Will the National Football League ever be as Global as the Barclays Premier League

WILL THE NATIONAL
FOOTBALL LEAGUE
EVER BE AS GLOBAL AS
THE BARCLAYS
PREMIER LEAGUE?
EXTENDED PROJECT LEVEL 3
UNIT 1 DISSERTATION
FINN CAMPBELL 6514
Picture 1 : Pre MatchEntertainment for Jacksonville Jaguars v San Francisco49ers at Wembley Stadium

2 Contents
Will the National Football League ever be as Global as the Barclays Premier League?
CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. THE EFFECT OF THE HISTORY OF THE GAME
4. THE DESIRE FOR A FOREIGN TEAM
5. NFL, ENTERTAINMENT OR SPORT
6. MEDIA, EXPOSURE OF THE GAME THROUGH NEW
TECHNOLOGY
7. SALARY CAPS, CREATING FINANCIAL FAIRNESS FOR TEAMS
8. THE AMOUNT OF PARITY DUE TO GOVERNING BODIES
9. THE PROBLEMS WITH THE NFL BECOMING GLOBAL
10. CONCLUSION
11. EVALUATION
12. DATA SOURCES AND CITATIONS
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
14. INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS

3 Abstract
ABSTRACT
The reason for doing my project came from a passion in economics and a love of sport.
I wanted to see how these two combined together and acted as one. This lead me to
wondering how influential certain aspects of sports were to their success and from this I
decided that I would see whether a sports league can globally expand to be bigger than
another sports league that is already massively popular globally. Icame to decide that I
would choose the biggest Leagues, in each of what I believe to be the most influential
countries on sport. I hence chose the National Football League and the Barclays Premier
League. From my original research, the consensus seemed that the Premier League was
more global that the NFL so I decided to try and find out whether the NFL would ever
be as global and why.
I went about researching this project primarily through the Internet and people
with a lot of knowledge on the subject. There were books that I used to get background
knowledge on the subject and have views on it, but many of the books quickly became
out dated. I spoke to people such as Tim Leiweke, the man who tried to bring an NFL
franchise to Los Angeles; Andy Mollett, the Chief Financial Officer at Fulham; Ian
Holmes, the head of media rights for Formula One while being highly experienced in the
effect of media on a sport and I also spoke to the Author of the book ‘Money Games’
David M. Carter, who is regarded as one of the leading academics on the combination of
sport and business. Each of these people gave very insightful opinions on their
respective areas of expertise and a lot of what they said was utilized in this project, either
directly or through further research.
The result was that the NFL would not be as global as the Premier League. The
complexities of creating a team abroad rules out the option of a foreign based team and
the overall desire to watch NFL isn’t as great globally as it is in the United States. This
meant that as the Premier League, was more relatable to, more people enjoy to watch it
and hence it stays more global, although it does have some fundamental downfalls in its
structure.

4 Introduction
INTRODUCTION
The National Football League is America’s largest sport and has a huge impact on their
lives during the season. It is composed of 32 franchises, based all around America. These
Franchises compete in two separate conferences, the National Football Conference and
the American Football Conference. The conferences then have four separate leagues
composed of four teams. The winner of each league, and the next best two franchises
then play in playoffs in which the winner of the Conference plays the winner of the other
conference in the Superbowl to decide the overall winner of the National Football
League.
It was in 2007 when the National Football League returned to Britain to play its first ever
in season game outside the American Continent.1
It was then six years later in 2013 that
the NFL decided that it would then have two in season games at Wembley2
, and it was
late 2013 when commissioner of the NFL, Roger Goodell announced that in 2014 there
would be 3 games at Wembley3
. This meteoric rise in the amount of games being played
at Wembley seemed to be very unusual for a game that was strongly based in America. It
started to make me question why the NFL was playing so much outside of America?
1
http://www.nfllondon.net/international-series.html
2
http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/16/nfl-minnesota-vikings
3
http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000259165/article/nfl-to-further-international-growth-3-
games-in-london-in-2014
Picture 2 : The NFL Playoff Bracketfor 2014. The Numbers highlightthe positions thatthey finished in their
conference.

5 Introduction
It was with this that I decided that I wanted to look into why the National Football
League was expanding their game to the global market but I didn’t want to just look at
how it did it; I wanted to look specifically at how successful it could be when expanding
itself into the global sporting market. So I thought I would look how much of a chance
the National Football League would have in becoming a global sport.
I have also had a lot of experience of the Barclays Premier League, having been a
follower of it from a young age. During this following, I had noticed the amount that
teams in the Premier League were followed around the world was extremely large. It was
with this that I felt that the Barclays Premier League was the most global league in the
world and wondered if the NFL is more global than it, and if it wasn’t then whether it
would ever be as global as the Barclays Premier League. The Premier League provides a
great comparison for the NFL’s global presence, as it is very similar to it in terms of the
League.
Hence, in this project I am going to examine the extent to which the National Football
League can be come a global sport, I am going to relate a lot of what I research to the
Barclays Premier League as this is arguably the most global League in the world at the
moment. I am going explain how the NFL first came to Europe and the effect that tat
had on its ability to then return for the International Series. I am then going to see how
much of a desire there is for a Foreign NFL team in Europe, and more specifically
London, and try to relate this to the amount of desire there is in the world for Barclay’s
Premier League teams to play. I am then going to look at three of the most important
aspects of these leagues that effect its globalism, these being; Media in the modern day
world; the use of Salary Caps; the ability to achieve and enforce parity; all three of these
play a key role in achieving a globally popular sport. There will then be an explanation as
to how NFL and BPL use entertainment in the modern day and its importance, this is a
key area of research as it was said by Academic David Carter, ‘Sports and Entertainment
have been converging since the dawn of capitalism, if not before’4
. I will then finally
discuss the reasons that the NFL will struggle to become a global sport, if they have not
already been mentioned in earlier parts.
From what I have experienced so far, I think that the Premier League is currently
more global than the NFL but I hope to uncover the reasons behind how the NFL could
become one of the most global sports in the world and then to see whether it has the
capacity to become the world’s most global league.
4
Carter, D., 2011, Money Games : Profiting from the Convergence of Sport and Entertainment,
Stanford, Stanford University Press. p.1.

6 The History of the National Football League Abroad
THE HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE ABROAD
”The beginning is the most important part of the work.” Plato5
The NFL as it is today was formed through the merger of the two great football leagues
of its time, the National Football League and the American Football League.6
When
these two combined they retained the name of the National Football League and it
stayed as it is today. This combination made the league bigger and more popular than
ever before and added an event that can still be seen as the climax of American Sport
every year. This climax is the Superbowl, but as time went on, they looked to expand the
NFL beyond the 240 million population, and at this point they went to London.7
The
American Bowl was the game that allowed the NFL to create the building blocks on
which to create a fan base in the UK. 8
These building blocks attracted many more fans to
the game and caused a media frenzy in the UK at the time. 9
Its sudden input into the
British Sporting Market came at a time when Britain’s most popular sport, Soccer, was in
a sate of deterioration. All British Teams had been banned from the Champions League
following the Heysel Disaster.10
This was a chance for a sport that was much more family
friendly to enter the British Sporting Market, and just like that it did. It was through the
American Bowl, a pre season game played between two NFL sides that this new sport
came, and it then recurred for every season, in many different countries, until its
termination in 1993.11
This was the start of the Global Expansion of the league and more
games were played with NFL teams, but all around the world, with it ranging from
Australia to Germany to Mexico12
and soon had more global prominence than it had ever
had before. This original expansion of the game allowed many more people to be
involved in the game than had ever been involved before.
This global exposure of the National Football League was one of the ways that it
first got itself onto the Global Market. The games that occurred around the world
allowed more media coverage and talking about the sport than had ever occurred in
many of these countries before. People in these countries would have been talking about
the NFL match that was coming to their country and with this increased the amount of
interest in it globally, it will have got more popular and more people would have watched
it. The problem with this original global series was the quality of football. These games
were all pre-season games, which means that they were less likely to be as competitive as
the normal season league games. If people were watching pre season games, they were
less likely to be interested in it; it didn’t have any effect on the League, the players
wouldn’t have cared as much as they did for a league game and this meant that the
overall quality of the experience would have been below that of what a normal NFL
game was.
5
http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/249055-the-beginning-is-the-most-important-part-of-the-work
6
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nfl-and-afl-announce-merger
7
http://www.multpl.com/united-states-population/table
8
http://www.profootballhof.com/history/2012/9/12/Pro-football-in-London-1986/
9
ibid.
10
http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/may/28/heysel-disaster-25th-anniversary
11
http://www.profootballhof.com/history/2012/9/19/NFL-football-in-United-Kingdom/
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bowl

7 The History of the National Football League Abroad
Hence, the NFL then created NFL Europe, a League that had teams throughout Europe
and was backed by the NFL. This was an off-season League that allowed players who
played for the best teams to play in the off season in Europe. It was more family friendly
and was directed at the European sports market.13
It allowed high quality American
Players to play in Europe as well as in America. The problem was that the league
eventually became formed of mainly the reserve players of all the NFL teams, as they
didn’t want to risk their best players in a league that had little relevance to the actual NFL
season. This part of the history was key as it was an NFL league in Europe. They had
expanded but this eventually ended after Roger Goodell came to power and instead the
International Series at Wembley came to the front of the NFL’s attempt at expanding the
league.
13 Jozsa Jnr., F., 2003. American SportsEmpire: How the LeaguesBreed Success.
Westport(Conneticut):Praeger. p.25.
Picture 3 : Picture of the Programme from firstAmerican Bowl in 1986

8 The Desire for a Foreign Team
THE DESIRE FOR A FOREIGN TEAM
‘Here is my first principle of foreign policy: Good government at home.’
William Gladstone14
For a sport to expand, there needs to be a desire to have that sport in a foreign country. One
of the main ways that the NFL is planning on expanding is through creating a London NFL
team. 15 For a foreign team to succeed though there needs to be a desire for it to exist in that
country, and this is something that the NFL are trying to judge in Britain at the moment.
The Commissioner of the NFL, Roger Goodell said, “Over the next couple of years we'll
know whether there's a demand for a team that's playing more than a game or two here."16
This is something that will be key to the global expansion of the League. If there is a desire
for a team, then a team in Britain could be created and this would take the league to Europe.
This is something that was tried before with NFL Europe, they created a league in Europe
that was an off season league but this ended in 2007 due to it not working. Matt Slater,
journalist for the BBC said, “…NFL pulled the plug on NFL Europe it was made up of five
German franchises and one on life support in Amsterdam. It was also losing £20m a
season.”17 A league in Europe that was losing £20 million per year would suggest that the
sport in Europe wasn’t working. Yet, as quickly as Roger Goodell had pulled NFL Europe,
there was then another International Series game that occurred between Miami Dolphins and
New York Giants at Wembley.18
The key difference between these two was type of game being played, NFL Europe
had players who were third reserves for certain positions in the NFL squads and didn’t play
for the teams throughout the season, but they then got game time in NFL Europe. The
International Series was a regular season game though, it meant that the players on display
were of the highest quality possible. This showed in the attendance of the games, the average
attendance for the last season of NFL Europe was 20,020.19 The attendance for the
International Game at Wembley? It was over four times that of the average for NFL Europe
in its final season, it was a staggering 81,176. 20 It was also believed that this game had
requests for over ‘half a million tickets’.21 This shows that there was a huge demand for the
International series game yet a much smaller demand for the NFL Europe games. This
shows that there is a desire for high quality American Football but not low quality American
Football. This is very understandable, as you wouldn’t get the attendance figures that the
Premier League gets in its U21 matches, which was in effect, what NFL Europe was.
14
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/w/williameg105477.html
15
http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/24142624/roger-goodell-on-la-or-london-nfl-team-
first-i-want-both, accessed 20.11.13
16
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/american-football/24687966
17
ibid.
18
http://www.wembleystadium.com/Press/Press-Releases/2013/9/A-History-Of-American-
Football-At-Wembley.aspx
19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Europe
20
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/american_football/7056755.stm ,
21
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-455301/Dolphins-Giants-sold-Wembley-10-
times-over.html

Picture 4 : William ‘the Fridge’ Perry playing for the London Monarchs, an original NFL Europe Team.
The desire for a foreign team must also come from a lack of a sport similar to
that in the sporting market that they are coming into. Firstly, the British sporting market
is highly saturated, the Premier League has a huge following and can have large crowds
every weekend which makes it difficult for another sport to compete every weekend.
There is obviously an interest in the sport, the two games that were played this year had
attendances of 83,518 and 83,559.22
This doesn’t just show that there is an interest in the
sport but that there may be a sustainable interest in the sport. This would be very
exclusive and this exclusivity would cause it to be more popular. There is a consistent
crowd at all 20 teams premier league matches every weekend. The Premier League has a
total of 380 games each season and with an average of 35,81623
there is then a total
seasonal attendance of 27,220,502. The NFL would be able to have 8 games per season
in Britain and assuming an average attendance of 83,53924
this would mean a total
seasonal attendance of 668,312. This means that there would be 40 people watching
Premier League for every 1 that could watch the NFL25
. This is scarcity, the ability to
watch an NFL game is much less that that of the ability to watch a Premier League game
and with this, the supply is more likely to be met.
22
23
http://www.soccerstats.com/attendance.asp?league=england_2013
24
The average of the two 2013 games at Wembley from
25
The seasonal attendance of the Premier League is 40.73 times greater than that of what
the NFL in Britain’s would be with the same numbers.

The Desire for a foreign team has been shown in many other American Based Leagues,
but only in Canada at the moment. Canada currently has teams in the NBA26
, NHL27
and
MLS28
but not in the NFL. The CEO of MLSE, which owns all the Toronto based
sports teams, Tim Leiweke said,
‘That said, the NFL is still only played in one country. It has not even been able to
break into the Canadian market, unlike every other US major league. Talk of a world
domination is pre-mature due to the lack of worldwide participation and a current
business plan that only involves the teams representing US cities.’
Tim Leiweke’s point is one that is very relevant as the NFL are trying to create a desire in
a country that is across the Atlantic yet they haven’t even tackled a market that every
other league has been able to make an impact on. If there is a desire for the league then
they will need to possibly see if the desire is there for a more local team before suddenly
expanding it’s operations to Europe.
The desire for a foreign team can finally be caused through the playing of the sport. The
NFL’s sport is Football (American Football to most) and the Premier League’s is Soccer
(Football to most). These two sports are very different in their prominence around the
world and this is very clear as the amount of national teams is very different. The
participation in the sport would be key to creating a foreign team as they would supply
many of the players who would play for these teams and hence having national teams are
necessary to creating a desire to play not only for club but for country. If you use
national teams as a basis for the desire for a league, you see that the desire for the NFL is
inferior to that of the Barclays Premier League.
26
Toronto Raptors in National Basketball Association
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Raptors
27
Total of 7 Canadian teams in the National Hockey League
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-hockey-league/
28
Toronto FC in Major League Soccer, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Africa Asia Americas Europe Oceania
American
Football
Soccer
Chart 1 : The Number of National Teams for each of the sports played in the Leagues

11 The National Football League, Entertainment or Sport
THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE, ENTERTAINMENT OR SPORT
[Referring to an NFL Game]
“It’s not just the game, it’s the bands and the drama and the pageantry.”
Mitchell Pritchett (Jesse Tyler Ferguson)29
American football has always been a sport that is immersed with entertainment. It gets to
the point where you start to question whether you are a part of a sport or a show. One of
the great attractions to many of the followers of NFL is the atmosphere at the game, the
involvement of the crowd in the actual sport. But all of this isn’t what many in other
countries would see as sport, sport to many is the game itself, the last minute goal to
keep your team up in the dying embers of your teams league season, it could be the
crunching tackle, the inept skill of your new signing or even the rare occurrence of a nil
all draw.
29
Modern Family, Season 1 Episode 5 ‘Coal Digger’
Picture 5 : David Tyree takes a catch on his helmet during Superbowl

Standing
Around
Replays
Playing Time
Coach Shots
Sideline Player
Shots
Referee Shots
Injury Shots
Other
The problem with the NFL for some people is what they believe to be the lack of
sport, the all too familiar breaks that many soccer fans would see as unnecessary and
time consuming. This is why some people can be put off the sport, they want a sport that
involves athletes constantlyrunning around and testing themselves constantly, action all
the time, something to always be watching. What many fail to see though is that this
‘entertainment sport’ comprises of more action than most soccer matches ever played,
but how?
If you ignore the breaks then you then you will work out that this is one of the most
intense and athletically impressivesports out there. The NFL had in the 2010-2011
season a higher scoring rate than the Barclays Premier League, with it having 2.10
touchdowns per hour, with the Premier League only having 1.87 goals per hour.30
This
difference in the sports is something that is very distinguished by the two different
markets. “Americans like everything to be big…”31
and this could be one of the reasons
that they like the NFL more than other countries.
30
http://iakobou.wordpress.com/2011/12/24/bpls-goals-in-comparison-with-mlb-and-nfl/
31
ibid.
Chart 2 : The Breakdown of the Amount of Time each separate category is Broadcast in an NFL
Match

NFL as an entertainment sport has progressed throughout the years and the match day
experience can clearly be shown to involve a lot of entertainment. As said in the book
Money Games,
‘Sports venues have incorporated sophisticated and integrated audio
systems to add to the fan’s entertainment experience. 360-degree sound systems
now complement the video clips on the HD video displays and encourage fan
participation, such as the often deafening and synchronized chant of “DE-
FENSE! DE-FENSE!”’32
David Carter describes this as an entertainment experience33
, and this is what a lot of
NFL games can be about, the experience rather than the sport itself. This can then
attract more people from abroad as they want to be entertained as well as watching sport,
it can become much more of an experience if there is entertainment as well. This is
because of family, some families will want to watch the sport, some will want a day out
and NFL combines the both. When I asked David Carter about this subject he gave me
the example of the Superbowl, he said:
“The Super Bowl is perhaps the best example of how the NFL has successfully
blended sports and entertainment. What was once ‘just a game,’ has evolved into
nothing short of a national holiday. Each and every element of the lead up to, and
playing of, the game is marked by the intersection of sports and entertainment. Most
notably, the half time show and the commercials aired during the game have helped
transform the Super Bowl from a sporting event to a cultural experience. This optimal
blend of sports and entertainment has resulted in the game being the highest viewed
TV event annually.”34
This is very true and there aren’t many events that have the Television audience that the
Superbowl does, but the ones that do challenge the Superbowl, aren’t entertainment
centralized. This differences in the match, could be one of the main reasons behind the
difference in the Popularity. However much people enjoy the ability to watch a match,
they may enjoy the ability to watch entertainment and the match more.
32
Carter, D., 2011, Money Games : Profiting from the convergence of Sports and Entertainment,
p212
33
ibid. p212
34
David M. Carter, see Transcript for Interview D.

14 Media, Exposure of the Game through New Technology
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Millions
MEDIA, EXPOSURE OF THE GAME THROUGH NEW TECHNOLOGY
‘Whoever controls the media, controls the mind.’ Jim Morrison
Television is a very powerful tool in the world of sport; it allows people to watch
matches when the capacity of that match is already at its maximum amount. Sports can
often become successful due to their popularity on television rather than their popularity
in real life, often things that would sound extremely boring can be made into something
much more interesting when televised and this is why television now brings in big
money, people have opted out of watching sports live and now choose to watch it on
television instead. That isn’t the most important part though, what is more important is
the amount of people that television is able to reach and the affect that has on Global
audiences, Global audiences mean global popularity and this is probably the best way to
see and to improve the global popularity of a sport.
Chart 3 : Viewers for the last 5 Superbowls
This is one thing that you would often relate to the Premier League is these high
amount of viewers around the world and the amount of countries that the Premier
League is broadcast to. There are many countries where the Premier League is more
popular than that countries league, and many Premier League clubs notice this as well as
they will buy players to merely generate profit from the huge fan base in the areas.35
These huge fan bases are often the way that big clubs become popular, they rely on fan
bases abroad rather than the attendances of home games to be popular.
35
Shinji Kagawa was one of the first Players who was thought to have such a large Asian
fan base that he brought in a large amount of shirt sales.
http://sportwitness.ning.com/forum/topics/manchester-united-set-to-see-hike-in-shirt-sales-as-dortmund-
reve

A lot of this foreign fan base can be found due to those countries having a player
of that nationality in the Premier League and as they have this player in the league, they
can then watch them weekly. This diversification and the way fans can relate to players
can cause a huge interest in a sport and this can be seen through many different sports. If
someone of your nationality were on television then you would be more likely to try and
support them and their sport than a sport that contains mainly other nationalities. This is
why the premier league can often be very popular; there are now 100 different
nationalities in the Premier League 36
, and this means that you have a large amount of
countries that will have a player involved in the premier league. When you then look at
the NFL you see that the amount of players that are foreign is a lot lower than the
Premier League. In 2011, there were only 28 countries represented by the NFL of which
97% of the players in the NFL were born in The United States of America. This large
difference in the countries represented in the NFL shows how much more globally
diverse the Premier League is in terms of players in it. 37
36
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2013/aug/22/all-100-overseas-
nationalities-premier-league
37
http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-international-origins-of-nfl-players-2011-11
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Home
Country
North
America &
Caribbean
Latin
America
Europe Africa &
Middle
East
Asia Australasia
NFL
BPL
Chart 4 : The Percentage of Players in the League from each of the areas

Television is very important for improving the ability of people to watch sport from places
that wouldn’t usually be able to access high quality sport but for even more remote territories
there has now become even more other forms of media that has allowed certain sports to get
themselves known worldwide. In his Book, ‘Consuming Sport: Fans, Sport and Culture’,
Garry Crawford says,
“Furthermore, the volume of sport coverage and sport related stories has also
dramatically increased in other forms of mass media. An abundance of specialist
newspapers, magazines, radio stations and shows, websites, and Internet based
discussion areas have all developed in recent years, focusing primarily (if not solely) on
sport. Even many general newspaper and radio stations have significantly increased their
coverage of sport. For instance, up until the late 1980s in the UK, coverage of sport
(particularly association football) was primarily associated with the tabloid press.
Though the 'quality' press did cover sport (and at times, a much wider range than that
covered in the tabloids), the quantity of sport related stories in these was usually
significantly less. However, virtually all British national newspapers now feature sizable
weekly or monthly pull-out sport sections or magazines and their daily pages feature a
much larger volume of sport stories than that seen twenty years ago.”38
As Garry Crawford has said, the whole of the media sector has improved and now
sport is much more available to everyone round the world, at the click of a button you can
see all the scores for the NFL in any one week. This is even more important when you get to
online viewing and how much this can cause a huge increase in the amount of foreign
viewers watching the sport and it can spread the global audience extremely quickly. This has
been exploited by the NFL who have created the NFL Game Pass which allows people to
view all NFL games online, wherever they are in the World. This use of media is how there
can be an increase in the amount of viewers.
The use of pay to view television could be something that allows the NFL to expand
itself to more foreign territories and therefore increase the fan base that they are looking for.
This increase in a foreign fan base could be vital to improving the amount that the NFL
benefits from global popularity. Having their games watched regularly by people abroad will
help it spread and the more people who watch then the more the market will start to adapt
to the growing wants of those who watch the sport and even more viewing options will
become available. These new options could be something such as bars and pubs showing
NFL games, more online websites showing NFL highlights and more programs that feature
analysis and round up of the games from that NFL week. This sort of media coverage can be
vital to increasing the sports popularity in other territories as it means that people will be
exposed to more of it and will therefore be more likely to take an interest in it.
38
Crawford, G., 2004, Consuming Sport: Fans, Sport and Culture, p131. New York:
Routledge.

The ever-increasing amount of technology will aid in the exposure of media to
the public. Smartphones and tablets allow more of the population to follow sports and
leagues such as the NFL with much more ease. The number of the devices that allow you
to follow these Leagues is also on the increase as shown in the Deloitte Predictions for
2014 in Technology, Media and Telecommunications; they predict that in 2014 the total
spending on Smartphones will be $375 billion.39
You can now get various different
applications that will send notifications to your phone with ease about all the goings on
for the relevant team, sport or league. With technology of this sort, following a team and
league becomes much easier and with things being easier, more people will follow.
39
Deloitte Technology, Media and Telecommunications Predictions 2014, p.8.
Available at: http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Technology-
Media-Telecommunications/dttl_TMT_Predictions-2014-lc2.pdf
Infographic 1 : Chart showing the revenues from each of the technologies and the expected amount from
2013 - 2018

18 Salary Caps, Creating Financial Equalityfor Teams
SALARY CAPS, CREATING FINANCIAL EQUALITY FOR TEAMS
“People say the wages are too high, but it's a short career.” Sir Stanley Matthews40
“Everything has changed now. Money comes before football and money is the
ruination.” Bill Nicholson41
The Salary Cap is one of the Key parts that differentiates the NFL from the Barclays
Premier League. The Salary Cap in the NFL says that there are a limit that is placed on
every team in the league for how much they can spend42
and that this limit cannot be
exceeded. The point of this is that it limits the power of big spending owners to buy
there way into the sport and hence create an unfair advantage to that subsequent team.43
The Barclays Premier League on the other hand didn’t have this cap and it meant
that it is much more likely that a team could buy its way to success, for example
Manchester City, who have taken themselves from mid table anonymity to wining the
league in 2011. This sort of occurrence can either make a sport more endearing or will
make it very unappetising to the fans. This has changed in the Premier League though
with £52 million televison rights cap coming into play which allows there to be a limit on
the amount that top clubs can spend on the wage budget, the problem is that they can
still spend sponsorship and most importantly ticket sales revenue on the wages.44
Chart 5 : The positions before and after they were taken over by a Billionaire
40
http://ronaldoh.hubpages.com/hub/Great-money-quotes-in-football
41
http://ronaldoh.hubpages.com/hub/Great-money-quotes-in-football
42
The Salary Cap currently stands at $123 million for 2013 but changes every year.
http://salarycap101.net
43
http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1922377-7-biggest-problems-facing-the-nfl-in-2014-15/page/2
44
http://www.givemesport.com/354190-premier-league-would-a-salary-cap-work
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Pre
Takeover
Post
Takeover

One of the main things that the salary cap does is introduce the idea of the league
being more balanced than any other league.45
By having a salary cap we have many
different teams who could win it in any year and the amount of times that you have one
team that is dominant for a long period of time is very low, compare this to the Premier
League where you can often have teams dominating the league for long periods of time
or even short periods of time.
So if we take the two most successful teams in the respective leagues in the last
decade and then look at their final finishing positions then we can see how difficult it is
to have a really dominant era in the NFL. For the NFL, the most successful team from
2000 to 2010 was, as the correspondent for the Bleacher Report, Joe Gill says, The New
England Patriots, who are “Despised for their success.” 46
For the Barclays Premier
League, we will use Manchester United who over the past decade had the best average
finish of all the Premier League Teams.47
Once we take these two teams and put their
finishing positions in the past decade together, you can see the difference in the two
leagues.
45
http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/james-lawton-nfl-could-teach-the-
premier-league-a-great-deal-about-financial-fair-play-8451598.html
46
http://bleacherreport.com/articles/323109-nfl-team-of-decade-the-new-england-patriots
47
They had an average finish of 1.8 compared to Arsenal who were second with 2.6.
http://www.sportingintelligence.com/2010/05/17/manchester-united-top-‘league-of-the-decade’-as-
blackpool-soar-to-10-year-high-170501/
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
New
England
Patriots
Manchester
United
Chart 6 : The Finishing Positions of the Best Team in each League over the Past Decade

The point of this is that there isn’t a lot of continuity to teams final finishing positions
and this can often be something that will attract fans to the sport and could make it
global. Having a league that allows even the most dominant teams to get as low as 14th
over a decade and only finish in the Top 5 six times out of ten, can often allow people to
support it much more closely and therefore create a larger fan base and support for the
league.
So, does this follow trend, do sports that have more competitiveness between
teams attract more people to watch it and is this why the NFL could be a global sport
soon? One of the best ways to look at the popularity of sports is the attendances for the
games, and the average attendances for the whole league so we can gauge the overall
popularity of the league.
If the Salary Cap does cause their to be more interest in a sport then the
attendance figures for the games should be higher than those in the Premier League.
More interesting matches should cause more interest than one sided ones.48
When you
compare them you get this chart:
Chart 7 : Average Attendances for each of the Leagues over the Past 5 years (Premier League
Figures for 2013 are as of 30.12.13)
48
Buraimo, B., Simmons, R., 2008, Do Sports fans really value uncertainty of outcome?
Evidence from the Premier League. The International Journal of Sport Finance, p.147
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
NFL
BPL

This could be though because there are fewer games per season in the NFL than there
are in the Premier League.49
Therefore it could be better to look at the percentage of the
maximum capacity that is filled at each of these games and see how they compare. When
we compare this we get:
Chart 8 : Average Percentage of the Stadiums Capacity Utilised in each of the Two Leagues over
the Past 5 Years (Premier League Figures for 2013 are as of 30.12.13)
As we can see from these charts, there seems to be a much larger amount of support for
NFL Games than there is for the Premier League and this is sustained across 32 teams
compared to the Premier League’s 20 teams. There is another explanation for
attendances which is a ‘blackout’ rule imposed by the NFL on local televising of games
but this usually only means a few hundred tickets are bought by advertisers or other
people who find it beneficial to have the game shown on television. It is also believed
that this has little relevance in the modern day market as there is now high income from
both attendances and television.50
49
There are 38 in a Barclays Premier League Season and only 16 in the NFL season with
a possible 3 more in post-season depending on the finishing positions in the actual NFL
season.
50
http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/18/entertainment/la-et-ct-fcc-nfl-blackout-20131218
90.00%
91.00%
92.00%
93.00%
94.00%
95.00%
96.00%
97.00%
98.00%
99.00%
100.00%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
NFL
BPL

So how much affect could the salary cap have on these attendances, does the fact that we
have people being paid over £240,000 per week51
in the Premier League means that clubs
must increase their revenue and then this must be earned through the customers, in this
case the fans of the Premier League. But this isn’t actually that different from that of the
highest paid NFL player in 2013, in fact it is more52
than the amount that Sergio Agüero
earns53
. The difference is in the amount of players who are paid this money, and this is
where teams in the NFL can become more liked than those in the Premier League
because they do pay their ‘star’ players high salaries but don’t then pay everyone similar
amounts, this means that they stay under the $123 million salary cap and don’t have to
charge the fans more than they have to pay and this increases the amount of support for
the league. If this does carry on then you could see the NFL becoming more popular to
watch as well, this is because the amount that the Barclays Premier League is getting
from television rights is rising, meaning that as a sport, it is getting more expensive to
watch.54
51
Sergio Agüero was paid £13.4 million last year, meaning £ 241,955per week. (The
value of £13.4 million was current on the publishing date so I have used the Exchange
rate as of 01.01.14)
http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/tp/Highest-Paid-Soccer-Players-2013.htm
52
Aaron Rodgers, the Green Bay Packers Quarterback, is paid $22 million dollars a year
(Equivalent of £255,914 per week, using the exchange rate on 01.01.14)
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/nfl/photos/1303/ten-highest-paid-nfl-players/1/
53
http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/tp/Highest-Paid-Soccer-Players-2013.htm
54
http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/237339.html
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
PriceofTicket(£)
Cheapest
Season Ticket
Most
expensive
Season Ticket
Chart 9 : Ticket prices at Premier League Teams Matches

23 Parity and Governing Bodies
PARITY AND GOVERNING BODIES
“As part of the NFL, things change every year.” Tom Brady55
One of the main differences between the Premier League and the NFL is how often
certain teams become the champions. These two leagues are nearly as opposite as can be
and the difference is the Parity, and the parity in the NFL caused the phrase from Bert
Bell
“On any given Sunday, any team in the NFL can beat any other team."56
This is something that is so great about the NFL; the fact that anyone can beat anyone
means that there is a league where fans will always have the possibility of their team
winning. Think this isn’t so, well for the past two years (2012 and 2013) the NFL has
been able to create a circle of parity, where every team has beaten another and they have
beaten another and so on until we have a circle.
55
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/tombrady561166.html
56
http://www.quora.com/When-did-the-phrase-Any-given-Sunday-emerge#step=6
Infographic 2 : The NFL's Circle of Parity for 2013

This Circle is extremely rare in the Premier League and this says even more as Premier
League teams play 22 more games than the NFL teams in a season but it did occur after
only 10 games in this Premier League season showing that actually, there is a lot more
parity in the Premier League than previously thought. Creating Parity in leagues could be
a way that they can become more popular as the matches will always be difficult to
predict and will more often be highly competitive..57
Infographic 3 The Circle of Parity in 2013 Premier League Season
The question is whether fans admire this parity or whether they like having a league that
allows there to be teams that run away with the title every year. This could be something
that isn’t as wanted by fans, fans may prefer a team to be dominant whereas other
supporters may want to have a team that fights for relegation or a team that just does
better than the season before. The difficulty is that you cannot judge the amount that the
fans want parity. Some may get bored by the Premier League whereas some may enjoy
the dominance of teams for long periods of time. It is all very subjective.
57
Buraimo, B., Simmons, R., 2008, Do Sports fans really value uncertainty of outcome?
Evidence from the Premier League. The International Journal of Sport Finance, p.147

Poll 1 Shows, opinions seem to be split,
although this is only a small group of people
so the data may be skewed one way or
another. Even though, this does add to the
point that maybe the Premier League has
become predictable, there isn’t enough
opportunity for an upset, teams who are
often expected to win do so and those who
are at the bottom of the table are expected
to stay there. The NFL however doesn’t
have this predictability and hence allows
there to be much more chance for an upset,,
the underdog can often win and this means
that it is rare that anybody goes into a game
saying that they will win this one, the
assurance of a win is never there.
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Manchester
United
Manchester
City
Baltimore
Ravens
New York
Giants
Chart 10 : Finishing Positions of the Previous Two Winners of the Respective Leagues
Poll 1: On the Premier League's interestin the Modern Day

The most important way in which leagues achieve their parity is through their governing
bodies and the structure of the governing body. When comparing the two leagues, the
Premier League’s corporate structure puts the clubs in a more commanding position than
the franchises of the NFL. This is because decisions in the Premier League are decided
by the clubs, as they are the 20 shareholders who cast a vote towards decisions.58
The
NFL is different as the commissioner takes more of a key role in decisions than the
franchises do. This is highlighted in the constitution and bylaws of the NFL where the
Commissioner has 9 pages of what he controls and has power over whereas the
members (Franchises) have a mere 3.59
This control by the Commissioner allows the
rules and regulations in the League to be more focused around the League benefitting
rather than the Premier League’s style, which is where the clubs will generally benefit
most. If the clubs have more control then they act for themselves, which will often lead
to decisions where the clubs that are in a good position will often choose to enforce a
law that will greaten the gap between them and their competition, as they want success.
58
http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/about/who-we-are.html
59
Constitutions and Bylaws of NFL ,
http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/static/html/careers/pdf/co_.pdf

27 Problems Associated with Global Expansion
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL EXPANSION
‘If a man watches three football games in a row, he should be declared legally dead’
Erma Bombeck60
Making a sport go global isn’t easy, there are often many difficulties that come with it
and cause it to be a lot more difficult than it is first perceived to be. Making a sport
global can cause tax problems, problems with getting working visas, territorial law
problems61
and many other problems. One of the main problems with expanding the
NFL globally in terms of creating a foreign NFL team is that they would then be subject
to that countries tax laws. If they were then to expand to London and create a team there
then this could mean that those playing for the London team would be paid less than the
teams in America as the salaries will be the same but the tax from the salaries will be
higher in the UK.62
This means that there is therefore a reason for the NFL to stay based
in America, as all of those who are based in America will get roughly the same tax rates.
Obviously, having a team in London or another city in another country would
allow there to be a larger global interest in the game but it would cause many problems in
terms of migration from one country to another. At the moment, 97.12 % of the players
who play in the NFL are born in America.63
This means that creating a team in London
would cause problems for those who are selected to play as part of the London team.
This would be the same if there was a team in any other country rather than America,
possibly barring Canada due to its proximity. This means that expanding globally could
be unpopular from players as they won’t want to have to travel back and forth if they live
in America.
Working visas are also a problem for global expansion. In a country like Britain, a
working visa would be granted to a player who would benefit the British participation in
a game.64
This could be easy for one player as it would be easy to argue that they could
increase the profile of the game and cause a greater exposure to the British Public, as
they would attract more news due to the profile of the player. It would be difficult
though if the whole of the team were made up of only Americans, this would be a lot
harder to argue that each individual in the team would create a significant difference to
the participation of the sport in Britain. Hence meaning that not every player would be
able to play if they came to Britain.
60
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/e/ermabombec110676.html
61
http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9716479/nfl-team-london-raises-legal-issues
62
ibid
63
http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1641528-where-does-nfl-talent-come-from
64
http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9716479/nfl-team-london-raises-legal-issues

97.12%
USA
Germany
Canada
Africa
Jamaica
Australia
England
Haiti
Scotland
Tonga
Barabados
Estonia
Italy
Japan
New Zealand
Phillipines
Poland
Romania
Samoa
South Korea
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Chart 11 : Expansion of the Foreign Nationalities in the NFL
Chart 12 : Nationalities in the NFL

Another reason that there may be no global expansion is because of the style of the game.
The game is very different from the game of football and many of the supporters choose
sports that , “…have an element of flow.” 65 The NFL is very different as it is much more
staggered, being a game that has plays that are reset once anyone has their knee touch the
ground.
It may be less about the British differences and dislikes of American Football, than it is
about the dislike of American’s having their sport globalised. It has been shown that with
sports such as football, that it was created in England, has been exported and globalised to
other countries, and as with England, they soon fall behind in global rankings66, this could be
something that America fear, a loss of dominance in the sport.
Some Americans don’t believe that there should be an International series, they have
been quoted as saying, “They’ve got their football, why do they need ours?” and “They had
NFL Europe and it failed, why should they have a second chance.”67 This was something
that Tim Leiweke also mentioned as he said, “…but let us never forget the utter failure that
American Football was with their Euro League.” There seems to be general consensus that
American football outside of America isn’t something that everyone wants. This American
view is an important view as there needs to be American backing to get the game to be
globally successful. If it didn’t benefit the American population then they may start to dislike
the sport and change their preference on which sports and leagues they watch, meaning that
they can’t then get the domestic audience and viewers that they want. This is a very unlikely
problem but it is one that could affect it.
A main problem that the NFL encounters is that it is a monopoly. This can be seen as a very
fortunate position to be in as it means that if anyone wants to watch the sport then they will
most likely, unless they are in to Canadian Football, watch the NFL. The problem posed
by this is that it means that parity is often overused and it can be that the league over use
their parity in certain situations as they know that the huge demand for NFL won’t be
decreased by a change in the rules of the sport. This means that some of the laws and rules
imposed by the board will benefit the league, as they do with the corporate structure of the
NFL, but it may mean that popularity suffers. This was shown with a recent decision to ban
‘dunking’ the ball over the posts when scoring. 91.7% of the people who took an online poll
on the Website Bleacher Report, said that they believed it was just the NFL using its
administrative power unnecessarily. 68
65
Quote by John Williams from:, http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/10/24/america-is-
exporting-a-rotten-product-to-great-britain/
66
England currently 15th
http://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/
67
http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000085949/article/nfl-in-london-a-british-fans-
perspective
68
http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2005406-nfl-bans-players-from-dunking-over-the-goal-post-in-
celebration

There are also the problems that I have mentioned throughout this project, such as the
effect of having a League that has a small amount of foreign players in it; the problem of
having a salary cap, which can deter high performing players; the problem of there not
being a desire for a foreign sport and also the problem of NFL not having worked
outside of America before, as shown with NFL Europa. These are all problems that are
just as relevant as the ones mentioned in this section, but they had already been
mentioned. So have these problems hindered the NFL’s chance of ever being the most
global league in the world?
Poll 2 : On the NFL using unnecessary Power

31 Conclusion
CONCLUSION
What I thought at the beginning of this project was that it was going to be clear that the
NFL would never be as competitive as the Barclays Premier League. It seemed from my
experience that the Premier League already had such a global influence that any other
sport would struggle to ever get near the level which it was at. Throughout there has
been mixed views on this, there has been some clear evidence towards the NFL being
more appealing than the Premier League, hence making it have more of a chance of
being global. Although there has also been a lot that implies that the Premier League is
the globally dominant league and will continue to be.
What I have found that makes the National Football League more interesting and
hence more globally popular is its structure, both corporately and for matches. The
Parity that the National Football League has is one of its most alluring qualities. What I
have found from my research is that many fans can get bored by a league that has eras of
dominance that many Premier League teams have, and hence they want a league and a
sport that allows teams to change positions every year. They want matches that will have
an uncertain outcome. The NFL fulfills this quality and it creates more competitive
matches through the use of a salary cap, to allow a fair roster to every team, and through
the drafting system, which has the same effect as the salary cap. They also are able to
create parity through their control, and the fact that they have a commissioner as the
main decision maker, and not the 20 club shareholders that the Premier League has. This
corporate structure has allowed them to control the League so that it benefits them and
doesn’t just benefit the teams who play in it, which has been shown in the match day
experience that is an NFL game.
The match day experience and entertainment is one of the main reasons that I
have found that may make the NFL a more attractive and popular league around the
world than the Premier League. The NFL has made watching a game an experience and
they have allowed their matches to be attractable to more than the sports loving fans that
are there for the action. There precise combination of action and entertainment has
made the NFL match day experience unbeatable and makes watching the game live
something that gives this league an edge over all other leagues in the world. The other
edge that it has is that it is the only high quality American Football League in the World.
Its advantage of being a monopolistic league is that it has control over everyone who
wants to watch American Football and also hence gets all the best talent without the
need for over paid players, something that is a problem for the Premier League as
highlighted by Andy Mollett as he said, “Top talent would go and play for teams in
leagues without a salary cap.”.

32 Conclusion
What the Premier League has over the NFL is popularity and this is evident when
looking into the desire for a team in a country, the Premier League has a massive
worldwide following with many fans in countries such as China, Japan, Australia and
many African Nations as well. This worldwide following is largely due to the prevalence
of football in their society and due to this they watch the best football they can watch
and this means they watch the Premier League. The Premier League also has the
advantage of being a league that has a multitude of nationalities represented, this
advantage over the NFL, which has 97.1% of its players American Born69
, makes it much
more interesting to those in the countries represented.
This bias towards homegrown players isn’t just the NFL’s only downfall when it
comes to trying to become a global league. There are also many administrative problems
with the league becoming global. These administrative problems can add to the difficulty
of expanding the NFL to foreign shores and makes it less and less appetizing for both
the League and Players. There are also problems with Broadcasting of the game which
cause fewer and fewer people to watch the game abroad, studies such as the one done by
the Wall Street Journal highlight the problem of a lack of action, with only 11% of the
broadcasts over four games being action, and 59% of it being players standing around.70
So from my research I have found that the National Football League has good
foundations on which to become the most global sport in the world, and a lot of what it
offers in corporate structure and match day structure is superior to that of other leagues.
Although it has this strong base on which to expand, it lacks the existing interest of
foreign consumers while also having some key problems if it were to look to expand,
which is one of the only ways that it could increase its underlying interest in the league.
Hence, although the League is a great spectacle that has a very strong set of people
running it, the original desire for NFL and its limited global exposure have hindered its
chances of ever getting itself into less mature sports markets such as those in Asia and
Africa, and this is why it will not be as global as the Barclays Premier League.
69
70
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704281204575002852055561406

33 Evaluation
EVALUATION
I have learnt a lot from doing an Extended Project. I have acquired many new skills,
which can be used in a variety of different situations while also enjoying what I was
researching. However there were things that I didn’t excel at as much as I did with other
parts of the project.
What I have learnt from the project is a whole new range of skills in many
different forms from writing and researching to presenting. I have learnt to structure a
project in a way which is easy to read and understandable. This is something which I will
find very useful for essay competitions and for University. Ihave also learnt that time
management is essential to any project. This should help me with other work as I will be
able to structure the work in a way that will make the most of the time I have. Along
with time management, I have also found that I understand the importance of early
research much more than I had before. The importance of early research is something
that I will take forward when doing more essays and competitions as researching while
writing can often lead to a project that seems very patchwork. In terms of presenting a
project, I have become more adept at standing in front of a group of people and
speaking. I have also learnt the importance of visual aids to a presentation, how they
must highlight points but also be interesting, and not just to list a large piece of prose.
This being something that I have found vitally important as I am hoping to go into a
career that will require a lot of selling ideas and presenting results to other people.
I found keeping to deadlines more difficult than I first thought it would be. Many
deadlines that I created were done on the assumption that I would end up doing certain
sections of the project under the title that I originally thought of, which is eventually not
what happened. My indecisiveness on the title and exact areas that I was going to
research meant that I was less able to set out a defined set of deadlines. It is showed by
the change in my title from the one I proposed at the beginning of the project. It also
meant that my research spanned a much longer period than first thought, which meant
that I often had to research the project while also writing it, meaning that making the
different sections combining was more difficult. I also felt that I could have got more
comprehensive views on my topic, I got the views of many people but I was only able to
get short snippets, as the people I questioned didn’t have much time to answer a long
question. This was annoying as it meant that I couldn’t get as much information from
them as I would have liked. I also could have used more books although it was difficult
to find ones that were relevant to my project, I looked online and in local libraries and
had no luck due to the nature of what I was researching. This meant that I relied a lot
upon websites, and articles. This wasn’t great as many of the websites I had to use were
rife with bias towards certain aspects of the NFL and Barclays Premier League. One of
the main problems that I encountered was the time management, and mainly writing the
sections. I found that I often over-estimated my ability to write a section of my project,
and didn’t envision the amount of unexpected difficulties that Iwould face. This meant
that my expected amount of sections to be written went from 10 to 7 very quickly, as I
worked out that I was running out of time.

34 Evaluation
So what do I think I did well? I thought that my research was good and that the
amount of opinions and views that I found on the Internet was voluminous. The wide
variety of people that I got short bits of opinion from was very good. The caliber of
these people was also very good and I often found that the sources I used didn’t give me
irrelevant information but instead gave me concise and informative overviews. Ialso
think the amount of cross referencing between sources was one of the better points of
my project, as I would often use the information in one source to clarify is credibility
through searching it up and getting other independent sources quoting the same facts
and data. I also think the structure of my project was good. I feel that I linked the
different parts of my project in relevantly without going from one section to another
with a drastic change in topic, hence I think that I have been able to grasp how to make a
dissertation flow better, which I think has made it easier to read. I also think that the
choice of sections to do the topic on was very relevant to the topic and I didn’t stray
from the title as much as I could have. This meant that most of the information I wrote
about was completely relevant to what I was researching and that I didn’t relinquish
myself to different and interesting information that I found.
If I had the chance to do this project gain then I would do a lot more research at
the beginning, as one of my main problems was only having a basic knowledge of what I
was doing at the beginning and hence I didn’t have a title that I actually wanted to
research. I would also include more reasons for and against the National Football
League’s global popularity. I would mainly look at the popularity of the sport to be
played and it effect on people watching it and being selected for the NFL teams. I would
also look at more of the reasons for the Barclays Premier Leagues current global
popularity as I didn’t look specifically at it’s reasons. Imay have also looked a bit more
into why people think sports are popular and hence have another section on that. If I
were to do another EPQ then I would base it on whether another American League such
as the NBA is more global than the NFL and if it isn’t, would it be able to become more
global.

35 Citations and Data
CITATIONS & DATA
PICTURES
1 http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1429514/thumbs/o-WEMBLEY-NFL-facebook.jpg
2
http://intangiblesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nfl-playoff-picture-
2014-dates-times-schedule.jpg
3 http://s2.photobucket.com/user/forrest2911/media/Wembley1986.jpg.html
4
http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/70735000/jpg/_70735599_londonmonar
chsamericanfootball_getty.jpg
5
http://media.nj.com/giants_impact/photo/giants-david-tyreejpg-
6af076095fbe885c.jpg
CHARTS DATA FROM:
1
http://ifaf.org/countries/federation_list
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men's_national_association_football_tea
ms
2
http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Comparing-Four-NFL-
Games.html
3
http://espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs/2012/story/_/id/8913211/
http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/feb/07/super-bowl-2012-tv-ratings-
record
http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/07/super-bowl-xlv-poised-to-
break-viewing-records-ties-1987-with-highest-overnight-ratings-ever/81684/
4
https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?docid=1M8IUP87TX4FEll
9NDhIkNOISrkZv5CNSt45CEA8
5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manchester_City_F.C._seasons
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NFL_Draft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_nfl_draft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manchester_United_F.C._seasons

36 Citations and Data
CHARTS DATA FROM:
7
http://www.soccerstats.com/attendance.asp?league=england
http://espn.go.com/nfl/attendance/_/year/2008
8
http://www.soccerstats.com/attendance.asp?league=england
9
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AonYZs4MzlZbdHNtcUVKR
ktZMUNfZEtDMmNCZGpNWWc&usp=sharing#gid=0
10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_nfl_draft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manchester_United_F.C._seasons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manchester_City_F.C._seasons
11 http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1641528-where-does-nfl-talent-come-from
12 http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1641528-where-does-nfl-talent-come-from
INFOGRAPHICS
1 Deloitte, Television, Media & Telecommunications Predictions 2014 p.6.
2 http://i.imgur.com/N5XcgzS.png
3
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2487073/Premier-League-
graphic-shows-beat-anyone.html
POLLS
1
http://bleacherreport.com/articles/639788-premier-league-is-the-top-flight-
becoming-boring
2
http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2005406-nfl-bans-players-from-dunking-over-
the-goal-post-in-celebration

37 Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
A. Edexcel, 2009. Student Guide : Level 3 Extended Project. 1st ed. York: Pearson.
This Book helped me understand the style of project that I was doing and
the way to set about doing it.
B. Jay, K., 2004. More Than Just a Game: Sportsin American Life since 1945. New
York: Columbia University Press.
This book has a useful chapter highlighting how American football made
for good visual entertainment and had good figures on the viewing figures
that came with it in the 1950’s and 1960’s.
C. Jozsa Jnr., F., 2003. American SportsEmpire:Howthe LeaguesBreed Success.
Westport(Conneticut):Praeger.
This book was interesting and useful as it gave me more knowledge of the
History of the NFL. It also explained the reasoning behind NFL Europe
while also giving an insight into the way NFL changed to modern ways.
D. Markovits, A. S. & Hellerman, S. L., 2001. Offside:Soccer and American
Exceptionalism. Princetown(New Jersey): Princetown University Press.
This book talked a lot about crowding of the American sports market and
how the NFL used television to expand its American reach
E. Oriard, M., 2010. Brand NFL: Making and Selling America'sFavoriteSport.
Chapel Hill(North Carolina): University of North Carolina Press.
This books had very useful parts which gave more information about the
subject but as like many of the other books, they lacked the relevant up to
date information.
F. Sandvoss, C., 2003. A Gameof Two Halves: Football Fandom, Television and
Globalisation. 1st ed. New York: Routledge.
This book had certain chapters that were useful for understanding the fans
view on Football and why they watch it.
G. Quinn, K., 2012. TheEconomicsof theNational Football League : The Stateof the
Art 2012 ed. Vol. 2 p7-31 New York: Springer.
This part of the book was very useful for understanding the structure of
the League. It helped me understand the centralizedstructure ofthe NFL
and lead to me looking at the Constitution and Bylaws of the NFL.
H. Crawford, G., 2004, Consuming Sport: Fans, Sport and Culture, New York:
Routledge.
This book was helpful as it explained some of the reasons behind sports
fans watching sport in different ways.

38 Bibliography
I. Carter, D., 2011, Money Games : Profiting from the Convergence of Sport and
Entertainment, Stanford, Stanford University Press
This book was very beneficial towards my project as it was on one of my
main topics, sport and entertainment. Many ofthe chapters had useful
information on the combination of entertainment and sport and more
specifically towards the use of entertainment in the NFL.
J. Callaghan, T., 2007, The GM, New York: Crown
This book was very useful for understanding the different sectors of the
league that the General Managersofeach franchise have to control. It
gave useful information on drafting and the salary cap.
K. McCambridge, M., Shields, B., 2004, America’s Game : The Epic Story of How Pro
Football captured a Nation, New York: Random House
This book helped me to understand the background behind the NFL’s
rise to fame but due to its publishing date, much of the information that
was enclosed within it become out of date and hence it acted as more of a
source to help with understanding ofthe League’s history.
L. Rein, I., Kotler, P., Shields, B., 2004, America’sGame : The Epic Story of How Pro
Football captured a Nation, 2006, The Elusive Fan : reinventing Sports in a Crowded
Marketplace, United States of America : McGraw-Hill
This book had a useful Chapters on Connecting with fans while using a
sporting brand which can be applied to the NFL

39 Bibliography
WEBSITES
1. Isola, F., 2013. Celebrating thesimilaritiesbetween the English Premier Leagueand
NFL. [Online]
Available at: http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/soccer/isola-ready-futbol-article-
1.1428427
[Accessed 22 September 2013].
This source is an advertisement of the EPL (Barclays Premier League)
being on NBC but does include interesting information about why
Americans may watch NFL such as for the gambling opportunity.
2. Jones, D. et al., 2013. Deloitte Football Money League. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_GB/uk/industries/sportsbusinessgroup/sports/footb
all/deloitte-football-money-
league/04b2e2eb8d24c310VgnVCM1000003256f70aRCRD.htm
This source wasn’t extremely useful as it was mainly an overview of their
full publication so lacked any useful analysis and is now outdated.
3. NFL.com, 2013. NFL to FurtherInternational Growth; 3 Gamesin London in 2014.
[Online]
Available at: http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000259165/article/nfl-to-
further-international-growth-3-games-in-london-in-2014
This source allowed me to see the effect of the NFL on increased
participation and viewing of the NFL in Britain since the beginning of the
game coming to London.
4. Tjarks, J., 2011. The Drastically Different Economicsof the NFL and European
Soccer. [Online]
Available at: http://www.policymic.com/articles/2087/the-drastically-different-
economics-of-the-nfl-and-european-soccer
This source showed the incredible differences that cause parity and
fairness in the NFL yet also showed why europeans don’t enjoy the parity
and choose a free-market system.
5. Gregory, J., 2011. BPL’sGoalsin Comparison with MLB and NFL. [Online]
Available at: http://iakobou.wordpress.com/2011/12/24/bpls-goals-in-comparison-
with-mlb-and-nfl/
This source was useful as it meant that I could see the relationship
between the quantity of scoring that occurred in the NFL in comparison
with the NFL. It allowed one of the key things that makes a sport
interesting to be compared. Its only drawback is that it could be
opinionated.
6. Wilson, B., 2007. NFL: Vikingsownerssee bright future in new stadium. [Online]
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24286155
[Accessed 2013 September 28th ].

40 Bibliography
This source was mainly based on stadium expansion in America which
isn’t relevant to my project but there is a part where they praise the use of
equal distribution of television rights.
7. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2013. NFL looking to build fanbase in United
Kingdom. [Online]
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/american-football/24274376
[Accessed 13th October 2013].
This source has confirmed for me that the NFL in America is already at its
peak popularity and that the NL believe that international expansion is
necessary for the expansion of the league..
8. Conway, R., 2013. Why the NFL mattersto Wembley Stadium'sfinancial future.
[Online]
[Accessed 13th October 2013].
This source was useful as it showed that it isn’t just an American
saturation of the game that could cause globalisation, but a need from
foreign countries.
9. Yahoo Answers., 2008. Whatsthe difference between thenfc and afc?(sic.) [Online]
Available at:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081127144718AAFTP4H
[Accessed 2013 October 31st].
This source allowed me to understand the structure ofthe NFL better.
10. Yahoo Answers., 2010. How doesthe NFL season work? [Online]
Available at:
http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110508141300AAglJUp
[Accessed 2013 October 31st].
This source allowed me to understand the structure ofthe NFL better.
11. Berman, M., 2013. How the NFL isAmerica’sBusiness? [Online]
Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike-berman/how-the-nfl-is-americas-
b_b_3179962.html
[Accessed 2013 November 4th ]
This source was useful at showing how the NFL is a well run business and
hence makes a large amount of revenue which it can spend on self-
promotion which can lead to globalisation.
12. Wikipedia, 2013. National League Draft [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_draft
This source was useful as it improved my knowledge on how the NFL
Draft occurs.
13. Slater, M., 2013. NFL International Series: Roger Goodell seeksto conquer Britain
[Online]
[Accessed 2013 November 20h ]
This source had good information on why there could be a
British/European NFL team and the comments section below also
allowed some interesting insight to public views on the issue.
14. Wikipedia, 2013. History of Football in England [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_football_in_England

41 Bibliography
This source allowed me to see if there suddenly became a gap in the
British Sporting Market in the 1980’s due to the firms and hooliganism.
15. Lawton, J., 2013. NFL could teach the Premier League a lotabout financial fairplay
[Online]
Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-
comment/james-lawton-nfl-could-teach-the-premier-league-a-great-deal-about-
financial-fair-play-8451598.html
This source was useful as it showed me that the NFL could be successful
as it will be sustainable into the future whereas The Premier League Clubs
may suffer as they have losses every year.
16. Brinson, W., 2013. Roger Goodell on LA or London NFL team first : ‘I want both’
[Online]
Available at: http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/24142624/roger-goodell-
on-la-or-london-nfl-team-first-i-want-both
The source showed Roger Goodell’s desire to have a foreign team in
London which could cause globalisation.
17. Wikipedia, 2013. Heysel Stadium Disaster [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster
The source expanded my knowledge of the Heysel Disaster, which meant
British clubs were banned from Europe and a gap in the market opened
up for NFL.
18. Reynolds, N., 2012. Football in the UK: 1986 American Bowl [Online]
Available at: http://www.profootballhof.com/history/2012/9/12/Pro-football-in-
London-1986/
This source highlights the importance of the American Bowl in 1986 and
how it ‘whetted the appetite for NFL’.
19. Reynolds, N., 2012. Football in the UK: Whetting theGlobal Appetitie [Online]
Available at: http://www.profootballhof.com/history/2012/9/19/NFL-football-in-
United-Kingdom/
This source provided an insight into what happened after the first
American Bowl and how it showed there was still a desire for NFL in
Britain.
20. Reynolds, N., 2012. Football in the UK: Hall of Famersat Wembley [Online]
Available at: http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/2012/9/26/football-in-the-uk-hall-
of-famers-at-wembley/
This source showed Famous Players at Wembley, it was only slightly
useful as it highlighted how the games were popular due to the players
start status.
21. Reynolds, N., 2012. Football in the UK: “Real” NFL games [Online]
Available at: http://www.profootballhof.com/history/2012/10/3/football-in-the-uk-
real-nfl-games/

42 Bibliography
The Source explained how important it was to have the First International
Series Game in 2007 and was also useful for figures.
22. Wikipedia, 2013. The Beautiful Game [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beautiful_Game
Source used as reference for where the term ‘beautiful game came’ from
23. Wembley Stadium.com, 2013. A History of American Football at Wembley
[Online]
Available at: http://www.wembleystadium.com/Press/Press-Releases/2013/9/A-
History-Of-American-Football-At-Wembley.aspx [Accessed 2013 November 20th ]
This source was useful for getting a detailed history of American Football
at Wembley.
24. NFLuk.com, 2013. Whole Site [Online]
Available at: http://www.nfluk.com
[Accessed 2013 November 21st ]
This website wasn’t as useful as first thought; contacting them was
difficult and it was more for selling the British NFL Game than for
providing information.
25. Wikipedia, 2013. 1986-87 Manchester United F.C. season [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986–
87_Manchester_United_F.C._season
[Accessed 2013 November 21st]
This source was used to confirm a Manchester United Dominance at this
time.
26. Various, 2008. What arethe erasof pro football? [Online]
Available at: http://www.pigskin-
fever.com/index.php?s=b6010b0ea8ffd39cc2e5a55d353b99f8
[Accessed 2013 November 21st]
This source had information of eras in the NFL as to allow the parity of
the two leagues to be compared along with the parity before and after
certain restrictions.
27. Brooke, T., 2013. How doesthe Salary Cap Work in the NFL? [Online]
Available at: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1665623-how-does-the-salary-cap-
work-in-the-nfl
[Accessed 2013 November 21st ]
This source helped my knowledge of the salary cap and its significance to
equality.
28. Wikipedia, 2013. XFL [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFL
This source was on a rival League to the NFL, it helped to show its
dominance in the American Sports market as this league didn’t last a long
time. The League itself wasn’t useful.
29. Howstuffworks.com, 2013. Howdoesthe NFL’s Salary Cap Work [Online]
Available at: http://www.howstuffworks.com/question644.htm
[Accessed 2013 December 3rd ]
This source aided in the understanding of the salary cap.

43 Bibliography
30. Schefter, A., 2013. Cowboyswill be $31 million over cap [Online]
Available at: http://espn.go.com/dallas/nfl/story/_/id/9854353/dallas-cowboys-
projected-31-million-salary-cap-2014
This source showed that the salary cap can be manipulated to allow years
of larger and smaller caps.
31. Wikipedia, 2013. Salary Cap [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary_cap
This source gave an overview of the Salary Cap.
32. Rosenthal, G., 2010. 20 questionsabout the uncapped year [Online]
Available at: http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/03/03/20-questions-about-
the-uncapped-year/
This source allowed me to understand the implications of the uncapped
year which was in 2010 when the CBA (Collective bargaining Agreement
was being drawn up)
33. Various, 2013. An In-Depth Explanation of theNFL’sSalary Cap [Online]
Available at:
http://www.reddit.com/r/nfl/comments/187x86/an_indepth_explanation_of_the_nfls
_salary_cap/
This source explained certain aspects ofthe salary cap in more detail.
34. SalaryCap101.net, 2013. TheNFL Salary Cap [Online]
Available at: salarycap101.net
This source was an overview of the salary cap and everything to do with it.
35. Dosh, K., 2013. NFL in London raiseslegal issues [Online]
Available at: http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9716479/nfl-team-london-raises-
legal-issues[Accessed 2013 December 8th ]
This source outlines some of the problems with expansion to the UK and
possibly abroad,. It is mainly based on financial and political subjects.
36. Wesseling, C., 2013. NFL sets 2013 salary cap at $123M, up for $120.6M
[Online]
Available at: http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000146046/article/nfl-sets-
2013-salary-cap-at-123m-up-from-1206m
[Accessed 2013 December 29th]
This source was useful for seeing the Salary Cap increase.
37. Wikipedia, 2013. Manchester City F.C. [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C.
[Accessed 2013 December 29th ]
This source ended up not being useful for me, it didn’t explain enough
about Manchester City’s takeover.
38. Wikipedia, 2013. Manchester City F.C. Seasons [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C._seasons
This source provided data on how Manchester City changedposition over
time.

44 Bibliography
39. Wilson, J., 2013. The Question: Just how competitive isthe Premier League?
[Online]
Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/oct/19/the-question-
how-competitive-premier-league?commentpage=1
This source showed how the Premier League isn’t competitive an that
there isn’t much Parity in it.
40. Wikipedia, 2013. Manchester United F.C. Seasons [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C._seasons
Used to determine the best eras ofManchester United and their finishing
positions for Manchester United.
41. Gill, J., 2010. The NFL Team of theDecade:The New England Patriots [Online]
Available at: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/323109-nfl-team-of-decade-the-new-
england-patriots
This source showed me that the New England Patriots are the best NFL
team over the past decade.
42. Sears, B., 2010. Manchester United top ‘league of thedecade’,asBlackpool soar to
10-year high [Online]
Available at: http://www.sportingintelligence.com/2010/05/17/manchester-united-
top-‘league-of-the-decade’-as-blackpool-soar-to-10-year-high-170501/
[Accessed 2014 January 1st ]
This confirmed that Manchester United are the best Premier League team
over the past decade.
43. BBC.co.uk, 2013. Viewpoints: Isa salary of £300,00 a week too much? [Online]
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23931053
[Accessed 2014 January 1st]
This source shows different viewpoints on the subject of salaries, which
are possibly too extreme, this isn’t the important part though. What is
more important is their beliefs on the league, and the fact that ticket prices
are rising while the clubs are still in debt, this can then be compared to the
NFL which doesn’t have this problem.
44. Harris, A., 2013. Highest Paid Soccer Players - 2013 [Online]
Available at: http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/tp/Highest-Paid-Soccer-
Players-2013.htm
This source provided me with an idea of what the highest paid soccer
players were so I could compare with American Football Players.
45. Sports Illustrated, 2013. Ten Highest Paid NFL Players [Online]
Available at: http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/nfl/photos/1303/ten-highest-paid-nfl-
players/1/ [Accessed 2014 January 1st ]
This source showed me that although the overall salary of NFL clubs is
different, the top players are paid the same amount.
46. Badenhausen, K., 2011. The NFL signs TV DealsWorth $27 Billion [Online]
Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/12/14/the-nfl-
signs-tv-deals-worth-26-billion/
[Accessed 2014 January 4th ]

45 Bibliography
This source was useful for seeing the effect that Television Rights has on
the NFL.
47. Badenhausen, K., Ozanian, M., Settimi, C.,2013. Football’sMost Valuable
Teams[Online]
Available at: http://www.forbes.com/nfl-
valuations/#page:1_sort:0_direction:asc_search:
This Source showed that there still isn’t complete parity between all teams
in the NFL as some are more valuable than others.
48. Ozanian, M., 2013. The Most Valuable NFL Teams[Online]
Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2013/08/14/the-most-
valuable-nfl-teams/
This Source expanded on the reasons for teams becoming more valuable
than others over the past few years.
49. Wilson, B., 2012. NFL continuesAmerican Football export drive to UK[Online]
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20049783
This source highlights how the NFL is pushing harder and harder to
export its league to the UK
50. Wikipedia, 2014. List of Premier League Broadcasters [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Premier_League_broadcasters
This source shows the different broadcasters ofthe premier league, it
allows me to see how global the television coverage is.
51. Sport Witness, 2012. Manchester United set to see hike in shirt salesasDortmund
reveal Kagawa effect[Online]
Available at: http://sportwitness.ning.com/forum/topics/manchester-united-set-to-
see-hike-in-shirt-sales-as-dortmund-reve
This source shows how a player can increase the global interest in a team
and hence the league.
52. Sedghi, A., 2013. All 100 overseascountriesrepresented in the Premier League
[Online]
Available at:
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2013/aug/22/all-100-
overseas-nationalities-premier-league
Shows the amount of different Countries that have players playing in the
Premier League which will show its global interest.
53. Hogan, R., 2013. NFL getting more “Intenational” All The Time [Online]
Available at: http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-getting-more-international-all-the-
time/
This source is really useful for seeing not only how the NFL is expanding
globally in terms of playing matches but also in terms of the players in the
league.

46 Bibliography
54. Dorset, K., 2013. The 2013 Circel of Parity isComplete [Online]
Available at: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1864887-the-2013-nfl-circle-of-
parity-is-compelete
This source showed how the Circle of Parity for the NFL had been
completed for a second year in a row. I used the circle in the actual
dissertation.
55. Sharpe, B., 2008. Change the Record: A PremierLeague Parity Plan [Online]
Available at: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/49935-change-the-record-a-premier-
league-parity-plan
This source is an opinionated article on how they would change the
Premier League to make it fairer.
56. Drayton, J., 2013. Proof that anyone can beat anyone in the PremierLeague this
season [Online]
Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2487073/Premier-
League-graphic-shows-beat-anyone.html
This source showed the circle of Parity in the Premier League after 10
games of football, a rare occurrence in the Premier League.
57. Lackner, A., 2012. Salary Cap FAQ [Online]
Available at: http://www.askthecommish.com/SalaryCap/faq.aspx
This source just reinforced some the already known information on the
Salary Cap, hence making it less useful than it would have been if I hadn’t
looked at the other sources.
58. Starkey, C., 2011. Premier League: Isthe Top Flight Becoming Boring? [Online]
Available at: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/639788-premier-league-is-the-top-
flight-becoming-boring [Accessed 2014 January 12th ]
This source was useful for its poll which showed that it was a split view on
the Premier League becoming too predictable.
59. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2010. ChampionsLeague Final TopsSuperbowl
for TV Market[Online]
Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8490351.stm
This source showed how the Superbowl hadn’t had the highest viewing
figures for the first time which shows that it may be expanding slower than
European Football. This is slightly useless as it is the Champions League
and not the Barclays Premier League.
60. Ashby, K., 2013. Wembley final provesglobal pulling power [Online]
Available at:
http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1957523.html [Accessed
2014 January 21st ]
This source highlighted the global pull of the Champions League Final
61. Spicer, N., 2010. Why do you Watch Sports? [Online]
Available at: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/348181-sports-why-do-you-watch
[Accessed 2013 February 28th]

47 Bibliography
This source was meant to explain why some people did so but it didn’t
help me as I was looking for a source that focused more on the viewing of
sport, this was more on brand loyalty.
62. Stewart Palmer, I., 2013, Premier League’s Salary Cap Confusing at Best [Online]
Available at: http://www.ftbpro.com/posts/ian.stewart.palmer/142113/premier-league-s-
salary-cap-confusing-at-best
[Accessed 2014 March 2nd
]
This source was useful as it shows how the Premier League are using a
salary cap to lower the amount clubs have.
63. Peck, J., 2013, PremierLeague: Would a salary cap work? [Online]
Available at: http://www.givemesport.com/354190-premier-league-would-a-salary-cap-work
]
This source explained how the salary cap and financial fair play measure
that are coming into effect in the Premier League.
64. Sale, C., 2013, Premier League agree new financial cap and teams will face points deduction if
they breach new rules. [Online] Available at:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2274957/Financial-Fair-Play-Premier-
League-agree-financial-cap-clubs-face-points-deduction.html
]
This source has shown me that clubs like Manchester City and Chelsea
would be affected by the Salary Cap on the Premier League but the cap
imposed wouldn’t actually effect them as it isn’t stringent enough.
65. Knox, K., 2014, 7 Biggest Problems facing the NFL in 2014-15 [Online] Availableat:
http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1922377-7-biggest-problems-facing-the-nfl-in-2014-15
[Accessed 2014 March 4th
]
This source was useful for showing some of the problems that are
occurring in the NFL and which could be intensified over the next year.
66. ESPN Staff, 2013, Premier League tickets continue to rise [Online] Available at:
http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/237339.html
]
This source has shown that although ticket process for many of the British
leagues have fallen, the Premier Leagues are still rising.
67. History.com, Unavailable , NFL and AFL announce merger [Online]
Available at: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nfl-and-afl-announce-merger
]
This source has helped explain the merger between the AFL and NFL to
form the two conferenced league that exists today as the National Football
League.
68. Wilson, P., 2010, Heysel was the worst thing imaginable says Phil Neal
Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/may/28/heysel-disaster-
25th-anniversary
]
This source helped me to understand the effect of the Heysel Disaster on
Football in England.

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