1. Submitted By:
Muhammed Ashraf Vaishnav P
Muhammed Aslam P M Rahul K H
Subin Sankar Akshay P
Nibin P Manu Prasad K
Sreerag
Wireless Sensor Network
2. CONTENTS
โข INTRODUCTION
โข ARCHITECTURE OF WSN
โข WSN NETWORK TOPPOLOGIES
โข TYPES OF WSN
โข TERRESTRIAL WSN
โข UNDERGROUND WSNs
โข UNDER WATER WSNs
โข MULTIMEDIA WSNs
โข MOBILE WSNs
โข WSNs vs Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
โข LIMITATIONS OF WSNs
โข APPLICATIONS OF WSNs
โข CONCLUSION
3. INTRODUCTION
โข Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed and
dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the
environment and organizing the collected data at a central location.
โข WSNs measure environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels,
humidity, wind, and so on.
โข These are similar to wireless ad hoc network in the sense that they rely on wireless
connectivity and spontaneous formation of networks so that sensor data can be
transported wirelessly.
โข The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military
applications such as battlefield surveillance
โข today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such
as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on
5. โข A Sensor is a device that responds and detects some type of input from
both the physical or environmental conditions, such as pressure, heat,
light, etc.
โข The output of the sensor is generally an electrical signal that is
transmitted to a controller for further processing.
โข The data is forwarded through multiple nodes, and with a gateway, the
data is connected to other networks like wireless ethernet
6. WSNs TOPPOLOGIES
For radio communication networks, the structure of a WSN includes various topologies
like the ones given below.
7. Wireless Sensor Nodes
โข Sensor
๏ง A transducer
๏ง converts physical phenomenon e.g. heat, light, motion, vibration, and sound
into electrical signals
โข Sensor node
๏ง basic unit in sensor network
๏ง contains on-board sensors, processor, memory, transceiver, and power
supply
โข Sensor Network
๏ง consists of a large number of sensor nodes
๏ง nodes deployed either inside or very close to the sensed phenomenon
9. Characteristics
โข Power consumption constraints for nodes using batteries or
energy harvesting
โข Ability to cope with node failures (resilience)
โข Mobility of nodes
โข Heterogeneity of nodes
โข Scalability to large scale of deployment
โข Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
โข Ease of use
โข Cross-layer design
10. TYPES OF WSNs
โข Terrestrial WSNs
โข Underground WSNs
โข Underwater WSNs
โข Multimedia WSNs
โข Mobile WSNs
Depending on the environment, the types of networks are decided so that those can
be deployed underwater, underground, on land, and so on. Different types of WSNs
include:
11. 1. Terrestrial WSNs
โข Terrestrial WSNs are capable of communicating base stations efficiently
โข And consist of hundreds to thousands of wireless sensor nodes deployed
either in unstructured (ad hoc) or structured (Preplanned) manner.
โข In an unstructured mode, the sensor nodes are randomly distributed
within the target area that is dropped from a fixed plane.
โข The preplanned or structured mode considers optimal placement, grid
placement, and 2D, 3D placement models.
โข In this WSN, the battery power is limited; however, the battery is
equipped with solar cells as a secondary power source.
โข The Energy conservation of these WSNs is achieved by using low duty
cycle operations, minimizing delays, and optimal routing, and so on.
12. 2.Underground WSNs
โข The underground WSNs networks consist of a number of sensor
nodes that are hidden in the ground to monitor underground
conditions.
โข To relay information from the sensor nodes to the base station,
additional sink nodes are located above the ground.
โข The underground wireless sensor networks are more expensive
than the terrestrial WSNs in terms of deployment, maintenance,
and equipment cost considerations and careful planning.
13. โข Sensor nodes in underground WSNs have limited battery power and are difficult to
recharge.
โข The underground environment makes wireless communication challenging due to high
levels of attenuation and signal loss.
14. 3.Under Water WSNs
โข More than 70% of the earth is occupied with water.
โข These networks consist of a number of sensor nodes and vehicles
deployed under water.
โข Autonomous underwater vehicles are used for gathering data from
these sensor nodes.
โข . A challenge of underwater communication is a long propagation
delay, and bandwidth and sensor failures.
15.
16. 4.Multimedia WSNs
Multimedia wireless sensor networks have been proposed to enable tracking and
monitoring of events in the form of multimedia, such as imaging, video, and audio.
17. โข These networks consist of low-cost sensor nodes equipped
with microphones and cameras.
โข These nodes are interconnected with each other over a
wireless connection for data compression, data retrieval and
correlation.
18. 5.Mobile WSNs
โข A mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) can simply be defined as a
wireless sensor network (WSN) in which the sensor nodes are mobile.
โข MWSNs are a smaller, emerging field of research in contrast to their
well-established predecessor
โข These networks consist of a collection of sensor nodes that can be
moved on their own and can be interacted with the physical
environment.
โข The mobile nodes have the ability to compute sense and communicate.
โข MWSNs have various applications such as economics, environmental
monitoring, mining, health care, and tactical military surveillance.
โข The major hardware constraints are limited battery power and low-cost
requirements.
20. Applications of WSNs
โข Transportation and logistics
โข Industrial applications
โข Precision agriculture and animal tracking
โข Environmental monitoring
โข Urban terrain tracking and civil structure monitoring
โข structure monitoring Entertainment
โข Entertainment
โข Security and surveillance
โข Health care (health monitoring, medical diagnostics)
โข Smart grids and energy control systems
โข Smart buildings (e.g. indoor climate control)
21. Limitations of WSNs
โข Possess very little storage capacity โ a few hundred kilobytes
โข Possess modest processing power-8MHz
โข Works in short communication range โ consumes a lot of power
โข Requires minimal energy โ constrains protocols
โข Have batteries with a finite life time
โข Passive devices provide little energy
22. Conclusion
โข WSNs possible today due to technological
advancement in various domains
โข Envisioned to become an essential part of our
lives
โข Design Constraints need to be satisfied for
realization of sensor networks
โข Tremendous research efforts being made in
different layers of WSNs protocol stack