A series of state-specific Social Studies textbooks for students in Grade 4 (800+ pages).

1. Chapter 1 ■ 45
Florida’s Climate
When people hear the word Florida, they think of sun-
shine. Florida is so famous for its sunshine that its nickname is
“the Sunshine State.” Different parts of the state have different
types of weather. The kind of weather a place has over a period
of time is called .
Temperature and Humidity
The (TEM•per•cher) is a measure of how hot
or cold something is. The temperature of a place depends
on several things. One is its location. Florida is nearer to
the equator than most other states. Most places near the
equator have warm climates.
Elevation affects temperature, too. The higher the
elevation, the colder the air becomes. Florida is a low-lying
state. Its highest point is only 345 feet (105 m) above sea
level. Florida’s low elevation is another reason it has
warm temperatures.
temperature
climate
MAIN IDEA
AND DETAILS
As you read, look for
the main ideas about
Florida’s climate and the
details that support the
main ideas.
BIG IDEA
Florida’s location and
geography affect its
climate and the types
of storms it gets.
Focus
Skill
VOCABULARY
climate
temperature
humidity
precipitation
drought
hurricane
tornado
82°W
26°N
28°N
30°N
84°W86°W
80°W
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Gulf of Mexico
Apalachee
Bay
Tampa Bay
Florida Bay
Florida Keys
Lake
Okeechobee
Tallahassee
Pensacola
Panama
City
De Funiak
Springs
Jacksonville
Daytona
Beach
Orlando
Ocala
Gainesville
Lakeland
St. Petersburg
Tampa
West
Palm
Beach
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Myers
Naples
Belle
Glade
Miami
Key
West
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
N
S
EW
0 75 150 Miles
0 75 150 Kilometers
Albers Equal-Area Projection
CentimetersInches
More
than 64
56–64
48–56
40–48
More
than 163
142–163
122–142
102–122
Average Yearly Precipitation
Precipitation
in Florida
Analyze Tables This table shows the average
temperatures in January and July for several
Florida cities.
Which city has the highest average
temperature in January?
Humidity also affects how hot the
air feels. is the amount of
moisture in the air. When the air is
humid, you feel hotter than when the
air is dry.
Distance from the sea affects tem-
perature, too. Humid air from the Gulf
of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean
makes Florida’s coastal regions very
humid most of the year. Breezes from
these bodies of water cool the coastal
plains. Wind affects how hot or cool
the air feels, too.
What things affect temperature?
MAIN IDEA AND DETAILSFocus
Skill
Humidity
Precipitation
Any water that falls to Earth as rain,
sleet, snow, or hail is
(prih•sih•puh•TAY•shuhn). Florida gets
more rainfall than most other states—
about 53 inches (135 cm) every year.
The rainy season begins in May and
lasts through October.
Thunderstorms bring most of
Florida’s rainfall. There are so many
thunderstorms in Florida that many
people call it “the thunderstorm capital
of the United States.”
precipitation
Place Different parts of Florida receive
different amounts of precipitation.
Which city usually receives less
precipitation, West Palm Beach or
Belle Glade?
44 ■ Unit 1
In Florida’s warm climate, people can
enjoy the beach almost all year long.
The People of
Northern Florida
The Apalachee Bay in northwestern Florida was named for
a group of Native Americans who once lived in the area. This
group was called the Apalachees. They were known as powerful
warriors and successful farmers.
A Farming People
The Apalachees lived in the western Panhandle of Florida
between the Aucilla and Ochlockonee (ah•KLAH•kuh•nee)
Rivers. This tribe lived north and west of the Calusas,
Tequestas, and Tocobagas.
The Spanish explorer Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
(AHL•var NOON•yes kah•BAY•sah day VAH•kuh), describing
an Apalachee village, wrote,
“The village contained forty small and low houses,
reared [built] in sheltered places, out of fear of
the great storms that continuously occur in the
country. The buildings are of straw, and they
are surrounded by dense timber, tall trees
and numerous water-pools. . . .
”Unlike central and southern Florida,
northern Florida had rich land. This made
it possible for the Apalachees to grow
most of their food. The Apalachees became
excellent farmers of squash, beans, and
corn. In fact, these vegetables grew so well
together that the Apalachees called them
the “Three Sisters.”
Even though the Apalachees farmed
more than other Native Floridians, they
still hunted, fished, and gathered shell-
fish for food. They also gathered wild
plants, nuts, and berries to eat.
Every native group in Florida had its
own traditions. A is an idea
or way of doing something that has
been handed down from the past. One
important Apalachee tradition was a
ball game played during the summer.
Players from different villages took
part in the game, which could last for
several days.
Each tribe in Florida also had its
own , or system for decid-
ing what is best for a group of people.
A government has both leaders and
rules. It is supposed to protect its
people and settle their problems.
government
tradition
SUMMARIZE
As you read, summarize
how each group of Native
Floridians in northern
Florida lived.
BIG IDEA
Native Floridians in
northern Florida used the
natural resources around
them for many purposes.
Focus
Skill
Gulf of
Mexico
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
St.JohnsRiver
S
uwanneeR.
ApalachicolaRiver
O
chlock
onee
R.AucillaR.
MAYACA
TIMUCUA
TIMUCUA
TIMUCUA
TIMUCUA
TIMUCUA
SAWOKLI
CHATOT
PENSACOLA
TIM
UCUA
O
C
A
LE
APALACHEE
GEORGIAALABAMA
Present-day
border
N
S
EW
0 50 100 Miles
0 50 100 Kilometers
Albers Equal-Area Projection
Major Tribes in
Northern Florida
Location The Apalachees and the
Timucuas were two tribes that lived in
northern Florida.
Did the Apalachees live east or west
of the Timucuas?
The Apalachees stored their food in raised buildings
called garitas (guh•REE•tuhz).
Apalachee Ball Game
Two equal teams—sometimes with
as many as 50 players on each team—
played the Apalachee ball game. The
object of the game was to score points
with a small ball made of deerskin and
stuffed with clay. On the playing field
stood a tall, thick log with an eagle’s
nest on top of it. A team received points
for kicking the ball against the log or
into the eagle’s nest. The
game was part of the
Apalachees’ religious
ceremonies, and it
was also played just
for sport.
Chapter 2 ■ 7978 ■ Unit 1
tradition
government
scarce
cacique
shaman
One reason farmers succeed in
Florida is the long growing season. The
is the length of time
the weather is warm enough for crops
to grow.
Farmers in central and southern
Florida can grow crops all year, even
in winter. Florida’s winter crops
include vegetables such as beans,
cabbages, celery, and tomatoes.
Citrus fruits, such as oranges and
lemons, are also grown in central
and southern Florida. In fact, oranges
are Florida’s most important crop.
During some years, as much as three-
fourths of all the citrus fruit grown
in the United States comes
from Florida.
Northern Florida has a
shorter growing season
than the rest of the state.
Farmers there grow cotton,
tobacco, and peanuts.
Houseplants are also
grown in Florida. These plants
growing season
MAIN IDEA
AND DETAILS
As you read, look for
the main ideas about
Florida’s resources and
the details that support
the main ideas.
BIG IDEA
Florida’s many natural
resources are used in
several ways.
Focus
Skill
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote about the beauty of Florida
in her book Palmetto Leaves.
48 ■ Unit 1
are sold all over the United States.
Florida is second only to California in
this business.
The fertile soil of Florida also makes
it a good place to farm. Some of
the most fertile land is
in southern Florida,
where wetlands have
been drained. Near Lake
Okeechobee the land is so fertile
that it has made Florida the top
sugarcane grower in the country.
Florida’s other important farm
products are milk, poultry, eggs, and
cattle and livestock. A is
something people make, grow, or
raise to be sold. The area near Ocala
is known for its horse farms.
How a does long growing season
affect Florida farmers?
MAIN IDEA AND DETAILSFocus
Skill
product
Chapter 1 ■ 49
growing season
product
natural resource
renewable resource
nonrenewable
resource
phosphate
petroleum
habitat
endangered
Florida’s Resources
In the 1860s writer Harriet Beecher Stowe and her family
wanted to escape the cold winters of the North. They found a
place near Jacksonville, Florida. In her book Palmetto Leaves, she
wrote that it was wonderful “[to] be able to spend your winter
out of doors, . . . to hear birds daily; to eat fruit from trees, and
pick flowers from hedges. . . .” Early visitors to Florida discovered
a land rich both in beauty and in resources.
Fresh Water and Soil
People need fresh water every day. They need it for
drinking and cleaning, for example. In Florida this water
comes from rivers, lakes, and wells drilled into aquifers.
Many businesses and farms use large amounts of water.
About one-third of Florida’s land is used for farming. Every
day farmers use 3 billion gallons (11 billion L) of water on
their crops.
Oranges that are picked in Florida are shipped all over the United States.
Orchids are one of the many kinds
of houseplants grown in Florida.
VOCABULARY
LESSONOPENERS
StephenFox
Digital Samples Portfolio
foxdesigns@gmail.com
HARCOURT HORIZONS
CLIENT Harcourt Schools (2005)
DESCRIPTION A series of state-
specific Social Studies textbooks for
students in Grade 4 (800+ pages).
MY ROLES WITHIN THIS PROJECT
• Project management
• Page concept development
• Page layout with input from Senior
Design staff
• Designimplementationandcontinuity
• Template clean-up
• Page composition
• Technical artwork
• Image manipulation
• Directing freelance Photoshop
experts in image manipulation
and close cropping
• Montage creation
• Preflight and Prepress
• Creation of final digital files (PDFs)

2. LESSONOPENERS
Chapter 3 ■ 101
Travel to and from the Indies was
filled with danger. Most trade routes
were over land. Merchants had to cross
mountains and deserts and face rain,
snow, wind, and sandstorms. They
were robbed and sometimes killed
during their travels.
Because travel was difficult, most
European and Asian traders went only
part of the way. They met each other
and exchanged goods at cities in
Southwest Asia and North Africa.
This trading region came to be
called the Middle East.
In 1453 the last European
city in the Middle East fell
to the Turks, a people who
ruled a large part of the area. Under
the Turks, many routes between Asia
and Europe were closed. Europeans
wanted to continue trading, so they
searched for ways to reach Asia by
water. A water route would make
trading faster and safer.
A new, smaller and faster ship called
a helped Europeans sail on
the oceans. Its special sails let it sail
into the wind and travel on rough
seas. Another invention called the
astrolabe changed sailing, too.
The helped sailors
figure out where they were
by using the position
of stars.
What events made
Europeans look for new ways to
Asia? SEQUENCEFocus
Skill
astrolabe
caravel
100 ■ Unit 2
European
Exploration
By the 1400s some Native American groups were living in
highly developed societies. In areas of present-day Mexico and
South America, native peoples had built cities in which thou-
sands of people lived. Across the Atlantic Ocean in Europe, large
cities had also developed by that time. These cities, like those in
the Americas, were centers of government, learning, and trade.
Europe, Asia, and the Americas
Europeans were interested in Asia, especially China,
Japan, and southeastern Asia, then known as the Indies.
European countries fought for wealth and power by trying
to control trade in this area. This was because many beauti-
ful and costly goods, such as jewels, gold, silk, and spices,
came from Asia. Many of these were not made or found
in Europe, and Europeans paid high prices for them.
SEQUENCE
Read to learn about the
events that led Europeans
to explore lands in the
Americas.
BIG IDEA
The arrival of Europeans
in the Americas changed
world history.
Focus
Skill
VOCABULARY
caravel
astrolabe
convert
claim
expedition
colony
conquistador
1450–1550
1450 1650 1850
Henricus Martellus
drew this world map in
1489, before Europeans
came to the Americas.
Camels were used to carry
goods and supplies across
the desert because they
can go without water for
more than two weeks.
Europeans
used many
spices from
Asia. They used cloves
and nutmeg to make
food taste better. Other
spices were used as
medicines and to keep
foods from spoiling.
The astrolobe helped sailors
figure out their location.
Chapter 4 ■ 141
British were both helped by
their Native American allies, the
war became known as the French
and Indian War.
At first Spain was not part of this
war. Spain became afraid of Britain
controlling all of North America. So
Spain joined France and its Native
American allies to fight the British.
In response, the British captured
Havana—the capital of Cuba and
one of Spain’s most valuable ports.
Britain eventually won the war. In
1763 the war officially ended when
Britain, France, and Spain signed the
Treaty of Paris. A is an agree-
ment between groups or countries.
treaty
This treaty gave Britain
almost all of the French
colonies in North America.
France also gave up its claim
to most of the lands between the
Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River. To get Cuba back,
Spain gave the Florida colony to
Britain.
Florida was a challenge for its
British rulers. One problem was
getting settlers to stay. Many
Spanish settlers did not want to
live under British rule. They decided
to move to Havana with their slaves.
Many free Africans and even some
Native Americans went as well.
How did Spain lose its claim to
Florida? Spain gave Florida to Britain in
exchange for Cuba.A Native American tomahawk
from the French and Indian War
A man dressed as a British soldier shows
how cannons were fired during the French
and Indian War.
140
Florida Under
British Rule
The Spanish built Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine
to stand up against the biggest guns of the time. The fort
survived two major attacks by the British. In 1763 the people
of St. Augustine would learn that some things could be stronger
than the walls of their fort.
Britain Wins Florida
After James Oglethorpe’s raid on St. Augustine in 1740,
British attacks against Florida mostly ended. This did not
lead to a long-lasting peace, however. In 1754 France and
Britain went to war in Europe. As had happened before,
the war spread to the colonies in North America. Both
countries wanted control of the lands west of the
Appalachian Mountains. Because the French and the
COMPARE AND
CONTRAST
As you read, look for ways
West Florida and East
Florida were similar and
different.
BIG IDEA
British rule brought
changes for people
living in Florida.
Focus
Skill
VOCABULARY
treaty
land grant
plantation
planter
indentured servant
descendant
1450 18501450 1650
1750–1780
This powderhorn
is engraved with
a map showing
some of the major
battles of the
French and Indian
War, including the
battles of Fort
Ticonderoga.
Chapter 3 ■ 107
reached the shores of Florida near
what is now the city of Melbourne.
After reading Ponce de León’s
journal, Spanish historian Antonio
de Herrera (day er•RAIR•ah) wrote:
“. . . They sailed along the coast
looking for a harbor, and at night
they anchored near the land. . . .
And thinking that the land
was an island, they called it
La Florida because . . . [it had]
many blossoming trees. . . .
”Ponce de León also may have chosen
La Florida because he had arrived
during Pascua Florida. This is Spanish
for “Flowery Easter.”
Ponce de León claimed La Florida for
Spain. In time, most of what is today
the southeastern part of the United
States was called La Florida by the
Spanish. Neither Ponce de León nor
anyone else at the time knew how
big this area was.
Ponce de León sailed along Florida’s
Atlantic and Gulf coasts. He and his
crew stopped from time to time to
get fresh water and firewood and
to explore the coast.
At a bay on the Gulf coast they met
the Calusas. These Native Americans
thought that the newcomers wanted
to invade their lands. So the Calusas
attacked the ships. The Spanish soon
sailed back to Puerto Rico.
In 1521 Ponce de León returned
to the Calusas’ lands. This time he
brought 200 settlers, cattle, horses,
tools, and seeds for crops. He planned
to build a colony there, but he was
unsuccessful. The Calusas kept attack-
ing the Spanish. After Ponce de León
was wounded, the Spanish decided to
leave and sailed to Cuba. Ponce de
León died from his injury.
Where did Ponce de León first
reach the shores of the land he called
La Florida? SEQUENCEFocus
Skill
Spanish Explorers
Claim Florida
Europeans continued into the 1500s to explore lands in the
Western Hemisphere unknown to them. These voyages were
full of danger and mystery. The explorers never knew what
would happen to them. They could never be sure of ever going
home again. But the promise of adventure and riches often kept
them going.
The First Spanish in Florida
In 1513 Juan Ponce de León (WAHN PAHN•say day lay•OHN)
became the first known Spanish explorer to arrive in
Florida. The king of Spain sent Ponce de León
to explore an area north of Cuba called the
Island of Bimini (BIH•muh•nee).
Ponce de León set out from Puerto
Rico. Historians believe that his ships first
SEQUENCE
Read to learn the
sequence of Spanish
explorations in Florida.
BIG IDEA
Spanish explorations in
the Americas changed the
lives of Native Floridians.
Focus
Skill
The Gulf Stream
Understanding Physical Systems
Ponce de León became one of the
first explorers to experience the Gulf
Stream, one of the strongest ocean
currents in the world. A current is a
faster-flowing part of a body of water.
The Gulf Stream starts in the Gulf of
Mexico and flows through the Straits
of Florida. It then travels north in the
Atlantic Ocean. Spanish treasure ships
returning from North America “rode”
the Gulf Stream back to Europe.
1500–1550
1450 1650 1850
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Gulf of
Mexico
Caribbean
Sea
Straits of Florida
GULFSTREAM
UNITED STATES
CANADA
MEXICO
CUBA
FLORIDA
Newfoundland
0 400 800 Miles
0 400 800 Kilometers
N
S
E
W
VOCABULARY
slave
resist
106 ■ Unit 2
In Europe
younger sons in
noble, or high-
ranking, families did not
inherit much money.
Many of them became
conquistadors. They
hoped to get rich
on a successful
expedition.
StephenFox
Digital Samples Portfolio
foxdesigns@gmail.com
HARCOURT HORIZONS
CLIENT Harcourt Schools (2005)
DESCRIPTION A series of state-
specific Social Studies textbooks for
students in Grade 4 (800+ pages).
MY ROLES WITHIN THIS PROJECT
• Project management
• Page concept development
• Page layout with input from Senior
Design staff
• Designimplementationandcontinuity
• Template clean-up
• Page composition
• Technical artwork
• Image manipulation
• Directing freelance Photoshop
experts in image manipulation
and close cropping
• Montage creation
• Preflight and Prepress
• Creation of final digital files (PDFs)

3. LESSONPAGES
Chapter 8 ■ 263
They built bridges, roads, and railways,
and some started their own businesses.
As the demand for Florida goods
increased, the supply needed to
increase. A is an amount of
a good or service that is offered for
sale. A supply usually rises or falls to
meet a demand. This means that a
business will make more of something
if people want to buy more of it. If
there is not much demand for some-
thing, a business will make less of it.
supply
Immigrants from the same country
often settled together. In the late
1800s Danish immigrants formed
Dania, a town south of Fort
Lauderdale. Dania was known for
its tomatoes, which were shipped
to other states by railroad.
Yamato, near Boca Raton, was a
town started by Japanese immigrants.
Many of the immigrants there grew
pineapples, that were shipped north,
like Dania’s tomatoes.
262 ■ Unit 4
The Cities Grow
Many people moved to Florida in the
early 1900s. Some came as tourists and
decided to stay. Others came because
they could find work.
At that time, a place was called a
city if it had at least 2,500 people.
In 1880 there were only three cities in
Florida—Pensacola, Jacksonville, and
Key West. By the early 1900s Florida
had 19 cities.
Railways helped many Florida com-
munities grow. As railroads were built,
new towns grew along their paths.
Older towns, such as St. Petersburg,
grew into cities after the railroads
reached them. St. Petersburg had
settlers as early as the 1840s, but
it did not become a city until the
railroad arrived in 1888.
Industries, both old and new, also
helped Florida cities and towns grow.
Tampa, for example, became even
larger when the phosphate mining
industry brought workers and their
families to the nearby Bartow area.
By 1910 Florida’s total population
had grown to about 750,000. The
state’s population had tripled in
only 30 years.
What two facts about cities show
that the population of Florida grew quickly
between 1880 and the early 1900s?
FACT AND OPINION
New Immigrants
In the late 1800s thousands of immi-
grants began arriving in Florida. These
people hoped to make a better life for
themselves and their families. Some
immigrants came to Florida to escape
difficult times in their homelands.
Others came for their health. Many
were poor and came to find work.
Workers were needed to meet
the rising demand for Florida goods.
A is a desire for a good or
service among people willing to pay for
it. Immigrants worked in the fields,
tending and harvesting crops.
demand
Focus
Skill
Analyze Graphs The populations of Jacksonville
and Key West grew quickly between 1880 and 1910.
Which city’s population grew, got smaller, and
then grew again?
Morikami Museum and
Japanese Gardens
George Sukeji Morikami
was a member of the Yamato
Colony. In the 1970s he gave
200 acres in Delray Beach
to Palm Beach County. He
wanted to honor the Yamato
colonists and Japan, his native
country. The Morikami
Museum and Japanese
Gardens are the result
of his gift.
This statue is one of many artifacts at the
Morikami Museum.
KEY WEST
= 1,000 persons
YEAR
1880
1890
1900
1910
= 5,000 persons
= 10,000 persons
Populations of Two Florida
Cities, 1880–1910
JACKSONVILLE
Chapter 11 ■ 389
Federal taxes also pay for the mili-
tary forces that defend the country.
In Florida the United States Coast
Guard helps boaters and cleans up
after oil spills. Federal tax dollars are
used to build military bases and other
government sites in Florida, such as
Eglin Air Force Base, the Pensacola
Naval Air Station, and the John F.
Kennedy Space Center. In turn, those
government sites employ thousands
of Floridians.
388 ■ Unit 5
The President selects a ,
or group of people who advise the
President. Each Cabinet member
heads one government department.
The President and the Cabinet decide
on the best ways to solve national
problems. The President is also the
commander in chief of the military.
The judicial branch is made up of the
federal courts and the United States
Supreme Court. The Supreme Court
decides if the laws Congress has passed
and the President’s actions agree with
the Constitution. It also makes sure
that state laws and courts follow the
Constitution. Supreme Court decisions
apply to everyone in the United States.
What are the main jobs of each
branch of the federal government?
CATEGORIZEFocus
Skill
Cabinet The Federal Government
in Florida
Floridians take part in the federal
government by electing the President,
the Vice President, and United States
senators and representatives.
Floridians also take part in the fed-
eral government by paying federal
taxes. Federal tax money is used to pay
for the federal government’s programs
and agencies. One of these is the Social
Security program, which pays money to
people who can no longer work. Other
programs include Medicare, which
helps senior citizens pay for health
care, and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA
helps Floridians rebuild after natural
disasters, such as hurricanes.
Daniel Robert“Bob”Graham 1936–
Character Trait: Citizenship
Floridian Bob Graham served in Florida’s legislature before
becoming the state’s governor in 1978. In 1986 Florida voters
chose Graham to be one of their two United States senators.
In 2003 Senator Graham tried to become a candidate for
President.
Graham liked to stay connected with people in Florida.
For about 30 years, he spent 12 days each year doing
different kinds of jobs. His “workdays” at such jobs as
police officer, firefighter, garbage collector, and factory
worker helped him understand Florida’s citizens.
MULTIMEDIA BIOGRAPHIES
Visit The Learning Site at www.harcourtschool.com
to learn about other famous people.
Military pilots, Coast Guard workers, and postal
employees work for the federal government.
In 1972 the first group of Haitian
(HAY•shuhn) refugees made the dan-
gerous trip to Florida in small boats.
Over time Haitians have continued to
come to Florida.
During the 1980s, civil wars in
two nations, Colombia and Nicaragua
(nih•kuh•RAH•gwah), killed thousands
of people. Many Nicaraguans and
Colombians came to Florida to escape
the fighting.
From 1990 to 2000, Mexicans made
up the fastest-growing Hispanic group
in Florida. By 2000 there were more
than 360,000 Mexicans in the state.
That was more than twice the number
that had been living in Florida in 1990.
Florida’s new Hispanic arrivals also
come from Venezuela, the Dominican
Republic, and the United States
territory of Puerto Rico.
Most people who come to live
in Florida from other countries are
legal immigrants. This means they have
permission from the government to
live in the United States. Some people,
however, have found ways to enter the
country illegally, or without permission.
Why did many people move to
Florida from Haiti, Colombia, and
Nicaragua?
Many people come to Florida to enjoy the state’s
sunny, warm climate and find a better way of life.
343
Many New
Arrivals
People from other
countries have also
added to Florida’s popu-
lation. About 90,000
immigrants move to
Florida every year. Some
come from Central America and
South America. Others are from
the island nations of Haiti and Jamaica
in the Caribbean Sea. Still others come
from Africa and Asia.
The Cuban population of Florida
continues to grow. For many years
Cuban president Fidel Castro would
not let people leave Cuba. But in 1980
he let 125,000 Cubans come to the
United States. The
migration was called
the Mariel (mah•ree•EL)
Boatlift because most
of the immigrants sailed
from the city of Mariel.
Today many Cuban
refugees also try to
reach the United States
by boat, which is very danger-
ous. Cuban refugees who enter
the United States have special status—
they can ask to live legally in this
country no matter how they arrived.
Like Cubans, other immigrants to
Florida have come to the United States
seeking freedom and safety. In Haiti,
people feared they would be killed for
speaking out against the government.
Florida’s new arrivals come from all over the United States and the world.
342
A Cuban father and
son in Miami.
StephenFox
Digital Samples Portfolio
foxdesigns@gmail.com
HARCOURT HORIZONS
CLIENT Harcourt Schools (2005)
DESCRIPTION A series of state-
specific Social Studies textbooks for
students in Grade 4 (800+ pages).
MY ROLES WITHIN THIS PROJECT
• Project management
• Page concept development
• Page layout with input from Senior
Design staff
• Designimplementationandcontinuity
• Template clean-up
• Page composition
• Technical artwork
• Image manipulation
• Directing freelance Photoshop
experts in image manipulation
and close cropping
• Montage creation
• Preflight and Prepress
• Creation of final digital files (PDFs)

4. FEATUREPAGES
Orlando is located in Florida’s Central Highlands.
32 ■ Unit 1
Florida’s largest wetland
is the Everglades, in the
southernmost part of
Florida. It has been nick-
named “river of grass”
because the water flows
through the grass like a
river. Marjory Stoneman
Douglas described the
Everglades this way:
“The grass and the water
together make the river
as simple as it is unique
[one of a kind]. There is
no other river like it.
”Douglas spent her life protecting the
Everglades. In 1947 a great part of this
wetland became Everglades National
Park. The park was the first to protect
the birds and animals that live there.
What is Florida’s largest wetland?
Highlands
Not all of Florida is flat.
There are three highland
areas that are very differ-
ent from the lowland and
wetland regions. In low-
lying Florida, highlands
does not mean that there
are tall mountains.
The Central Highlands
region is Florida’s largest high-
land region. It lies between
the two coastal plains and
runs south from Georgia to north of
Lake Okeechobee. This region has
gently sloping hills and lakes. The major
cities here are Gainesville, Lakeland,
Ocala, and Orlando.
The Panhandle has a mixture of
lowlands and highlands. The Tallahassee
Hills lie east of the Marianna Lowlands.
The area is made up of valleys lying
Pine forests and citrus groves grow in Florida’s
different regions.
Marjory
Stoneman Douglas
Chapter 1 ■ 33
MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS How is
Florida different today from the way
it was millions of years ago?
1 BIG IDEA How are the Western
Highlands, the Tallahassee Hills, and the
Central Highlands alike?
2 VOCABULARY Write a paragraph that
includes the terms and
.
3 GEOGRAPHY What kinds of islands are
found in Florida?
4 CIVICS AND GOVERNMENT What was
Everglades National Park the first to do?
5 CRITICAL THINKING—Synthesize What
makes Big Cypress Swamp a swamp
instead of a marsh?
PERFORMANCE—Riddles Write
three riddles—one about Florida’s
lowlands, one about its highlands,
and one about its wetlands. An example
might be “I am land that includes both
marshes and swamps. What am I?” Write
each riddle on a separate card. Ask a
classmate to answer your riddles.
continental shelf
coastal plain
Focus
Skill
between pine forests. Tallahassee,
Florida’s capital city, is in this area.
West of the Marianna Lowlands
are the hills and pine forests of the
Western Highlands region. The highest
point in Florida is in this region, near
Lakewood in Walton County. At only
345 feet (105 m) above sea level, it is
the lowest high point of any state.
What is Florida’s largest highland
area?
Visit The Learning Site at
www.harcourtschool.com
to research other primary sources.
Design a Dinner Imagine that you
are hosting an elegant dinner party
in the 1890s. Think about what foods
you might serve, whom you might
invite, and the dishes and flatware
you might use. Plan and decorate
your menu, and write an invitation.
Share your work with a classmate.
Chapter 7 ■ 233
FROM THE HENRY B. PLANT MUSEUM, TAMPA, FLORIDA
232 ■ Unit 3
Elaborate place settings, including silver flatware, were used
in the 1890s.
Cheese scoop (left),
jelly spoon (center), and
butter pick (right)
In the late 1800s many Americans had more money than
people ever had before. More people could afford nice things.
For example, some people took vacations at the resorts that
Henry Flagler and Henry Plant built in Florida. There, wealthy
guests enjoyed the finest goods and services of the time. They
also dined in style.
At about the same time, large amounts of silver were discovered
in some western states and Mexico. This meant that costly silver
objects could be made more cheaply. Soon the dinner tables of
wealthy Floridians sparkled with silver spoons, knives, and forks,
called flatware.
Analyze the
Primary Source
What differences do you notice
between the meat patty server and the
cucumber server? Why do you think
the cucumber server is shaped as it is?
Why do you think people set their
tables in such an elaborate way in the
late 1800s? Do you think everyone did
this or just those with a lot of money?
How is the place setting on page 232
similar to the place setting you use for
everyday meals? How is it different?
3
2
1
Meat patty server (below) and
cucumber server (bottom)
Dining in StyleDining in Style
Visit The Learning Site
www.harcourtschool.com
to research other primary sources.
Write a News Story Imagine that
you were present when one of the
artifacts shown was found. Write a
news story that tells where and how
the artifact was found. Be sure to
include a detailed description of the
artifact and what it tells about the
Spanish colonies.
Chapter 3 ■ 123
These gold and emerald
rings (below) and this
cross strung on five feet
of gold chain (left) were
found inside of a solid
gold box (above).
Gold and silver coins
(below) were known as
pieces of eight. Their
markings allowed
them to be split into
pieces easily.
Analyze the
Primary Source
In what ways are pieces of eight
different from coins in use today?
Which of these artifacts do you
think is the most valuable? Why?
Think about the things that you
treasure. What do those things say
about you?
3
2
1
Wealthy Europeans prized
gold jewelry. This pendant
(far left) was most likely
worn by a man. The
pin (left) and earrings
(below) may have been
made for Queen
Isabella to wear. Both
are decorated with
diamonds.
FROM MEL FISHER’S TREASURE MUSEUM,
SEBASTIAN, FLORIDA
Colonies in the Americas were an important
source of wealth for the rulers of Spain. Ships that
carried gold and other riches from Central America
and South America across the Atlantic Ocean made
a long and dangerous journey. In 1715, a hurricane
destroyed a group of Spanish treasure ships off the
eastern coast of Florida. These ships were carrying
gold, jewelry, and other valuables for King Philip V
of Spain. He planned to give treasures like these to
his new wife, Queen Isabella, as wedding gifts.
People often had bars of gold (below) made into long
chains to avoid paying tax. Bars of gold were highly
taxed, but jewelry was not.
122 ■ Unit 2
Spanish TreasureSpanish Treasure
StephenFox
Digital Samples Portfolio
foxdesigns@gmail.com
HARCOURT HORIZONS
CLIENT Harcourt Schools (2005)
DESCRIPTION A series of state-
specific Social Studies textbooks for
students in Grade 4 (800+ pages).
MY ROLES WITHIN THIS PROJECT
• Project management
• Page concept development
• Page layout with input from Senior
Design staff
• Designimplementationandcontinuity
• Template clean-up
• Page composition
• Technical artwork
• Image manipulation
• Directing freelance Photoshop
experts in image manipulation
and close cropping
• Montage creation
• Preflight and Prepress
• Creation of final digital files (PDFs)