Report of the Africa Biogas and Clean Cooking Conference, 5-7 April 2016

0
CONFERENCE
REPORT
Africa Biogas and Clean Cooking
Conference
5-7 April 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
May 2016

1
Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
Day 1 - Tuesday 5 April 2016 ..........................................................................................................4
Plenary Opening Session ............................................................................................................4
Opening address by HE Eng. Wondimu Tekle .........................................................................4
Opening address by Mr Atef Marzouk......................................................................................5
Welcome address by Mr Jan Willem Nibbering ........................................................................5
Opening remarks by Mr Jean Marc Sika ..................................................................................6
Opening remarks by Mr Worku Behonegne .............................................................................7
Opening remarks by Mr Temesgen Tefera...............................................................................8
Celebrations: 13,000th biodigester under the National Biogas Programme of Ethiopia and
awards to biodigester users and masons .................................................................................8
Plenary Presentation Session......................................................................................................9
Introduction to the conference..................................................................................................9
Biodigesters: Clean cooking and more.....................................................................................9
Renewable fuels for household cooking: A strategic perspective on energy transitions...........10
1st round of Parallel Sessions on ‘Clean Cooking and Fuels’ .....................................................11
Session 1.1: Biodigesters and clean cooking to address household air pollution ....................11
Session 1.2: Clean cooking: Fuels for clean cookstoves, a comparison of quality, costs and
availability .............................................................................................................................12
Session 1.3: Clean cooking: Progress with ethanol ................................................................13
Session 1.4: Clean cooking: ICS programmes in Ethiopia......................................................13
Session 1.5: Clean cooking: Biomass briquettes and pellets for cooking fuel..........................14
2nd round of Parallel Sessions on ‘New Sectors and Feedstocks for biodigesters’ .....................16
Session 2.1: Biodigesters & dairy farms, milk chilling and milk processing waste....................16
Session 2.2: Biodigesters & Coffee farms, coffee processing waste and coffee drying ...........17
Session 2.3: Biodigesters & (Peri-)Urban Sanitation...............................................................17
Session 2.4: Medium and large scale biodigesters for electricity generation and productive
uses ......................................................................................................................................18
Session 2.5: Storage and transport of biogas: bottling and backpacks ...................................19
Day 2 - Wednesday 6 April 2016 ...................................................................................................21
Visit to Gogle clean cook stove factory in Addis Ababa ..........................................................21
Visit to micro distillery (ethanol) in Addis Ababa .....................................................................21
Visit to Elyoha dairy farm and biodigester in Bishoftu .............................................................22
Visit to biodigester at the Sustainable Sanitation Transformation in Urban and Peri Urban
Areas (SSTPU)......................................................................................................................22

2
Day 3 - Thursday 7 April 2016.......................................................................................................23
Plenary Presentation Session....................................................................................................23
AEEP Energy Access Workstream ........................................................................................23
Domestic Biodigester Development in India ...........................................................................23
Chinese experiences on domestic biogas development in line with biogas dissemination in
Africa.....................................................................................................................................24
Sistema Biobolsa and Biogas Development in Latin America.................................................25
3rd round of Parallel Sessions on ‘Market and Sector development: Demand side’....................25
Session 3.1: Affordability of household biodigesters: Comparison of innovative new models
and cost reduction.................................................................................................................25
Session 3.2: Affordability of household biogas: the need for end-user credit...........................26
Session 3.3: Alternative financial models for ICS dissemination .............................................27
Session 3.4: Maximising the benefits of bioslurry ...................................................................28
Session 3.5: Engaging men and women in clean cooking interventions..................................28
Session 3.6: Climate finance for clean cooking ......................................................................29
4th round of Parallel Sessions on ‘Market and Sector development: Supply side’.......................30
Session 4.1: Functionality of biodigesters, Customer Service Centres, and company grading 30
Session 4.2: Biodigester innovation and study results of different digester designs ................31
Session 4.3: Clean cooking solutions in refugee camps, schools and institutions ...................31
Session 4.4: Carbon finance for biodigesters .........................................................................32
Session 4.5: Finance for ICS and biodigester programmes, approaches for large-scale market
penetration............................................................................................................................33
Plenary Reflection Session........................................................................................................34
Plenary Closing Session............................................................................................................36
Conclusions and recommendations for present and future clean cooking initiatives................36
Evaluation and closing remarks .............................................................................................37
Annex I - List of participants ..........................................................................................................38
Annex II - Conference agenda.......................................................................................................45
Annex III - Field visit information....................................................................................................49
Annex IV - Conference evaluation results......................................................................................51

3
Introduction
The use of household biogas and bioslurry has expanded across African countries. The Africa Biogas
Partnership Programme (ABPP), financially supported by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
has been implementing national biogas programmes in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and
Burkina Faso since 2009. Biogas activities have been present in Rwanda, Cameroon and Benin, and
more recently, biogas projects have kicked-off in Zimbabwe and Zambia. ABPP supported the
installation of nearly 60,000 biodigesters. A growing number of enterprises are delivering quality
products and services to meet the increasing demand for sustainable biogas solutions; national
markets are emerging. There is a lot to share and to learn from these developments. Improved cook
stoves have proliferated and many models are available. However, how clean they are, is depending
on the design and the fuels. A lot can be improved there. Against this background, Hivos, SNV
Netherlands Development Organisation and the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity in Ethiopia
organised, in cooperation with the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, a conference from April 5 to
7, 2016, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The main objectives of the conference:
 To share knowledge on maximising the benefits of biodigesters (use of biogas and application of
bioslurry), and other clean cooking solutions;
 To offer opportunities to become involved in market development programmes on clean cooking as
a policy maker, donor organisation or investor;
 Contribute to improve implementation practices and scaling up market and sector development for
biodigesters and other clean cooking solutions.
On the first conference day over 160 persons from more than 30 countries participated in the
conference. They represented national, regional and local governments, multilaterals, knowledges
institutes, global associations, businesses, NGOs as well as individual consultants. Please see Annex
I for the list participants or click here.
The conference consisted of several plenary presentation and reporting sessions as well as 21 parallel
sessions and a full day field visit. Please see Annex II for the detailed conference agenda or click here.

4
Day 1 - Tuesday 5 April 2016
Plenary Opening Session (09:00-10:30)
Download the full opening speeches here
Opening address by HE Eng. Wondimu Tekle, State Minister of Water,
Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE)
On behalf of the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity of
the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia it was his great
honour and privilege to welcome the participants to Addis
Ababa. This special gathering of excellencies, officials and
representatives from all over the world, particularly from Africa
continent, are the major players of the Africa biogas and clean
cooking energy sector.
Today, one of the key challenges of achieving sustainable
development is the issue of the provision of sustainable, reliable
and affordable modern energy. The lack of access to modern
energy is still a significant constraint to the effort to bring social and economic development to all
developing countries of the world. Tackling energy poverty is no less significant than tackling other
forms of poverty and social ills, since they all feed into each other in one vicious cycle of poverty. Their
goal is not only to escape energy poverty, but to ensure access to sustainable energy growth.
The participants are together here to deliberate on one of the most important global development
agenda themes - clean cooking in the developing world. Billions of low income people lack access to
clean energy. Most of these people live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Use of dirty fuels like firewood used in
traditional stoves impacts negatively on their health, education, income- earning capacity and gender
equity. Low income groups are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, caused by use
of fossil energy sources and deforestation.
Energy is increasingly being recognised as a key factor for sustainable development and poverty
eradication, and stands now as the 7th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG): Ensure access to
affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The United Nations’ Sustainable Energy
for All Initiative with its network of partners from the public and the private sector as well as civil
society is also taking the lead in moving towards this goal. Similarly, the Global Alliance for Clean
Cooking has been spearheading the global campaign for market-based promotion of clean cooking.
Another critical agenda item is human induced global warming and the associated climate change
which has become a global challenge for our common civilization. Climate change is no longer a
purely academic agenda; we are already experiencing different consequences. Key among these
approaches are the development of renewable energy resources and increasing their role in the
energy mix leading to the eventual replacement of non-renewable and environmentally damaging
energy resources, and also using available energy efficient technologies - biogas and clean cooking
Energy.
Ethiopia is one of the fastest growing economies in Africa. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant
renewable energy resources like hydropower, wind, geothermal, solar and biomass. Our energy policy
framework focuses particularly on the development of these huge renewable energy resources to
meet fast growing demand for energy in the country and also in the region.
It is his hope and expectation that it will come up with fruitful deliberations for Biogas and Clean
Cooking for the future in Africa.

5
Opening address by Mr Atef Marzouk, Acting Head of Energy Division,
African Union Commission, Department for Infrastructure and Energy
Mr Atef Marzouk started by expressing his gratitude and also
commending the efforts of the Government of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Netherlands for hosting and organising this important event.
More than 600 million people in sub Saharan Africa still depend on
biomass for meeting their cooking needs, while only 132 million have
access to modern forms of energy such as kerosene, LPG and
electricity. Most of the biomass consumption in Africa is done using
inefficient traditional stoves and open fires. It is a fact that using such
unsustainable means to meet energy needs, has impacts on health
and mortality, due to indoor air pollution, which mostly affects women
and children. For example, about 600,000 women and children die
each year in Africa due to utilisation of biomass.
Biomass is an important -and the only- energy resource available for cooking for most African
households, especially in the rural areas, hence it has become critical to explore various opportunities
provided by biomass to develop clean and more efficient fuels for cooking and heating. Biogas is
becoming increasingly more popular as an alternative to using traditional biomass.
The abundance of biomass resources on the continent and the availability of technologies provide
ample opportunities to scale-up biogas production and consumption. Another opportunity from biogas
is that it can be produced at small and large scales as well as being produced at the urban, rural and
household levels.
For Africa, biogas adoption provides an important avenue to revolutionise the energy sector and
transition towards sustainable cooking energy access, especially at the rural level. What we need to
do is to reposition our policies and frameworks towards the adoption of biogas technologies and
systems.
Most importantly, there is a need to encourage and support organisations and developers that
promote the use of biogas in Africa. He would like to use this opportunity to commend the efforts of
Hivos and SNV in implementing the African Biogas Partnership Programme (ABPP), which is
supporting national programmes on domestic biogas production in African countries. It is remarkable
that that they have already installed about 60,000 biodigesters in African countries. This is equivalent
to the provision of about 78 MW of thermal energy to displace traditional biomass consumption.
Welcome address by Mr Jan Willem Nibbering, First Secretary Food
Security, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Over the past years the use of household biogas and bioslurry has
expanded across African countries. A growing number of
enterprises are delivering quality products and services to meet the
increasing demand for sustainable biogas and other clean cooking
solutions; national markets are emerging. There is therefore a lot to
share and to learn from these developments, which has given rise
to this conference.
On April 22 2016, the nations of the world will gather in New York
to sign the Paris Climate Treaty. The Netherlands is fully committed
to its objective to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius, and if

6
possible, less. We are committed to support the poorest and most vulnerable people to deal with the
dramatic impacts of climate change.
Our Foreign Trade and Development Minister, Ms Lilianne Ploumen, described how she, like most
people in the development and climate finance space, originally, was not aware of the enormous
positive impact clean cooking will have on both climate change and development and how multi-
sectoral it is. It touches on climate change mitigation and adaptation, on food security and health, on
key gender issues.
In November last year, the Dutch government committed itself to a new outcome target for its climate
finance: to reach 50 million people with access to green energy by 2030. This concerns access to
electricity, but notably also access to clean cooking.
Although we work on a whole range of solutions, we consider domestic biogas as the most advanced
and transformative solution. Biogas offers completely clean cooking, but also major benefits in farm
hygiene, gender, and, importantly, the use of bioslurry as organic fertiliser.
We are proud of the strong reputation that the Netherlands has been able to build on biogas.
Biogas shows how energy, water and food security can be integrated. It is both climate change
mitigation and adaptation. It is business development and job creation. It is what we refer to as:
climate smart development.
Opening remarks by Mr Jean Marc Sika, Fund Manager, Hivos
The success of the Africa Biogas Partnership Programme (ABPP) is
based on the strong collaboration between the Dutch Government,
two development organisations Hivos and SNV and strong National
Partners. In effect, this collaboration cascades down in the five
countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya) in
which the biogas programme is active. In each of these countries the
programme collaborates with a national implementing partner. In
Ethiopia, this partner is the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and
Electricity.
By May 2016, the total achievement under ABPP will be closer to
60,000 biogas digesters!
The success of ABPP is a combination of a strong linkage to food security and agricultural value
chains; the promotion of the emergence of a private sector and an effective involvement of financial
institutions. Each of the national programmes brought together these components in a productive work
arrangement.
ABPP is very proud to be one of the first biogas programmes that have been able to create
sustainable results at scale in Africa.
Together, with other national biogas programmes in Rwanda, Senegal and Zambia, we have
significantly contributed to the history of renewable energy in Africa!
He finished this address with a strong request to His Excellency Ato Wondimu Tekle, with the support
of Mr Atef Marzouk, to become the domestic biogas ambassador of Africa and persuade his African
colleagues of the relevance of this technology for African farmers and their families.

7
Opening remarks by Mr Worku Behonegne, Country Director, SNV
Ethiopia
He started by saying that we have gathered here to deliberate on one
of the most important global development agendas - clean cooking
solutions for the developing world and Africa in particular.
Energy poverty remains remarkably widespread. Energy is increasingly
being recognised as a key factor for sustainable development and
poverty eradication, and stands now as the 7th Sustainable
Development Goal, which is to ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all.
SNV provides global best practices as well as innovative approaches to
increase access to clean energy and lower emissions through use of
sustainable energy sources. Besides innovation for new products,
business models and approaches, SNV also stresses on impact at
scale, to be achieved by developing capacities of local organisations in
partnership with the governments, private sector, donors and other
development partners.
SNV started supporting a biogas programme in Nepal in 1989, which became the first of its kind as a
national biogas programme with sector development and market based approach. This programme
has been replicated in 24 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The number of bio-digesters in
national programmes supported by SNV has reached over 712,000 units by the end of 2015.
There are obviously many challenges in development and promotion of clean cooking solutions like
biogas in the developing world, in general and Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular. Challenges are -
affordability on part of the users; limited access to credit, if any; slow capacity development on part of
private sector and other partners as well as institutional and governance issues.
In Ethiopia, SNV is increasingly succeeding in putting the basic systems and capacities in place. For
example, under ABPP in close collaboration with the Government of Ethiopia and its National Biogas
Programme (NBPE) a clear institutional framework for public private partnership has been developed,
including a recently approved National Framework for Private Sector Development.
In Ethiopia, the beneficiaries, government authorities at different levels and other stakeholders are
very much appreciating the programme. The national and regional governments are setting ambitious
targets with financial commitment from the federal and regional governments to scale up the
programme and take it nationwide. This is really exemplary.
The Government of Ethiopia, European Union and SNV have developed a new programme for scaling
up the existing programme – both in number, scope and geographical areas. The 5-year programme
that is planned to start later this year, has a target of 35,000 domestic bio-digesters.

8
Opening remarks by Mr Temesgen Tefera, Programme Manager, National
Biogas Programme of Ethiopia / MoWIE
Mr Tefera introduced the National Biogas Programme of Ethiopia
(NBPE). The main messages from his presentation are:
 The history of biodigester development in Ethiopia has been
traced back to early 1970s in Oromia state;
 Ethiopia has some 4.1 m potential HHs for bio-digester;
 Ethiopia one of the five countries of the Africa Biogas Partnership
Programme (ABPP). The Ethiopian Ministry of Water, Irrigation
Electricity (MoWIE) is the federal level host for this national
programme;
 Strong government ownership at the national and sub-national
levels;
 Biodigester technology is proven useful and feasible in Ethiopia
with over 13,000 installations;
 Number of woredas (districts) reached: 236 out of some 600 woredas in the 4 largest regions;
 Basic systems in place, including National Framework on Private Sector Development;
 New biodigester design for cost reduction and ease of construction;
 Biogas injera stove –key for promotion of biogas in Ethiopia;
 Challenges: Slow biodigester private sector development and low affordability at part of the
users.
Celebrations: 13,000th biodigester under the National Biogas Programme
of Ethiopia and awards to biodigester users and masons
A celebration session was held to honour the best
performing male and female masons in Ethiopia and
to exemplify the experiences of biodigester users in
the country. Additionally, the 13,000th
biodigester
under the National Biogas Programme of Ethiopia
was celebrated.
Several masons have constructed around two
hundred biodigesters.
The biodigester users commented that by having a
biodigester they are enjoying clean cooking and
lighting. Additionally, they consume and sell organic
agricultural products due to the bioslurry. They
mentioned that it fulfils the basic demands of the rural
people in Ethiopia.
Mr Woldegiorigis Woldeselassie, biodigester mason,
described what biogas construction work means to him:
“My family’s livelihood depends on this sector.”
By now, he added, he is out of poverty trap,
thanks to the biodigester constructing business.

9
Plenary Presentation Session (11:00-12:00)
Download the plenary presentations here
Introduction to the conference by Mr Fred Marree, Knowledge
Consultant, Hivos
Mr Fred Marree introduced the conference rationale to the participants.
He detailed on the three main conference objectives:
 To share knowledge on maximising the benefits of biodigesters
(use of biogas and application of bioslurry), and other clean
cooking solutions;
 To offer opportunities to become involved in market
development programmes on clean cooking as a policy maker,
donor organisation or investor;
 Contribute to improve implementation practices and scaling up
market and sector development for biodigesters and other clean
cooking solutions.
Biodigesters: Clean cooking and more by Mr Harrie Oppenoorth, Senior
Advisor Renewable Energy, Hivos
Mr Harrie Oppenoorth set the stage by presenting an overview of
biodigester developments in Africa and the factors influencing market
development:
 The history of biogas dates back to the early 1900s; from the
mid-twentieth century the main developments took place from
India, China and very slowly made its way to East Africa;
 Biogas is considered the cleanest gas due to its highly positive
health impact;
 The technical potential for household biogas in Africa runs up
to over twenty million biodigesters;
 Larger digesters are also possible in Africa to produce electricity and heat and need different
kinds of (waste) input: e.g. municipal waste, crop residues, and waste water. Kenya, South
Africa, Tanzania and Burundi are front runners;
 The market for large-scale biogas is not yet fully developed. Important factors that influence
the supply side are: technological developments, price, and limited businesses. Important
factors that influence the demand side are: customer awareness and limited finance available.
Also government regulations are often lacking;
 It’s crucial for household biogas market development to limit at one point the ‘programme
push’ and facilitate a ‘market pull’; Furthermore, continued promotion and awareness raising,
cost reductions, maximising biodigester benefits, as well as creating marketing hubs and
maintaining the quality and functionality of biodigesters are all important lessons;
 To get to ’20 million’ biodigesters, it’s necessary to start off in more countries, have
programme funding available, excel in biodigester marketing, develop cheaper digesters and
have full government support;
 In conclusion, biogas is the best option for clean cooking for those with conditions; scaling up
can only be done through market development; and the life changing benefits have to be
shown.

10
Renewable fuels for household cooking: A strategic perspective on
energy transitions by Mr Francis Johnson, Senior Research Fellow,
Stockholm Environment Institute
Mr Francis Johnson continued setting the stage for the remainder of the
conference by focusing his presentation on renewable fuels for household
cooking:
 Developing countries can take advantage of investing in modern
bioenergy at an earlier stage in their development;
 Outside of South Africa, biomass dominates overwhelmingly in
rural areas; charcoal dominates in urban areas in East, West and
southern Africa (other than Nigeria and South Africa);
 Charcoal can result in considerable land degradation, whereas
deforestation would tend to result from follow-on activities to clear
land for agriculture;
 Better Land Use Management is crucial: avoiding the poverty-
exploitation cycle of land degradation & emissions from slash/burn agriculture, unsustainable
fuelwood and charcoal use;
 Estimated annual health, economic and environmental losses (including opportunity costs)
associated with dependence on traditional biomass in sub-Saharan Africa, 2010, are
respectively 5, 20 and 6 billion USD;
 Food and fuel: renewable bio-based fuels can contribute to food security by reducing poverty
and underdevelopment;
 Energy Access improvements in SSA are expected to continue to be driven primarily by
urbanisation;
 Traditional biomass use comes with serious economic and environmental costs:
o World Bank estimates annual costs of traditional biomass could be US$ 60 billion;
o Health risks from smoke exposure in Africa estimated to lead to 600,000 premature
deaths;
o Leads to forest degradation and GHG emissions; will be 5.6% of total in 2050.
 A more ambitious large-scale shift to clean fuels and advanced stoves is urgent:
o Locally-produced clean stoves and fuels create business opportunities and jobs;
o Need intermediate steps: developing markets for both new fuels and stoves;
o Switching to clean fuels (biogas, bioethanol) can offer the greatest package of
benefits.
 Rapid urbanisation means that charcoal production and trade must be better regulated:
o Improve charcoal sustainability; use regulation and taxation instead of banning
charcoal;
o Efficient charcoal stoves offer intermediate solutions with health and economic
benefits;
o Aim to create rural (not just urban) entrepreneurship opportunities for clean fuels and
stoves.
 Embed clean fuels and stoves initiatives in larger poverty/development context:
o Exploit land/resource linkages to agricultural development, food security, poverty
reduction;
o Problem is multi-dimensional; health, productivity, climate, agricultural development;
o Long-term strategic investment in markets, human capacity; Energy Transitions take
time!!

11
1st
round of Parallel Sessions on ‘Clean Cooking and Fuels’ (13:00-14:45)
For an overview of the parallel sessions and moderators, please view the conference agenda in Annex
II or click here. The presentations of all parallel sessions can be downloaded at the sections below.
The list of participants provides contact details of all participants and can be viewed in Annex I or by
clicking here.
Session 1.1: Biodigesters and clean cooking to address household air
pollution
Download the presentations here
The session evaluated a number of interventions that reduce the exposure to these health damaging
particles (such as PM2.5 and CO) and discussed a methodology that can be used to assess
the health outcome of an intervention. The methodology, prepared by the University of Berkeley,
uses the metric aDALY, which stands for averted disability adjusted life-years and may become part
of the Gold Standard 3.0. The methodology could open new funding opportunities for interventions
that have a positive health outcome measured in aDALYs. The main discussion points were:
 Clean cookstoves and fuels can potentially have a significant public health benefit. In the
session results were presented from two research studies;
 An evaluation of six improved biomass stoves in Western Kenya (CDC study field work July
2012- February 2013) shows significant reduction of household air pollution by introducing
improved cookstoves, but high variability of results;
 An evaluation to compare HAP in biogas users and non-users in Cambodia. Both measured
two pollutants: CO and PM2.5, in the kitchen and outdoors (ambient air pollution), and
exposure of the cook (in the case of Kenya also of small children);
 Biogas stoves hardly produce pollutions (PM 2.5 and CO); but ambient air pollution makes it
hard to reach WHO targets set in Air Quality Guidelines;
 Stove stacking is an important issue, limiting health benefits;
 Gold Standard Foundation will launch aDALY methodology by the end of 2016. It aims to
provide a tool for result based finance schemes (not a crediting system). Participants are
invited to contribute in the public consultation;
 More attention needed for capacity building at the grassroots level.
In the discussions it was recommended to link the method with common approaches in the medical
system, not only look at prevention, but also health treatment and rehabilitation. And to not only look at
modelled data, but also monitor real data: the long term perspective. Others are concerned with the
transaction cost. Gold Standard should help companies, create incentives to develop and sell good
products, not to complicate their lives. A strong recommendation was made to pay more attention to
capacity building at the grassroots level, to inform people better and to support them to use better
stoves.

12
Session 1.2: Clean cooking: Fuels for clean cookstoves, a comparison of
quality, costs and availability
The session highlighted the nature of solid biomass fuels and their dominance in Africa’s energy mix,
both now and into the foreseeable future. In 2040, solid biomass will still account for almost 60% of
total energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa (outside South Africa). Given this dominance of solid
biofuels, the presentations explored ways to modernise the production, conversion and use of these
fuels. The presenters shared their understanding of the complementary roles of good governance and
appropriate technology in modernising Africa’s solid biomass energy sector.
In the discussion on good governance the question was raised whether we should be encouraging
solid biomass fuels when they are associated with forest loss? The presenters answered that these
fuels are not so much encouraged, as responding to the reality and the future projections of demand.
Linkages with deforestation and forest degradation are complex, with wood fuel extraction only one
driver in a diverse mix. The main cause of forest loss is clearance for agriculture, itself a result of
population growth and low agricultural productivity. They see wood fuels less as an environmental
issue, and more one of livelihoods and business. They are seeking to have the sector recognised and
formalised, to provide a more conducive environment for investment in modernisation.
It was emphasised that modernising the solid biofuels sector is only partly about better technology. It is
also about creating a governance framework where compliance is more attractive than avoidance, and
where state actors seek to support industry players, not control and marginalise them. So issues
around governance, policy, laws and regulations are key, alongside trying to promote uptake of better
technologies
In the discussion on biomass fuel characteristics and their impact on cookstove performance, it was
stated that cookstove designs should be based on the best understanding of cookstove technology,
wherever that can be found. If possible it is good to do the manufacturing locally. Local user input must
be sought out (regardless of who designs the stove), in order to be sure that the stove will meet the
needs and desires of the intended customers. This can be accomplished through focus groups and
home placement of the stove prototypes, and through pilot production and distribution of the stoves.
Finally, an explanation was given on the meaning of ‘impact’ of a cookstove programme. By ‘impact’ is
meant how much good the project does for health, environment, family wellbeing, etc. The following
equation for impact is conceptual: Impact = Performance X Adoption X Durability X Scale
This shows that the overall or net impact of a project depends more or less equally upon the
 Performance of the stove & fuel system;
 Adoption rate: how much the families are using the stove once they are past the initial period
(do they use the stove 3 times per day or only once per week, or not at all?);
 Durability: how long does the stove last;
 Scale: how many stoves are sold & distributed.

13
Session 1.3: Clean cooking: Progress with ethanol
Biogas and bioethanol have similar production strategies. Both fuels may come primarily or completely
from what is wasted today. But the key difference is in the fact that bioethanol is liquid and may be
transported more conventionally. It can take over kerosene transportation infrastructure--mobile
tankers, standing tanks, jerry cans, etc. materials such as mild steel or several types of plastics are
suitable. Ethanol has excellent energy density. Like biogas it burns easily and efficiently. It provides
clean combustion in a simple appliance.
Ethanol has lower energy than kerosene but higher combustion efficiency in a simple stove, putting it
on a par with kerosene in delivering heat for cooking. Biogas and bioethanol are similar with respect to
their profound link to agriculture and sustainable practices such as permaculture and returning carbon
to the soil.
Where there is large excess of feedstock for ethanol which today is waste in the sugar industry
(molasses) and if fully utilised, it can provide cooking for millions of homes. At the same time, ceasing
to dump molasses will improve many local environments.
The experiences of Gaia Association's work show;
 A reduction fuelwood burning from 60-100%, and 100% in the Jijiga camps. Almost 10,000
stoves are being used in various refugee camps and 3,000 stoves in Addis Ababa. A
commercial ethanol stove business is beginning in Addis Ababa;
 The production in Ethiopia has reached 26 million litres. In Kenya over 36 million litres, with
rapid production growth in both countries. In Ethiopia, 250 million litres can meet 3% of
Ethiopian needs;
 The preferred technology is called “Clean Cook stove” and is made in Durban, South Africa.
Advantages are its safety, efficiency, cleanness. It has 60% combustion efficiency;
 Growing trend (thus a demand market) in Ethiopia moving toward ethanol consumption.
Challenges are: taxes on imported good, VAT on fuel, unequal treatment with kerosene which
is still subsidised. Possible solutions: simplified design of stove, local production, introduction
of carbon finance.
Green Social Bioethanol is a Brazilian company producing innovative ethanol micro-distilleries. The
equipment used are small scale and ready to go for Africa. Production capacity goes from 1,000 litres
per day up to 10,000 litres per day. Process runs at 32 degrees Celsius and the system has a low
energy demand. Projects are ongoing in Brazil and Africa and a new project is announced in Sudan. A
business can produce ethanol on a small community scale and sell ethanol out its front door to a local
stove business. Co-products from the distillery can also include animal feed, fertiliser, irrigation water
and heat. The equipment payback time is 17 to 24 months. The distillery is robust with anticipated
lifetime of 25 years. It can be run manually or in fully automated mode. It can create markets for
feedstocks which otherwise may have little or no value.
Session 1.4: Clean cooking: ICS programmes in Ethiopia
Improved Cookstoves Programme of Ethiopia:
 The presenter noted that the Ethiopian ICSP is guided by the climate resilience green
economy strategy. It is basically to create a vibrant stove market through mass production and
massive dissemination of stoves. The major actor in this program is the private sector;
 ICS technology has been identified as a major GHG emission reduction tool and the
advantage in terms of energy saving, arresting/slowing down deforestation, support household
economic development, minimizing in health problems are discussed;
 It has been noted that the program covers 9 National States and 2 Administrative cities. In the
I GTP about 8.87 million stoves have been disseminated.

14
GIZ/Endev ICS program:
 The historical progress/development of the GIZ ICS program was discussed. And in depth
explanation on the objectives of Energising Development of GIZ was discussed;
 It has been learnt that the program approach is market-based and the programme focusses
on the dissemination of most known improved stoves;
 List of partner organizations working in collaboration with GIZ are SNV, World Vision, Irish Aid,
MoWIE, and regional energy institutions;
 Furthermore, it was pointed out that GIZ is mainly focusing in capacitating federal, regional
government and the private sector.
Biodigesters and Peri-Urban Wash (SNV)
 Detail information on urban and peri-urban sanitation problems was provided. It was stressed
that peri-urban areas have critical sanitation problems compared to urban settings. The main
problems are due to poor site conditions and unreliable water availability;
 The basic reasons why biogas is linked/integrated with WASH is because biogas systems
make clean energy out of the human excreta. And cooking with biogas is clean, faster and
safer;
 Through the SNV WASH intervention about 146,744 people are benefitting.
Session 1.5: Clean cooking: Biomass briquettes and pellets for cooking
fuel
EnDev Ethiopia spoke about their project making briquettes and carbonized briquettes for cooking
fuel. The price is comparable with charcoal (5 – 10 ETB per kg). They've found high acceptability. Raw
materials used are coffee husks, sawdust and elephant grass for the briquettes and Proposis (weed
tree), Sesame stalk, Coffee stalk and husk and Bamboo for the carbonised briquettes. EnDev Ethiopia
has introduced a multi-fuel Tikikil stove (both for firewood and carbonised briquettes/charcoal). There
is also one additional stove promoted by the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity called
Mirchaye which works well with the briquettes.
The project has supported the implementation of a pilot briquette plant in Humera, Tigray Regional
state with capacity of 1.2 tons per hour. They are planning to scale up the technology in other
intervention regions of EnDev Ethiopia in conjunction with the multi-fuel Tikikil stove. They are
lobbying for tax incentives for import of machinery as well as development and promotion of quality
standards for briquettes and the end use devices.

15
SNV Kenya shared their experience with trying to catalyse a market for pellets and gasifying stoves in
Kenya. Over the course of two years, the project sold 1,500 stoves of four different models and price
levels (including the Philips stove at the top end sold at $120 and a locally manufactured gasifying
stove sold at $40 at the lower end). They experimented with different payment models, including hire-
purchase and payroll deduction schemes. They supported five local entrepreneurs in setting up pellet
production, using refurbished feed-pellet machines, with which they were able to make biomass pellets
by adding cassava as a binder.
SNV has concluded that there is a clear market for pellets and gasifying stoves in Kenya and that it is
possible to support local entrepreneurs to set up pellet production. Production cost for pellets are
$0.25 per kg and end-user price is $0.40 per kg. The initial cost of the stove can be a barrier.
Distributing stoves does not necessarily lead to a permanent switch to pellets and many people tend to
use twigs and other fuel in the stoves.
Emerging Cooking Solutions (ECS) spoke about their experience in Zambia the past three years with
setting up a pellet factory, design and production of institutional stoves and sales and distribution of
domestic and institutional stoves. Their business model, "the Nespresso model", is focused on trying
to capture the recurring sales from pellets, for which the typical peri-urban user has $200 in existing
cooking fuel purchasing power per year. Creating the market for pellets requires addressing cultural
factors, back-bone and capillary distribution, initial cost of stoves, marketing, and many other factors.
ECS has found that financing solutions are necessary to sell the high end stoves (Philips and
MimiMoto) and have found a payroll deduction model to be the most successful.
The presentations were followed by many interesting and insightful questions relating to feedstock and
production of pellets and briquettes, user acceptance, marketing and the importance of the stove-fuel
connection. ECS also pointed out the differences and similarities between these two different varieties
of densified biomass fuels: Both can be made from small/loose pieces of both agro and forestry waste,
which may have low value otherwise and does not put pressure on forests (which makes the
technologies revolutionary for Africa); Both are densified but the degree varies significantly (pellets
being hardest). On the contrary: low-grade briquettes can be made with hand-pressing tools whereas
industrial-grade pellets require expensive equipment that is difficult to operate. Binders such as
cassava can be used if equipment or raw material cannot manage to create the conditions for binding
themselves.

16
2nd
round of Parallel Sessions on ‘New Sectors and Feedstocks for
biodigesters’ (15:15-17:00)
clicking here.
Session 2.1: Biodigesters & dairy farms, milk chilling and milk
processing waste
The SNV-led project on milk chilling with biogas (BMC) for smallholder farmers in Eastern Africa was
presented and discussed:
 Introduction of the BMC consortium partners and donors;
 An explanation on why milk chilling is important, and the role of the BMC in this;
 Viability of the technology (energy balance, gas consumption, payback period, durability);
 Market assessment for BMCs (size and indicators) for Tanzania, Zambia and Kenya and
presentation of survey findings;
 Assessment of the 4 As of the value proposition: Awareness, Availability; Acceptability,
Affordability;
 The design and development process;
 Presentation of various iterations and prototypes:
o Field testing;
o Technical challenges;
o Improvements made during the development process;
o Presentation of S1 type.

17
Session 2.2: Biodigesters & Coffee farms, coffee processing waste and
coffee drying
The session aimed at comparing results and exchange information on obtaining biogas from coffee
wastewater and pulp. Experiments from Hohenheim University showed that some 475 m3 of biogas
could be obtained per ton of coffee pulp (DM) and 280 m3 per ton of coffee husk. An amount of 500
m3 per ton of pulp (DM) was obtained during a pilot project by QEnergy in Uganda. The retention time
would be between 35 and 60 days, according to the temperature. In Central America at four different
sites with washing stations and when depulping was done on the farm very different volumes of biogas
were obtained (between 28 and 47 m3 per ton of green cherries) from digesting only the wastewater.
This would be obtained after 12 hours of digestion. It is recommended to digest pulp and wastewater
separately. Recycling of wastewater can reduce the volume of water needed to more than 50%, down
to 6 l/kg of green coffee. Biodigesters are excellent to reduce organic pollution in wastewaters (80-
90%). At the same time, they can produce the energy mentioned above.
Session 2.3: Biodigesters & (Peri-)Urban Sanitation
Home Biogas is portable prefabricated biogas plant, delivered in a box, for self-installation. Previously
the system had a grinder for kitchen waste. In the meantime, the company took out the grinding
mechanism of the design as rougher feeding material will be broken down by the bacteria slowly
leading to more even gas production. The technology became also cheaper. Due to the short retention
time flies can be an issue. At some locations this is resolved with the help of a chlorine block at the
outlet that counteracts flies and smells. Ph (too acidic due to the fast breakdown of the cooking
residues) can be an issue. That is why they have started to ask their customers to limit their feeding of
cooking waste from their own household and not to add also organic wastes with high protein from
neighbours. Manure should also be added on a regular basis. The system costs minimal 500 US$ and
on top of that comes the profit margin of the company, transport cost and duty and sales tax. Under
warm weather conditions up to 1.2 hours cooking time is realised.
Biowaste Centres in Kenya considers a participatory approach with the community is absolutely
necessary. The following main questions were asked:
 Since the biogas plant is built under the community WASH building, how do you enter the
biogas system when you have to clean it out? We have many manholes in the digester;
 How do you minimise the water coming out? To avoid much flush water, we have a channel
for the toilets which is flushed only three times per day. The system works well, no flies no
smell;
 How do you approach people with cultural constraints for instance if they do not want to
connect toilets? It is a matter of sitting down with people and go through a participatory
process. Normally the request comes from the community. Those who do not want it, would
not request it in the first place. But as it is a sanitation related installation, it deals naturally
with such material;
 How do you balance the gas production and gas consumption? The systems we have built are
too new to state that.
TED (Technologies for Economic Development (TED) in Lesotho presented on Biogas Septic Tanks.
The following main questions were asked:

18
 Are there issues with pathogens in the effluent of your wastewater treatment systems? We
are conducting once a year a user exchange and through that we know that for many this no
issue at all. There is also a tradition in Lesotho that a certain green vegetable growth explicitly
on human stool and that is socially accepted and a tradition. Side effects are not known. So if
people are hinted on that this is enough to convince them, that there is no danger involved.
Laboratory test results contradict that;
 What are the cost of such a system as on the picture? 1300 US$. 1/3 is material, 1/3 labour
and 1/3 overhead;
 There is no subsidy. TED operates this dissemination approach almost commercial, whereby
no VAT taxes are paid as TED is an NGO.
The session moderator provided a presentation on ‘Biogas without a farm, for Enthusiasts’. The
concept explains biogas use as intermediate settler (hands-free operation) and biogas technology
should only go to people who love it and are ready to take care for it: ‘Enthusiasts’. The dissemination
approach should be commercial.
Session 2.4: Medium and large scale biodigesters for electricity
generation and productive uses
Most of the biogas programmes are focused on household applications. This session focussed on
larger scale digesters, considering the potential. Think of boarding schools, hostels, barracks. The
session also looked into the possibilities to apply biogas for electricity generation. The following three
subjects were presented: Covered lagoons and electricity generation; Waste to energy through solid
waste management in Lusaka; and, medium scale biodigester for waste-to-energy solutions in Nepal.
The following were the main discussions questions:
 What cleaning approach (and kind) was applied for the production of electricity? What kind of
cleaning was applied? How was electricity produced, what are the challenges? For digesters
sized over 100m3: special biogas generators are already available from China. Below 100m3
there is no market for these expensive generators. Normally users modify conventional
generators. Alternatively, filters are used. Systems have become better and cheaper now;
 How to handle pathogens, especially in institutions with human waste. The moderator has
never experienced this problem in institutions. Only if the residence time is too short, it may
lead to problems. Too much water may also cause pathogen problems. Therefore, it is

19
important to give proper training on how to handle the input as well as the slurry. Tank storage
of the slurry may also be a solution;
 How to deal with seasonal variation in waste production? What management schemes would
you use? The variation in waste in Africa and Asia is not that much. It is more important to
realise that the project is community based requiring both a considerable amount of capacity
building part as well as BCC (behaviour change communication). Overall management will be
done by a company to be selected by the municipality. Segregation will primarily take place at
household level. This is done mostly manually;
 Is it possible to make a lagoon system feasible with 10 US cents/Kwh and does the covered
lagoon not require anticipation of scum issues? For a 90,000 m3 lagoon there are indeed
challenges, but scum formation is not a significant problem, skimming against scum works, but
it is not really necessary. There has to be a scum control system though;
 It was mentioned that larger systems require subsidies to reduce payback times. Experience
in the audience tells the other way around. Why? Larger systems are more difficult to gain
adoption, so we had to develop an attractive system. Revisions over time of the financing
scheme will show more the financial potential and less subsidy. And for larger scale plants
limited subsidy is applied. Bigger plants are usually owned by large entrepreneurs, who need
no subsidy;
 What would be the cost of a large covered lagoon? The cost per megawatt depends on
economies of scale. On average the cost per MW for the lagoon is EUR 500,000 to 900,000
per lagoon. You also need EUR 900,000 for a genset (generator). You can use a BOT (build-
operate-transfer) approach. Important: make sure you have a good business case. Then you
can find investors.
In conclusion:
 There exists a large market for medium and large scale digesters;
 There is a need for further work on the financing aspects of medium and large scale digesters;
 To find investors is possible but it requires a good business case;
 Cleaning installations are financially feasible for digesters with size over 100M3. For smaller
digesters filters will have to be used;
 Larger plants will usually not require subsidy;
 Covered lagoons do not necessarily require a skimmer, but some scum control system should
be in place;
 Pathogens do not have to be a problem in institutional systems. These are usually the result of
wrong handling of the plant (e.g. too much water, too short residing time);
 Waste to Energy on the basis of household garbage collection can be undertaken using
segregated collection. This, however, will require strong Behaviour Change Communication
and a sound financial model.
Session 2.5: Storage and transport of biogas: bottling and backpacks
The main questions and response on the storage and transport of biogas by (B)energy are:
 What is the system through which you install these technologies? Source of funds and the
approach?
 What is the lifetime of the system (both the biodigesters and backpack)?
 What is the cost and the approach you follow for covering the cost?
 How is your aftersales service provision if there is default in the system?
 The type of materials used for the technologies and its friendliness for transportation from
place to place?

20
The way (B)energy works through franchising with people in different countries. The company does
not work with organisations that provide the technology for free, but on cost sharing basis through
discussion with the company. The lifetime of the systems is not yet proven but it is expected to last up
to ten years with proper care. The cost of the digester differs from size to size as well as the back
pack, the average cost for the digesters ranges from 13,000-14,000 Birr and the backpacks 1,500 Birr.
The after sales service provision by the company so far has been through training the local owners of
the system but (B)energy will strongly working on that through training of local sales agents who could
provide the after sales services. The material used is degradable and safe. The transportation with
backpacks expected is not from urban to rural or vice versa long distances, but from neighbours to
neighbours in rural and urban areas.
The main questions and response on the Integrated farming system and compressing biogas by Victory
Farms are:
 What part of the Moringa plant is used for the biogas and how?
 How do you see the scaling up of your product?
It is the leaves of the Moringa plant used for the biodigester and after chopping them it will be fed to
the plant. There are some trails in terms of scaling it in other countries, and is ready to do that in the
near future if he got partners to collaborate.

21
Day 2 - Wednesday 6 April 2016
Full day field visits by bus
Please view Annex III for the field visit information or click here. The following write-ups are the
summarised reflections from a few participants on the field visit.
Visit to Gogle clean cook stove factory in Addis Ababa
The factory manager mentioned that their facility manufactures a
range of stoves, including rocket stoves and electric stoves, as
well as charcoal briquettes. The stoves are bought by non-
governmental organisations (NGOs) such as World Vision and
also sold to wholesalers. In Addis Ababa there is increasing
demand for more efficient and alternative fuel stoves, particularly
electric stoves, due to the limited supply of traditional biomass
fuel sources in the city. Training and promotion for the factory is
provided by the Ethiopian government, while the facility also
carries out some of its own promotion.
The factory produces an average of 150 stoves and 2,500
charcoal honeycomb briquettes per day. The briquettes are
produced by pressing charcoal powder, which is made from municipal solid waste by a women’s group
in a different part of Addis Ababa because of the large amount of smoke in the production process. It
was observed that the company has benefitted women in terms of creating job opportunities. The
manager noted that they encourage the women groups to apply safe practices for manufacturing the
charcoal powder, however, as the production takes place in another part of town, their oversight is
very limited.
Some members in the site visit group raised concerns regarding the lack of personal protective
equipment (PPE) that workers were wearing, particularly proper enclosed footwear and safety masks
for welding. The facility is still quite small and hoping to expand over the next few years. The company
already secured land on an industrial zone in Addis Ababa. We hope that part of this expansion will
include the manufacturing of biogas stoves.
Visit to micro distillery (ethanol) in Addis Ababa
The micro distillery has recently been built for the former
fuelwood carriers association (FWFCA), a local women’s
cooperative. The facility collects molasses from sugar cane
factories for ethanol production and is planning to add a
biodigester to treat the molasses and use the generated
biogas in a planned on-site kitchen. The group recommended
that the biogas is used to help run the boiler which currently
uses saw dust. The bio-slurry will be used as organic fertilizer
for farming for the surrounding community.
The facility will be handed over to the FWFCA to be owned and operated by them and provide an
income generating activity at an ethanol price of 14 Birr/L. Currently, the facility is run by the Ethiopian
Gaia Association, who will provide all the required training to the FWFCA to operate the facility. The
group was shown an ethanol cookstove which can take up to 1.2L of ethanol, providing up to 3 hours
of cooking. Currently the stoves and the ethanol are distributed to refugee camps, which can meet up
to 98% of their cooking needs. The stoves are not suitable for baking injera (Ethiopian flat bread). A

22
single burner stove costs 1,000 Birr while a double burner stove costs 1,200 Birr. The ethanol market
in Addis Ababa is still at its infancy with currently only one place selling ethanol and stoves for
cooking. The group raised concerns about the facility being located away from the fuel source - the
molasses from sugar cane factory. The Gaia Association is very open to input and advice, particularly
regarding the planned biogas plant.
Visit to Elyoha dairy farm and biodigester in Bishoftu
Solome Mekonnen was proud to show us her 8m3 biodigester at
her dairy farm. Her message was “don’t cut trees, plant them”.
The biodigester saves her 80 Birr/week (EUR 3.25), without
considering injera baking, or approximately 80 Birr every 3 days,
with injera baking. Her biodigester uses a combination of cow
dung and urine as feedstock. The generated biogas is used for
lighting and baking injera or bread. The bioslurry is used for
seedling production, which provides her with additional income.
Some group members bought some of her seedlings and yoghurt produced on her farm. One member
of our group had the opportunity to bake injera on the biogas injera stove. Some group members
observed that the stove was taking a while to heat up between baking each injera while the biogas
cookstove had no primary air intake which leads to inefficient biogas burning. The group would have
liked to have seen a biodigester that has been in operation for a longer period of time as this plant was
still relatively new (a few years old).
Visit to biodigester at the Sustainable Sanitation Transformation in
Urban and Peri Urban Areas (SSTPU)
The primary aim of this site was to create access and
awareness of improved sanitation and hygiene to the
public. The facility combines public toilets and showers
with a cafeteria that uses biogas as cooking fuel from
the 15m3 biodigester. A small fee is paid to use the
toilet and showers: 1 Birr (4 Euro cents), while food
produced in the cafeteria is also sold to the public.
Open defecation has been a problem in the area due
to a lack of public toilets. This facility is a pilot project to
help address this issue. The generated bioslurry from
the facility will be sold to nearby farmers.
The biodigester was only recently installed, one month ago and therefore was not producing any gas
yet. The biogas experts in the group noted some concerns with the setup of the facility, namely the lack
of a desulphuriser and dewatering in the piping to the stove, as well as the quality of the pressure gauge
and stove. The toilets that were installed also were noted to use a lot of water which leads to a very low
total solids content in the biodigester. The SNV Ethiopia staff who were giving the tour of the facility
were very open to the advice from the experts in the group. SNV’s experience from others sites which
are already operating and functioning shows that bioslurry from toilets is accepted by the surrounding
community in their faming practice.

23
Day 3 - Thursday 7 April 2016
Plenary Presentation Session (09:15-10:45)
Download the plenary presentations here
AEEP Energy Access Workstream by Mr David Lecoque, Policy and
Business Development Officer, Alliance for Rural Electrification
The Africa-EU Energy Partnership (AEEP) is a long-term framework for
structured political dialogue and cooperation between Africa and the EU on
energy issues of strategic importance. Objective of the AEEP is improved
access to reliable, secure, affordable, cost-effective, climate friendly and
sustainable energy services for both continents. AEEP Energy Access
target is to bring access to modern and sustainable energy services to at
least an additional 100 million Africans. The AEEP Energy Access
Workstream consists of the Alliance for Rural Electrification, Club ER,
Practical Action and Strathmore University. The following case on bioenergy
were presented: PlanetEnergy (South Africa, Spain) and Selectra
(Botswana);
The main lessons learned according to the AEEP Workstream are:
 Adequate support from public authorities and donors is needed in
order to speed up the implementation of sustainable bioenergy projects for rural energy
access with an emphasis on improving their ‘bankability;
 Raise awareness for bioenergy solutions;
 Strengthen technical assistance and capacity building;
 Stimulate R&D.
Domestic Biodigester Development in India by Mr Anil Dhussa, retired
Adviser, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
The potential of domestic biogas plants in India is around 12
million units. Currently, near 5 million units have been installed.
It is unclear how many are operational. The presentation
detailed on the history of biogas in India as well as the major
technological developments under the biogas programme. The
fixed dome model remains the most common used model in
India since 1985. In recent years, pre-fabricated plants became
available.
The implementation strategy of the biogas programme follows a
multi-agency approach through government organisations and
NGOs. Village level workers promote biogas to cattle owning
households. Private sectors organisations have emerged as the
most important link to provide operation and maintenance services.
The government heavily support biogas plants through subsidies to plant owners, as well as incentives
for installation supervision and warranties to suppliers. Other support examples are biogas training
centres, repair support, R&D on new models, and random field monitoring.

24
Currently, targets are not achieved. The presenter perceived the main reasons to be: reduced subsidy
share, thrust on providing LPG in rural areas, inadequate plant quality, reduced cattle holding, lack of
required organisational setup.
New developments on improving gas-tightness of digesters include the use of claddings, fabrics and
coatings. Enzymes have been developed to make digestion of rice straw possible. In the sugar
industry press cakes are now digested and some bottling is done.
In conclusion, imperatives for biodigester dissemination are considered to be:
 Biogas plants must have a design and structure that is durable, easy to build and operate;
 Full proof delivery system for installation, operation and maintenance;
 Involvement of the private sector to ensure quality and programme sustainability;
 Benefit-cost ratio requires to be made attractive through subsidies.
Chinese experiences on domestic biogas development in line with
biogas dissemination in Africa by Mr Zhang Mi, Guest Professor and
Sen. Engineer, China-ASEAN New Energy, Renewable Energy Education
and Training Centre
By the end of 2014, nearly 42 million domestic
biodigesters were installed in China. It is estimated
that around 30% is presently not operational. The
government had heavily subsidised these plants.
They are designed and constructed by local biogas
companies and biogas service stations. They also
take responsibility for maintenance, after-sales and
repair services. The main factors that have shaped
the biogas sector in China are: government policy
(e.g. subsidy of around 50% of the plant costs), rural
development, infrastructure), science and technology
(e.g. universities involved in piloting as well),
enterprises and the market (for profitability and long
term industry development).
Currently, there’s a shift towards a more market and commercial biogas sector: existing biodigesters
need evaluation and adjustment both in performance and management; government subsidy is
suspended since 2015; traditional lifestyle changes in rural areas (e.g. massive urbanisation). Also
technical innovation is being promoted. The conventional brick and cement models are not promoted,
but rather units with building materials such as fiberglass, PE, PVC and ABS. The different functions of
the biogas actors are being explained, with the government involved at different levels.
Chinese biogas technology and knowledge have been transferred to African countries since the early
1980s. Example are given: in Rwanda, Tunisia and Lesotho. According to the presenter, African
countries can take a straighter and easier way to move step by step to develop biogas industry.
Support by governments, international agencies and setting up a number of private
sectors/companies, coordinated by biogas associations and societies is highly recommended.
Experienced international expert consultation is also needed for strategy making, supervising and
training. Other important implementation factors are quality assurance and quality control. International
agencies like Hivos and SNV can take an important role in promotion, publication, education and
training as well as technology transfer.

25
Sistema Biobolsa and Biogas Development in Latin America by Mr Alex
Eaton, CEO, Sistema Biobolsa
The presenter started to explain the rationale for promoting
biogas in Latin America, after which a brief history of small scale
biodigesters on the continent was provided. Since 2009, a
network is in place for research, education, best practices and
collaboration in Latin America (24 active member institutions).
In Latin America, the small producers are the key target group.
Still, large scale covered lagoons are not uncommon. Sistema
Biobolsa’s design is based on ten years of applied research in
rural Mexico. It’s designed for smallholders and for bigger scale
farms. The presenter detailed on the promotion and market
creation efforts of the company, as well as the installation
process, and the user trainings and follow-up services. Cultural
adoption and long term presence are considered crucial in the
uptake of biogas. Sistema Biobolsa has installed over 3,000 units and is tracking its impact.
The main lessons from Latin America are:
 Include a broad set of stakeholders;
 Must be able to mix capital sources: client buying power, development funding, credit, and
investment capital;
 Empower private companies to invest, create and activate;
 Create deep adoption by including farmers at every level: sales, installation, small businesses,
ambassadors;
 Patience and aspirational products;
 Never lose touch with your farmers: track and react to data.
3rd
round of Parallel Sessions on ‘Market and Sector development:
Demand side’ (11:15-13:00)
clicking here.
Session 3.1: Affordability of household biodigesters: Comparison of
innovative new models and cost reduction
Two similar innovative biogas bag digesters designs were presented. Both designs addressed
common issues of existing bag biodigesters including UV degradation. The systems are both quick
and easy to install and compact and lightweight to transport for installation. The Rehau Homebiogas
system developed in Kenya faced the challenge of how to promote the product to the client and they
are looking for more partners, while the robust plastic bag digesters presented by Mr. Cohen is
available as a design for others to adopt and develop further. The design being suited for local
manufacturing.

26
A presentation on Simgas's developments of their modified fixed dome biodigesters the Gesishamba
and the new modified Gesishamba, which is part HDPE plastic and part cement. Developments
including remote control sensors and switches and their own mobile app to also monitor construction
was also presented. Jan Lam presented the redesign of traditional fixed dome digesters which
included a reduction in construction materials required but with a higher quality design. The design
included a baffle which allowed more water to be added to reduce scum formation.
All presented designs focused on improving affordability of the systems but with improved reliability
and quality. Ensuring quality materials are used and monitoring their construction closely to ensure
high standards are adhered to was emphasised for the presented biodigester technology. An
important outcome of the session was the need for a platform to share and collaborate on technology
development in the biogas sector.
Session 3.2: Affordability of household biogas: the need for end-user
credit
The presentations centred on ways of addressing the affordability concerns which is highly affecting
the biogas uptake by the end users. The issues affecting affordability include:
 High upfront costs (>500 Euros) for digesters in Africa;
 Minimal disposable income for most people in Africa with various competing needs;
 High interest rates up to 24 % in most countries;
 Capital shortage;
 Credit can overcome the end user obstacle to invest in the bio-digester technology, but the
financial institutions are not yet convinced. More awareness is required in this area.
Experiences were shared:
 The example of Rabobank Foundation experience in Kenya, whereby credit has contributed to
more uptake of the biodigester technology;
 MFI experience from Letshego (Kenya) shows that group lending gives more security to the
loan. There is a lot of commitment from the group members;
 The Development Bank of Ethiopia has led to 81% increase in the biodigester uptake. The
households have trusted the technology better with credit availability since no loan repayment
will be made if it doesn’t work;
 In Uganda, the uptake is picking up with the introduction of credit.

27
Session 3.3: Alternative financial models for ICS dissemination
The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves presented various financial models, such as: special
cookstove fund, VSLA (group lending) model, SACCO model, Layaway model, dealer, loan guarantee
and MFI model. There is no one-size-fits-all and there are mixed results. The advice is to adapt the
model to how the community is organised, to look at the nature of financial institutions, and legislation
and policy environment.
Experiences from Ethiopia show that they are in a Development level stage of multilevel financing
schemes. Sources of finance are carbon finance (CDM and Voluntary market) and the awarding
mechanisms are: Innovation financing (technology), business start-up financing through MFIs, scale
up financing through higher financial institutions, consumer financing (cooperatives etc.).
GERES in Cambodia did not work through consumer financing, but mainly donor and carbon
financing. They have worked a lot with entrepreneurs to understand cost structures of the businesses
of the users. Again, it’s hard to replicate and very context specific.
SNV in Kenya mentioned the purchasing power the main barrier. MFI lending costs are born indirectly
by the users. The project is therefore looking at a Results-Based Financing mechanism for MFIs,
whereby staff are given cash targets and there are incentives to sell loans to entrepreneurs. RBF fund
disburses loans to MFIs or SACCOS which provide credit to ICS dealers and households. Stoves are
approved by an external verifier; 10,000 stoves distributed so far.
Overall messages and lessons learned
 Important not to distort the market; use CDM or grants to subsidise peripheral activities;
 Emissions reduction is still very difficult; leap in cost between tier 2 and tier 4 is huge;
o Many can achieve the efficiency and safety standards, but not the emissions
standard;
o Not particulate matter but CO in stoves is the issue;
 The responsibility is on us, development facilitators, which approach to use to make sure the
product reaches the end-users at an affordable rate.

28
Session 3.4: Maximising the benefits of bioslurry
The session aimed at showcasing the results of bioslurry application from the biodigester programmes
in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Tanzania. Furthermore, recommendations were presented on how to
avoid losing nutrients during storage, handling and application. Results from Burkina Faso showed
that applying bioslurry to food crops made small-scale farmers food secure, being able to sell surplus
production even. Additional income from sales of food crops and bioslurry treated cotton multiplied
tenfold. In Ethiopia applying bioslurry to coffee resulted in production of 2 kg/tree, harvesting time of
false bananas was reduced from 3 to 1.5 years, banana bunches increase in weight with up to 15 kg.
and up to USD 5,000 additional income from mango and orange production to a small farmer. In
Tanzania rice production increased from 400 kg/acre to 1,600 kg/acre in the first and to 2,400 kg/acre
in the second year. The presentation gave application recipes for vegetables, fish feed, fruit trees, also
with excellent results. To avoid losing nutrients it is recommended not to waste the liquid fraction when
separating into solid and liquid, only dry bioslurry by pressing and keep it away from the sun and wind
when storing, to add straw when composting and to cover the bioslurry pit when storing. Apply it
preferably when the sun is not shining, cover it with soil and dilute it to support infiltration in the soil.
Session 3.5: Engaging men and women in clean cooking interventions
Presentations were given on gender issues in cooking energy and biogas value chains; on engaging
women from humanitarian perspective; and good practices in targeting women with promotion and
marketing of biodigesters. The main discussion items covered:
 Special women focused mason training and reward them to become motivated;
 Affirmative actions and special incentives, building their confidence and provide training
sessions closer to their homes;
 It is better to build confidence through more trainings, exposure visits where they can be better
involved in the value chain, after sales service, user trainings;
 Convinced women are the best promotional agents;
 Gender action plans and setting targets using gender sensitive tools needs to be done to
benefit;
 Affirmative actions in terms of supporting women entrepreneurs:
o Do more trainings to build their self confidence in conducting the business;
o Flexible repayments approaches for women entrepreneurs.
In humanitarian areas (e.g. refugee camps), studies show high percentages of incidents of violence,
which is a problem in ICS dissemination. The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves has been
transferring knowledge through developing different handbooks and guide shows the step by step
integration of women in the value chain.
In order to involve women more in the ICS value chains there is a need for more capacity building,
technical and financial support for improved production and marketing of improved stoves, and identify
where the women be better involved along the value chains.

29
Session 3.6: Climate finance for clean cooking
Presentations were provided by Hivos, Soil & More international, the Gold Standard, and UNFCCC
East Africa. The main highlights are:
 Carbon markets are being complemented with associated co-benefits that arise from the
projects. The value of those are estimated to be ten times higher than the benefits from
carbon alone;
 Soil is the second biggest carbon sink. With the application of bioslurry, the percentage of soil
organic carbon can increase, in Indonesia for example, with 0.8% to 1.4% per hectare per
year. Bioslurry is great to enhance soil microbes, soil organic carbon and nutrient available to
the plant roots. A Gold Standard methodology is being developed on this and is nearly
finalised;
 The Gold Standard is moving (GS 3.0) towards quantification of benefits captured in the 17
SDGs, allowing project to monetise them through result based financing schemes;
 The CDM Executive Board is exploring how CDM projects could benefit from the Green
Climate Fund. The Paris agreement may create new financing units such as ITMO
(Internationally Transferable Mitigation Outcomes), but this is subject to further negotiations;
 The main challenge of the Paris Agreement (COP21) is to implement the agreement. Intended
Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) are steered for. Only 1% of CDM projects is in the
cooking sector;
 Other new developments are the Fair Trade Climate Standard, focussed on small farmers
(coffee farmer experience).
In the discussions, concerns were raised on the development and certification costs of carbon
projects. Costs have come down due to a lower demand. The Gold Standard offers micro scale
schemes to tackle this problem. UNFCCC mentioned that other options are being developed as well,
such as having default baselines, pre-financing options, and matchmaking initiatives.

30
4th
round of Parallel Sessions on ‘Market and Sector development:
Supply side’ (14:00-15:30)
clicking here.
Session 4.1: Functionality of biodigesters, Customer Service Centres,
and company grading
Presentations focused on the client satisfaction as key success factor of a demand-driven market for
biodigesters:
 High quality, functional bio-digesters and adequate after sales services are the key drivers for
demand generation and market development;
 Without reliable customer satisfaction and quality/functionality data, biogas branding and
franchising is impossible;
 Quality assurance is key for: Maximization of return on -end user-investment, promotion of
biogas products and services, building a strong credible/creditworthy sector, develop public
confidence;
 Quality assurance requires quality verification which can be done respectively through biogas
construction companies and customer support centres (CSC - call centre);
 Techno Brain takes on the role of CSC and collects customer satisfaction data, biogas
performance data and referral data for generation of sales;
 Technobrain presented the methodology of their customer life cycle management and
customer interaction management, also in relation to ABPP;
 Finally, operational details were presented on the results of the CSC and the follow-up by the
programme. Grading and ranking of biogas companies was done based on these data.
The success of any product / technology is greatly dependent on how customers are satisfied, this not
only builds referred business but also has an impact on the general market acceptance of this product/
technology. Functionality of the biodigesters can be attributed to a number of reasons some related to
construction, information flow to the households, feeding etc. and if not well addressed will greatly
impact on more uptake of bio digesters.

31
Session 4.2: Biodigester innovation and comparative study results of
different digester designs
This session detailed on biodigester innovations:
 Solar biogas hybrid concept:
o Can empower communities (example Jordan Valley) and modular solar and biogas
size fits on a football pitch;
o Lifespan over 25 years; for production of combined heat and electricity.
 Solid state digestion:
o Some reasons to minimise dilution (1:1 manure/water ratio) with solid state digesters
is the lack of available water resources, smaller digester volume required, less
operation efforts and less diluting bioslurry;
o Early performance results in Tanzania discussed are showing normal performance;
o One thousand solid state digesters have been built (modified CAMARTEC design).
 HomeBiogas system:
o Standardised system, which comes in a full kit. Mostly aluminium material;
o System can be used in rural, urban and peri-urban areas;
o Please see session 2.3 page 17 for more information.
The results of a comparative study on biodigester in Rwanda were also discussed:
 The technical, economic, environmental and social performance of fixed dome, fibreglass and
flex bag digesters were compared;
 Methodology consisted of: data loggers and gas flow measurements, interviews with users,
and laboratory testing;
 Gas flow and gas production was found higher in fixed domes. Fixed dome performed best in:
pathogen reduction and robustness;
 Fixed dome performed better overall with many advantages.
Session 4.3: Clean cooking solutions in refugee camps, schools and
institutions
The main highlights of this session are:
 Biogas in refugee camps:
o Cultural barriers/acceptability and cooking habits are key elements for successful
implementation of projects in refugee camps;
o Biogas in refugee camps, if not culturally accepted as cooking energy, can also be
used as sanitation solution (treatment of waste from latrines and other organic wastes
produced in the camps and which are among the biggest challenges in camps
management). Energy produced could be used to light public places such as
communal latrines;
o Since biogas can only be ‘communal’ in most camps, there may be an issue of
ownership, hence inadequate operation and management.
 Biogas in schools:
o Additional feedstock is key for successful biogas systems in schools, i.e. we cannot
rely only to waste from latrines, given the facts that children/students do go for
holidays, while digesters require continual feeding.

32
 Energy demand in humanitarian setting:
o With the increase of humanitarian crises in the world and the subsequent energy
requirement, there is a need for more interactions between energy
experts/practitioners (as represented in this conference) with the global humanitarian
response to find solutions that are specific to humanitarian settings.
Session 4.4: Carbon finance for biodigesters
The session aims to compare several practical experiences of national domestic biogas programmes
in Africa with the design of a carbon finance mechanism. The objective of carbon finance is to make
biodigesters more affordable to households and create a long term sustainability perspective for the
development of a national market for domestic biogas.
Hivos presented the carbon projects (biodigesters) in Cambodia and Indonesia:
 Hivos has supported 24,000 and 17,000 digesters in Cambodia and Indonesia respectively;
 Since 2009, Hivos opted for Voluntary Gold Standard for the biogas programmes in Cambodia
and CDM PoA in Indonesia;
 The monitoring requirements are having a database with biodigester data in place, including
companies, training records; conducting an annual usage and leakage survey; and every two
years a Kitchen Performance Test;
 Emission reductions come from switching fuels and manure handling. Respectively saving 4.5
and 3.2 tons of CO2e per household annually for Cambodia and Indonesia;
 Challenges were the design and verification in the first years; and in Indonesia it was also an
unexpected lower reduction. Initial costs remain a general concern for building carbon
projects.
Hivos presented the Africa Biogas Carbon (ABC) Programme for Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda:
 The choice of carbon finance mechanism was explained: first decision to opt for CDM, but
after two years opted for Voluntary Gold Standard as the CDM price collapsed and other
administrative approval was not granted in Tanzania;
 Kenya was the first to register (2015), then Tanzania (2016) and Uganda is also expected in
2016;
 Voluntary Gold Standard generates more carbon credits than under CDM, but is more
demanding in monitoring, both in emission reductions (ER) and in sustainable development
(SD) indicators. As in the Asia projects, a database, surveys and tests must be performed;
 Identified challenges are the long period (two years) between start of design and credit
issuance; compliance with strict rules; price volatility of the credits.
The manager of the National Biodigester Programme of Burkina Faso (PNB-BF) presented his
experiences:
 The programme registered a Multi-Country West Africa Biogas CDM PoA for the duration is
three times 7 years; Reasoning: biogas CERs easier to sell via carbon funds and UNDP’s
climate office supported the registration of the PoA;
 A carbon feasibility study was conducted in March 2013; PoA registered in June 2014;
 A client database is the cornerstone for the monitoring activities. The programme uses call-
centre to follow-up on clients and does field visits. The annual carbon field monitoring is
combined with a Biogas User Survey;
 The programme aims to conclude an ERPA with the WB-CiDev by the end of this year. First
monitoring report submission in 2017. ODA stops in 2018. The expected revenues should be
sufficient to cover the most essential non-commercial programme costs till 2025.
 The Government of Burkina Faso is meanwhile continuing its support to the programme by
providing an investment subsidy to the clients.
 The biggest challenge up to now is the lengthy process to come to an ERPA with CiDev, total
duration from pre-PIN to ERPA >2.5 years.

33
Finally, the Senegal domestic biogas NAMA was presented:
 The opportunity came through UNEP Riso Centre with support from the Ministry of
Environment. The NAMA could have a high socio-economic impact. With carbon financing, it
could become financially sustainable and durable;
 The NAMA design document is completed, but formal approval process on national and
international level;
 Key monitoring indicators are: number of biodigesters and biogas production, wood
consumption reduction, increment of crop production, job creation and companies net sales;
 Over the period 2015-2030 nearly 61,000 digesters for rural households are targeted.
Session 4.5: Finance for ICS and biodigester programmes, approaches
for large-scale market penetration
On end-user financing for upscaling market household biodigesters:
 Conditions for commercial end-user financing:
o Proven business case with predictable market growth (no surprises);
o Qualified loan management, esp. for the transactions with customer;
o Customers should remain satisfied to avoid non-payment;
o Core-lending activities must be ‘self-financing’ (no subsidies needed).
 Supporting activities for market development:
o Product development: from technical product to convenience good;
o Carbon-financing: take lessons learned (Asia).
On Letshego’s experiences in Kenya:
 Lending methodologies and partnership models are explained (groups and individuals);
 They have supported 1,000 biodigesters with credit, key critical success factors are the
commitment of customer, reliable and well trained contractor, defined incentives and use of
group methodology to reduce costs;
 The main challenges identified are: customer acquisition; failure of parties to play their role
adequately; poor workmanship hence non-functional digesters; lack of commitment by the
members;
 Therefore, the lesson learnt are that clear roles for every player in the partnership is key;
active participation by the members in the project needed; proper training by the lender and
the contractor and having reliable partners;
On BIX Capital innovative finance mechanism:
 It is a global social impact fund to provide pre-financing in the sectors of clean cooking, clean
energy and clean water;
 Monetised impact through certification must repay the investors capital;
 Main goals are to deliver two million stoves by 2018, accelerate the growth of social
enterprises for ICS and ultimately catalyse the development of ICS markets;
 The key requirements to work with BIX capital are: organisation is 2-3 years old, technology
used is tested and route-to-market is proven, and an impact programme is in place, including
impact buyer.

34
Plenary Reflection Session (16:00-17:35)
In this plenary session several participants shared experiences of clean cookstove development on
other continents and compared these with their observations of ICS and biodigester developments in
African countries.
The following persons provide these reflections:
 Mr Anil Dhussa (retired Adviser, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy India):
o Felt great to see local stoves being improved and standardized. Suggested more
popularization needed for adoption;
o There’s a lot of experience existing in Africa from historical background. Strides need
to be made in future in partnership with stakeholders;
o He was impressed by the development in the sector. Very practical and economical
stoves were developed;
o Biodigesters very operational and of good quality;
o Good progress made and different types of biodigesters available which gave good
results to follow up which models to promote.
 Mr Zhang Mi (Guest Professor and Sen. Engineer, China-ASEAN New Energy, Renewable
Energy Education and Training Centre):
o Advantages of each models should be combined together to develop one innovative
technology that can be promoted by all;
o More appliances for the biogas should be developed to make the sector more
attractive;
o Use of bioslurry is becoming popular in Africa which is encouraging;
o User training needs to be boosted and include sanitation activities for total solutions;
o Pros and cons of different types of digesters should be clearly documented and
disseminated.
 Ms Mariela Pino (R&D Coordinator, RedBioLAC):
o Good observation to see advocates of clean cooking community growing;
o Atmosphere was positive and committed – felt like a refresher course with new
insights;
o There is need for updates in the sector to be made more often;
o Instead of technology push, we should engage in agricultural systems and exhibit how
the energy component plays in that;
o Sustainable settlement also needed to be discussed;
o In Latin America there is still a vast space for introduction of gasification stoves and
fixed dome digesters and use of digesters for human waste management and
sanitation;
o There is also still little progress on digestion of municipal solid waste and agricultural
waste. A lot can be learnt from experience in Africa and Asia.

35
 Mr Frank van der Vleuten (Senior Policy Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
Netherlands):
o The link with agricultural systems and with sustainable cities is now slowly being
developed. What is still mostly absent is the link with healthy living and changing
lifestyles, which should be developed. We need as stakeholders to address the issues
wholly. We need to keep track of where the markets are going;
o Future discussions should involve how economies can change around these
technologies, how it would change diets, change behaviours and rural development
change;
o Call for transformative change at policy level is key and should be close to the sector;
o Strategies for continued learning and exchange can be proposed to develop the
sector further.
 Mr Francis Johnson (Senior Research Fellow, Stockholm Environment Institute):
o Emphasis on fuels and market development should be key of the agenda;
o Good learning experience on solid and liquid fuels;
o Poor issue of portability and tradability affecting the biogas sector needs to be
addressed;
o Intrigued by the biogas back pack which could improve portability of fuels;
o Sector getting increasingly dynamic as a result of new actors and innovations
particularly in Africa;
o International networks and collaborations extremely important for learning processes
which can assist in reducing mistakes;
o It is also important for biofuels and biogas to become globally relevant, to become big
enough to see impacts.
In the brief discussion afterwards, the audience commented that more
emphasis must be given to clean fuels rather than incremental developments
of stove technology. There should be one voice to the multilateral donors. It
was also observed that some professionals were promoting technologies
which were not of the best quality. A benchmark needs to be developed to
avoid this. To mainstream biogas, it was strongly mentioned to focus on the
importance of quality and perfection.
Following these reflections, the organisers requested two important
stakeholders in the ABPP to explain what they can commit to and what they
think other organisations can do. Mr John Maina is Principal Renewable
Energy Officer at the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum in Kenya. He began his feedback with the
importance of awareness raising through stakeholders and capacity building activities to train more
personnel. The government remains to play an important role in developing legal and regulatory
requirements with stakeholders. Standards for biodigesters have already been developed.
Furthermore, an action agenda must be formulated for investment prospects aligned with the SE4ALL
activities.
Mr Frank van der Vleuten, Senior Policy Adviser,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands,
continued on investments and addressed the
importance of leveraging programmes with activities
of other multilateral institutions (e.g. investment
banks). It was highly recommended to attract private
investments for energy programmes. Building a
community of practice for learning and knowledge
exchange is also recommended.

Report of the Africa Biogas and Clean Cooking Conference, 5-7 April 2016

Report of the Africa Biogas and Clean Cooking Conference, 5-7 April 2016

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Report of the Africa Biogas and Clean Cooking Conference, 5-7 April 2016

Similar to Report of the Africa Biogas and Clean Cooking Conference, 5-7 April 2016 (20)

Report of the Africa Biogas and Clean Cooking Conference, 5-7 April 2016