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Geenit ja yhteiskunta –Argumenta-hankkeen seminaari
Kiehtovat geenit
Oulun yliopisto 20.11.2017
Genominmuokkauksen
eettiset kysymykset
Marko Ahteensuu
mataah@utu.fi
Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS), Turun yliopisto
(Ladattavissa sivustolta: https://utu.academia.edu/MarkoAhteensuu)
MITÄ GENOMIN-
MUOKKAUS ON?
2
•  Genominmuokkauksella viitataan
menetelmiin, joiden avulla perimää voidaan
muuttaa tarkoin määrätyistä kohdista
–  Esim. CRISPR-Cas9, ODM, TALEN ja ZFN
3
•  ”(...) it has
matured into a
molecular marvel,
and much of the
world—not just
biologists—is
taking notice of
the genome-editing
method CRISPR,
Science’s 2015
Breakthrough of
the Year”
MITÄ EETTISET
KYSYMYKSET OVAT?
4
•  Eettiset kysymykset liittyvät oikeuksiin,
velvollisuuksiin, oikeudenmukaisuuteen, reiluuteen,
arvoihin ja hyveisiin sekä yleisemmin moraaliseen
oikeaan ja väärään
–  Esim. moraaliseen oikeaan ja väärään liittyvät kysymykset,
jotka nousevat genominmuokkausta hyödyntävästä
tutkimuksesta ja sen käytännön sovelluksista
•  Systemaattisesti eettisiä kysymyksiä tarkastellaan
esimerkiksi filosofisessa geeni- ja bioetiikassa
5
https://www.hs.fi/tiede/
art-2000005313311.html
6
7
Eettinen analyysi
ja argumentit
8
Mitä tarkalleen
ottaen väitetään?
9
”At this early state,
scientists should agree not
to modify the DNA of
human reproductive cells”
10
Miten väitettä
on perusteltu?
11
”[At the moment] the precise
effects of genetic
modification to an embryo
may be impossible to know
until after birth”
12
”could have
unpredictable effects
on future generations”
13
”public outcry ( ) could
hinder a promising area of
therapeutic development
[i.e. somatic cell gene therapies]”
14
”could be exploited for
non-therapeutic
modifications”
15
”unclear what information
would be needed or
obtainable to adequately
inform prospective parents
of the risks ”
16
”established methods, such
as standard prenatal genetic
diagnostics or in vitro
fertilization ( ) are much
better options”
17
EETTISIÄ
ARGUMENTTEJA
• Tunnetut riskit ja mahdolliset odottamattomat
seuraukset
• Kalteva pinta
• Parantelu
• Vapaa tietoon perustuva suostumus
• Paremmat vaihtoehdot
–  Muita:
• Perustavien rajojen rikkominen (luonnottomuus,
hybris, ”Playing God”), oikeudenmukaisuus ja
reiluus, väärinkäyttö (Biosecurity) 18
19 20
•  Arthur L. Caplan et al.: ”Other applications in animals, however, pose
novel ethical concerns (…) [t]here are specific regulatory challenges and
ethical issues pertinent to the various applications of CRISPR
technology to edit both somatic and germ line human cells. Far more
worrisome, however, is the emerging application of CRISPR to non-human
organisms”
•  Martina Baumann: ”need for regulatory action and discussion does not stem
primarily from the fact that CRISPR/Cas9 germline editing is revolutionary
in terms of its ethical implications and potential for human therapy,
although this is the prevailing view in the current discussion (…) [in editing
human germline], CRISPR does not lead to any fundamentally new
ethical issues”
UUTTA VAI VANHAA?
Baumann M (2016) “CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing – New and Old Ethical Issues Arising from a Revolutionary Technology”,
Nanoethics 10: 139–159.
Caplan AL, Parent B, Shen M & Plunkett C (2015) “No Time to Waste–The Ethical Challenges Created by CRISPR”, EMBO
Reports 16(11): 142–146.
21
LUKEMISTO
•  Ahteensuu M (2017) “Genominmuokkauksen pelisäännöt”,
Kiehtovat geenit: mihin geenitietoa käytetään? (toim. Maarit
Jokela, Mirkka Oja-Leikas & Meri Rova), Duodecim: 111-118.
•  Ahteensuu M (online first) “Synthetic Biology, Genome
Editing, and the Risk of Bioterrorism”, Science and
Engineering Ethics [suora linkki: http://rdcu.be/osqz]
•  Ahteensuu M & Blockus H (2016) “Biohacking and Citizen
Engagement with Science and Technology”, teoksessa
Ahteensuu M (toim.), E pluribus unum: Scripta in honorem
Eerik Lagerspetz sexagesimum annum complentis.
[https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/120589]
LUKEMISTO
•  Siipi H & Ahteensuu M (toim.) (2016), Muuntogeenisen ruoan
etiikka, United Press (2. painos päivitetyllä johdannolla).
•  Ahteensuu M (2015) “Synteettisen biologian etiikka:
bioturvaamisnäkökohtia”, Dosis 31(4): 228–240.
•  Ritala A, Koivistoinen O, Jäntti J, Ahteensuu M, Ruohonen-
Lehto M (2013) Synteettinen biologia. Biotekniikan
neuvottelukunnan (BTNK) julkaisuja.
•  Ahteensuu M (2012) “Assumptions of the Deficit Model Type
of Thinking: Ignorance, Attitudes, and Science
Communication in the Debate on Genetic Engineering in
Agriculture”, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental
Ethics 25(3): 295-313. 24
2017
2017
2016

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Genominmuokkauksen eettiset kysymykset

  • 1. 1 Geenit ja yhteiskunta –Argumenta-hankkeen seminaari Kiehtovat geenit Oulun yliopisto 20.11.2017 Genominmuokkauksen eettiset kysymykset Marko Ahteensuu mataah@utu.fi Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS), Turun yliopisto (Ladattavissa sivustolta: https://utu.academia.edu/MarkoAhteensuu) MITÄ GENOMIN- MUOKKAUS ON? 2 •  Genominmuokkauksella viitataan menetelmiin, joiden avulla perimää voidaan muuttaa tarkoin määrätyistä kohdista –  Esim. CRISPR-Cas9, ODM, TALEN ja ZFN 3 •  ”(...) it has matured into a molecular marvel, and much of the world—not just biologists—is taking notice of the genome-editing method CRISPR, Science’s 2015 Breakthrough of the Year” MITÄ EETTISET KYSYMYKSET OVAT? 4 •  Eettiset kysymykset liittyvät oikeuksiin, velvollisuuksiin, oikeudenmukaisuuteen, reiluuteen, arvoihin ja hyveisiin sekä yleisemmin moraaliseen oikeaan ja väärään –  Esim. moraaliseen oikeaan ja väärään liittyvät kysymykset, jotka nousevat genominmuokkausta hyödyntävästä tutkimuksesta ja sen käytännön sovelluksista •  Systemaattisesti eettisiä kysymyksiä tarkastellaan esimerkiksi filosofisessa geeni- ja bioetiikassa
  • 3. Mitä tarkalleen ottaen väitetään? 9 ”At this early state, scientists should agree not to modify the DNA of human reproductive cells” 10 Miten väitettä on perusteltu? 11 ”[At the moment] the precise effects of genetic modification to an embryo may be impossible to know until after birth” 12
  • 4. ”could have unpredictable effects on future generations” 13 ”public outcry ( ) could hinder a promising area of therapeutic development [i.e. somatic cell gene therapies]” 14 ”could be exploited for non-therapeutic modifications” 15 ”unclear what information would be needed or obtainable to adequately inform prospective parents of the risks ” 16
  • 5. ”established methods, such as standard prenatal genetic diagnostics or in vitro fertilization ( ) are much better options” 17 EETTISIÄ ARGUMENTTEJA • Tunnetut riskit ja mahdolliset odottamattomat seuraukset • Kalteva pinta • Parantelu • Vapaa tietoon perustuva suostumus • Paremmat vaihtoehdot –  Muita: • Perustavien rajojen rikkominen (luonnottomuus, hybris, ”Playing God”), oikeudenmukaisuus ja reiluus, väärinkäyttö (Biosecurity) 18 19 20 •  Arthur L. Caplan et al.: ”Other applications in animals, however, pose novel ethical concerns (…) [t]here are specific regulatory challenges and ethical issues pertinent to the various applications of CRISPR technology to edit both somatic and germ line human cells. Far more worrisome, however, is the emerging application of CRISPR to non-human organisms” •  Martina Baumann: ”need for regulatory action and discussion does not stem primarily from the fact that CRISPR/Cas9 germline editing is revolutionary in terms of its ethical implications and potential for human therapy, although this is the prevailing view in the current discussion (…) [in editing human germline], CRISPR does not lead to any fundamentally new ethical issues” UUTTA VAI VANHAA? Baumann M (2016) “CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing – New and Old Ethical Issues Arising from a Revolutionary Technology”, Nanoethics 10: 139–159. Caplan AL, Parent B, Shen M & Plunkett C (2015) “No Time to Waste–The Ethical Challenges Created by CRISPR”, EMBO Reports 16(11): 142–146.
  • 6. 21 LUKEMISTO •  Ahteensuu M (2017) “Genominmuokkauksen pelisäännöt”, Kiehtovat geenit: mihin geenitietoa käytetään? (toim. Maarit Jokela, Mirkka Oja-Leikas & Meri Rova), Duodecim: 111-118. •  Ahteensuu M (online first) “Synthetic Biology, Genome Editing, and the Risk of Bioterrorism”, Science and Engineering Ethics [suora linkki: http://rdcu.be/osqz] •  Ahteensuu M & Blockus H (2016) “Biohacking and Citizen Engagement with Science and Technology”, teoksessa Ahteensuu M (toim.), E pluribus unum: Scripta in honorem Eerik Lagerspetz sexagesimum annum complentis. [https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/120589] LUKEMISTO •  Siipi H & Ahteensuu M (toim.) (2016), Muuntogeenisen ruoan etiikka, United Press (2. painos päivitetyllä johdannolla). •  Ahteensuu M (2015) “Synteettisen biologian etiikka: bioturvaamisnäkökohtia”, Dosis 31(4): 228–240. •  Ritala A, Koivistoinen O, Jäntti J, Ahteensuu M, Ruohonen- Lehto M (2013) Synteettinen biologia. Biotekniikan neuvottelukunnan (BTNK) julkaisuja. •  Ahteensuu M (2012) “Assumptions of the Deficit Model Type of Thinking: Ignorance, Attitudes, and Science Communication in the Debate on Genetic Engineering in Agriculture”, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 25(3): 295-313. 24 2017 2017 2016