Mike dunn wp3 april 2018

1. 18/06/20181
Tourism and Recreation as a P&D Pathway
2. Visitor data from
susceptible attractions
1. Literature
review
3. Survey of
international plant
pathologists

2. 18/06/20182
Literature
Keywords
Tree/Plant
AND
Disease/Pathogen/Pest/Fungi/Fungus
AND
Introduction/Introduced/Spread/Transport/Movement
AND
Tourist/Tourism/Visitor/Traveller/Passenger/Footwear
Findings
High incidences, counts and diversities of viable bacteria, fungi, nematodes and seeds, as well as
several live arthropods removed from footwear being carried in the baggage of international
aircraft passengers arriving in New Zealand (McNeill et al, 2011)
Meta-analysis showed abundance and richness of non-native species are significantly higher in sites
where tourist activities take place than in control sites. The pattern was consistent across
terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments; across a variety of vectors (e.g. horses, hikers,
yachts); and across a range of taxonomic groups (Anderson et al, 2015)
Collected soil from the shoes and tires of visitors entering and exiting protected wildlands, and
found that 7% of visitors entered the site with viable pathogen on their shoes and tires, and 23%
carried it out with them. However, because P. ramorum is sensitive to desiccation, human dispersal
may be limited to situations where the pathogen remains moist (Cooper and Cushman, 2006)

3. Visitor data
18/06/20183
- Visitor numbers
- Timing of visits
- Origin
- Also some data for other
types of site that help to
understand domestic
spread
31m people visit Britain each year.
One third visit a park or garden
(VisitBritain)
Kew Gardens (1.8m visitors)
RHS: Garden Wisley (1.1m)
Eden Project (1m)
RBGE (860k)
Chatsworth House (640k)
Westonbirt Arboretum (520k)
Alnwick Gardens (270k)
(ALVA, 2016 figures)

4. Visitor Britain & IPS Survey
18/06/20184
Country of origin
Estimated #
park/garden visits
Argentina 53,250
Australia 951,500
Austria 114,874
Belgium 255,242
Brazil 153,094
Canada 272,655
Chile 13,263
Colombia 8,273
Czech Repub 95,333
Denmark 187,611
Egypt 14,760
Finland 85,565
France 1,205,014
Germany 1,033,081
Greece 87,097
Hong Kong 52,613
Hungary 49,737
Iceland 8,602
VisitBritain sponsored a number of
questions in the 2011 International
Passenger Survey
- origin
- visits/activities incl. parks or
gardens

5. E.g. of Garden data: weekly visits
2017
18/06/20185
UK N America Australasia Belgium China France Germany Holland Italy Japan Spain RoE RoW PNTS TOTAL
week ending
02-Apr
09-Apr
16-Apr 4,578 274 61 49 84 139 153 21 108 52 76 388 187 130 6,300
23-Apr 6,005 438 137 44 93 210 278 56 135 58 46 414 254 110 8,278
30-Apr 4,441 378 127 47 97 195 153 68 145 33 56 352 188 41 6,321
07-May 4,712 459 131 67 114 184 199 53 105 91 53 271 170 36 6,645
14-May 4,748 700 223 94 135 199 151 38 124 50 64 315 204 43 7,088
21-May 4,199 698 187 51 101 145 132 27 84 36 49 304 197 24 6,234
28-May 6,786 1,109 437 183 240 388 288 87 104 77 81 470 276 28 10,554
04-Jun 7,764 899 296 78 173 229 224 33 107 61 52 376 254 15 10,561
11-Jun 4,587 622 204 49 127 155 197 36 92 77 49 263 122 8 6,588
18-Jun 5,441 626 235 53 129 134 231 31 94 80 72 267 205 20 7,618
25-Jun 4,723 699 232 61 170 212 135 32 89 54 71 247 183 9 6,917
02-Jul 5,042 875 366 91 175 227 234 44 101 53 75 379 271 20 7,953
09-Jul 6,392 1,014 437 131 215 207 170 47 99 57 55 291 178 14 9,307
16-Jul 4,568 758 251 126 210 234 165 39 102 48 58 285 211 6 7,061
23-Jul 4,649 738 322 111 188 248 189 43 84 45 84 230 176 8 7,115
30-Jul 5,346 585 234 88 220 268 235 55 73 42 88 240 212 10 7,696
06-Aug 6,935 893 377 127 232 292 205 67 146 72 91 341 243 15 10,036
13-Aug 6,482 810 272 127 233 355 243 79 171 68 102 326 213 10 9,491
20-Aug 7,085 604 251 84 218 421 232 62 177 68 86 288 212 22 9,810
27-Aug 7,249 513 310 108 155 289 180 50 111 62 85 210 159 - 9,481
03-Sep 7,018 701 319 138 273 300 232 65 112 69 80 247 215 8 9,777
10-Sep 3,743 524 232 70 109 78 117 20 61 53 39 196 175 - 5,417
17-Sep 3,642 487 182 49 88 105 79 16 45 50 37 180 138 3 5,101
24-Sep 5,024 629 214 48 104 97 89 22 62 33 32 181 156 4 6,695
01-Oct 3,330 489 192 43 95 93 91 16 54 23 29 130 105 2 4,692
08-Oct 3,889 530 243 41 125 130 98 21 46 25 35 169 111 1 5,464
15-Oct 4,692 541 211 58 83 133 100 21 62 37 54 194 151 5 6,342
22-Oct 3,415 392 194 86 80 129 61 25 42 19 12 117 65 2 4,639
29-Oct 5,874 365 195 79 76 144 91 15 43 39 52 162 85 8 7,228
05-Nov 3,317 225 50 13 53 161 90 13 44 23 25 171 70 2 4,257
12-Nov 2,336 212 88 30 41 61 40 12 23 22 23 46 54 1 2,989

6. Survey
18/06/20186
Do you think international
tourism is a potential pathway
for invasive pests and diseases?
Pathogens can be introduced through
tourism because a traveller may bring
in plants or seeds with pathogens
from other countries (despite it is not
allowed). Another possible way is
through soil material on the soles of
footwear.
Research undertaken at airports has
found pathogenic fungi on clothing
and baggage of passengers (Sheridan
1989), while rust spores adhering to
passenger clothing was implicated in
the introduction of yellow stripe rust
into Australia (Wellings et al. 1987). A
study on footwear in Honolulu
International Airport recovered 65
species of fungi from 17 shoes (Baker
1966).
Soil borne pathogens spread
via any footwear, camping
gear etc. with soil (e.g.
Phytophthora) Airborne spores
(e.g. rusts) adhered on
clothing (e.g. hats, coats,
socks etc.)

7. Perceived P&D threat by pathway
18/06/20187