaattee tthhee sseeaa eevveerryy yyeeaarr TThhee mmaajjoorriittyy ooff ooiill ppoolllluuttiioonn iinn tthhee oocceeaannss ..ccoommeess ffrroomm llaanndd RRuunn ooffff aanndd wwaassttee ffrroomm cciittiieess,, iinndduussttrryy,, .. aanndd rriivveerrss ccaarrrriieess ooiill iinnttoo tthhee oocceeaann SShhiippss ccaauussee aabboouutt aa tthhiirrdd ooff tthhee ooiill ppoolllluuttiioonn iinn tthhee oocceeaannss wwhheenn tthheeyy wwaasshh ..oouutt tthheeiirr ttaannkkss oorr dduummpp tthheeiirr bbiillggee wwaatteerr
  • 7. HHuummaann iimmppaacctt ooff ooiill ssppiillllss AAnn ooiill ssppiillll rreepprreesseennttss aann iimmmmeeddiiaattee ffiirree • ..hhaazzaarrdd SSppiilllleedd ooiill ccaann aallssoo ccoonnttaammiinnaattee ddrriinnkkiinngg • ..wwaatteerr ssuupppplliieess CCoonnttaammiinnaattiioonn ccaann hhaavvee aann eeccoonnoommiicc • iimmppaacctt oonn ttoouurriissmm aanndd mmaarriinnee rreessoouurrccee ..eexxttrraaccttiioonn iinndduussttrriieess
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. AAllggaaee aanndd ootthheerr llooccaall ppllaannttss hhaavvee bbeeeenn rreeppoorrtteedd ttoo • bbee eerraaddiiccaatteedd.. AAnniimmaallss tthhaatt ccoommee iinn ttoouucchh wwiitthh hhiigghh .. ccoonncceennttrraattiioonnss ooff ooiill ddiiee ooff ooiill ppooiissoonniinngg WWoorrmmss,, mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss aanndd yyoouunngg sseeaa ccrreeaattuurreess aarree • mmoorree sseennssiittiivvee.. HHuummaannss aanndd ootthheerr aanniimmaallss lliivviinngg nneeaarr ..tthhee sseeaa aarree aallssoo tthhrreeaatteenneedd AAmmoonngg tthheessee ccoommppoouunnddss,, aarroommaattiicc hhyyddrrooccaarrbboonnss • tthhaatt llooww bbooiilliinngg ppooiinntt aarree mmoorree ddaannggeerroouuss,, ssuucchh aass bbeennzzeennee,, ttoolluueennee aanndd xxyylleennee.. NNaapphhtthhaalleennee aanndd ..PPhheennaanntthhrreennee aarree mmoorree ppooiissoonnoouuss ffoorr ffiisshheess
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. AArroommaattiicc ccoommppoouunnddss aarree mmoorree ssoolluubbllee iinn wwaatteerr tthhaann • ssaattuurraatteedd hhyyddrrooccaarrbboonnss;; tthheerreeffoorree ccrreeaattuurreess mmaayy bbeeccoommee ppooiissoonneedd wwiitthhoouutt ddiirreecctt ccoonnttaacctt wwiitthh tthhee ooiill ..bbyy tthhee ppoolllluutteedd wwaatteerr FFoorrttuunnaatteellyy tthheessee ccoommppoouunnddss aarree vvoollaattiillee;; tthheeiirr • ..hhaarrmmffuull eeffffeeccttss wwiillll ddeeccrreeaassee wwiitthh ttiimmee
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 23. DDiissppeerrssaannttss CChheemmiiccaallss,, ssuucchh aass ddeetteerrggeennttss,, bbrreeaakk aappaarrtt • ffllooaattiinngg ooiill iinnttoo ssmmaallll ppaarrttiicclleess oorr ddrrooppss ssoo tthhaatt tthhee ooiill iiss nnoo lloonnggeerr iinn aa llaayyeerr oonn tthhee wwaatteerr’’ss .. ssuurrffaaccee TThheessee cchheemmiiccaallss bbrreeaakk uupp aa llaayyeerr ooff ooiill iinnttoo • .. ssmmaallll ddrroopplleettss TThhee pprroobblleemm wwiitthh tthhiiss mmeetthhoodd iiss tthhaatt • ddiissppeerrssaannttss oofftteenn hhaarrmm mmaarriinnee lliiffee aanndd tthhee ddiissppeerrsseedd ooiill rreemmaaiinnss iinn tthhee bbooddyy ooff wwaatteerr ..wwhheerree iitt iiss ttooxxiicc ttoo mmaarriinnee lliiffee
  • 24.
  • 26. BBuurrnniinngg BBuurrnniinngg ooff ooiill ccaann aaccttuuaallllyy rreemmoovvee uupp ttoo 9988%% ooff aann • .. ooiill ssppiillll TThhee ssppiillll mmuusstt bbee aa mmiinniimmuumm ooff tthhrreeee mmiilllliimmeettrreess • tthhiicckk aanndd iitt mmuusstt bbee rreellaattiivveellyy ffrreesshh ffoorr tthhiiss mmeetthhoodd ..ttoo wwoorrkk
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. BBiioorreemmeeddiiaattiioonn TThheerree aarree bbaacctteerriiaa aanndd ffuunnggii tthhaatt nnaattuurraallllyy • .. bbrreeaakk ddoowwnn ooiill TThhiiss pprroocceessss iiss uussuuaallllyy vveerryy ssllooww-- iitt wwoouulldd • ttaakkee yyeeaarrss ffoorr ooiill ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd bbyy .. mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss AAddddiinngg eeiitthheerr ffeerrttiilliizzeerr oorr mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss ttoo • tthhee wwaatteerr wwhheerree tthhee ssppiillll iiss llooccaatteedd ccaann ssppeeeedd .. uupp tthhee bbrreeaakkddoowwnn pprroocceessss TThhee ffeerrttiilliizzeerr ggiivveess tthhee bbaacctteerriiaa aanndd ffuunnggii • tthhee nnuuttrriieennttss tthheeyy nneeeedd ttoo ggrrooww aanndd .. rreepprroodduuccee qquuiicckkeerr
  • 31. Booms It’s easier to clean-up oil if it’s all in one spot, so • equipment called containment booms act like a fence to keep the oil from spreading or floating . away
  • 32.
  • 33. • One problem with using this method is that once tthhee mmaatteerriiaall iiss ccooaatteedd wwiitthh ooiill,, iitt mmaayy tthheenn bbee hheeaavviieerr tthhaann wwaatteerr.. • TThheenn yyoouu hhaavvee tthhee pprroobblleemm ooff tthhee ooiill--ccooaatteedd mmaatteerriiaall ssiinnkkiinngg ttoo tthhee bboottttoomm wwhheerree iitt ccoouulldd hhaarrmm aanniimmaallss lliivviinngg tthheerree..
  • 34.
  • 36. OOnnccee yyoouu’’vvee ccoonnttaaiinneedd tthhee ooiill,, yyoouu nneeeedd ttoo • ..rreemmoovvee iitt ffrroomm tthhee wwaatteerr ssuurrffaaccee SSkkiimmmmeerrss aarree mmaacchhiinneess tthhaatt ssuucckk tthhee ooiill uupp • lliikkee aa vvaaccuuuumm cclleeaanneerr,, bblloott tthhee ooiill ffrroomm tthhee ssuurrffaaccee wwiitthh ooiill--aattttrraaccttiinngg mmaatteerriiaallss,, oorr pphhyyssiiccaallllyy sseeppaarraattee tthhee ooiill ffrroomm tthhee wwaatteerr .. ssoo tthhaatt iitt ssppiillllss oovveerr aa ddaamm iinnttoo aa ttaannkk •
  • 37. OOiill sskkiimmmmeerrss aarree ccoommmmoonnllyy • :: ffoouunndd iinn tthhrreeee ttyyppeess WWeeiirr 11.. OOlleeoopphhiilliicc 22.. NNoonn-- OOlleeoopphhiilliicc 33..
  • 38. WWeeiirr sskkiimmmmeerrss ffuunnccttiioonn bbyy aalllloowwiinngg • tthhee ooiill ffllooaattiinngg oonn tthhee ssuurrffaaccee ooff tthhee .. wwaatteerr ttoo ffllooww oovveerr aa wweeiirr ``
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.