Anatomy and Physiology of endocrine system. easy way to learn by pictures and flow charts.

1. Presented By
Mohd Fazal
Nursing Tutor
Era College of Nursing
Overview of Endocrine system.

2. Endocrine system
 Consist of glands
 Glands : Secretary organ that produce & secrete chemical substances
Chemical substances
Endocrine glands (ductless) exocrine glands
Secrete hormones use ducts
Directly into blood secrete substances
on surface like GI track

3. Endocrine glands
 Secrete hormone ( chemical messengers ) that act on the
target tissue and organ, where they influence cell growth
and metabolism.
Hormone (in response to specific stimulus)
Arrive at target tissue
Binds to specific receptor
Action
Action reverse through negative feedback mechanism

4.  Amplification of stimulus
 Increasing release of hormone
 Until a particular process is
complete
 After the completion of process
 Action reverse (negates the
stimulus)
 Concerned with maintenance of
homeostasis
Positive feedback mechanism Negative feedback mechanism

5. Different Endocrine gland in body

8. Pituitary gland & hypothalamus
 Hypophysis
 Diameter 1 cm
 Weight 0.5 gm
 Location – in the
sphenoid bone at the base
of skull, below the
hypothalamus

9. Hypothalamus-hypophyseal
relationship
Hypothalamus
Controls pituitary
gland
By secreting
neurohormones
(releasing &
inhibiting
hormones)

10. Hypothalamus
Releasing hormones
Pituitary gland
Hormones release +ve feedback
Inc. raised blood level of hormones
Use of hormones
Lower blood level of hormones
-ve feedback
mechanism
(by releasing
inhibitory
hormones)

12. Anterior vs. Posterior pituitary

16. Growth hormone (GH) or Somatotropic hormone (STH)
 Most abundantly secreted
 Responsible for general growth of the
body
 Act as a metabolism of protein, fats and
carbohydrates
 GH inc. the growth of skeleton
 Hyper secretion – Gigantism
 Deficiency - Dwarfism

20. Hypothalamus, sleep, fasting, starvation, exercise, stress, trauma
Hypothalamus
release
Growth hormone releasing hormone
stimulate
Anterior pituitary
Growth hormone
Inc. blood level
used by the blood cells
Dec. in blood level
-ve
inhibitory
hormone
(GHIH)
Somatostat
in
+ve
stimulatio
n

21. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
 Stimulating growth and activity of
thyroid gland
 Iodine is essential for the
formation of T3 and T4
 Incr. basal metabolic rate and
heat production
 Regulate metabolism of
carbohydrate, proteins and fats.
 Essential for normal growth and
metabolism
 Deficiency of iodine: Goiter

23. Exercise, stress, malnutrition, low blood glucose, sleep
Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxin (T4)
inc. blood level
Used by cells
dec. blood level
-ve
inhibition
+ve
stimulation

24. Adrenocorticotrophin hormone or corticotrophin
(ACTC)
 Acts on adrenal gland
 Increases the conc. of cholesterol
and steroid hormone
 Control metabolism, inflammation,
immune function, salt and water
balance, development of sexual
characteristics

26. Hypoglycemia, exercise, stress, fever
Hypothalamus
Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Anterior pituitary
ACTH
Adrenal cortex
Inc. conc. of cholesterol and steroid hormone
use of hormone
Dec. level of hormone
-ve
inhibition
+ve
stimulation

27. Prolactin hormone
 Secreted during pregnancy
 Prepare breast for lactation, it
produces milk in the breast

28. Suckling of nipples by the baby
Stimulation
Hypothalamus
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
Anterior Pituitary
inc. Prolactin
Used by cells
Dec. level in blood
Prolactin
inhibition
hormone or
dopamine
+ve
stimulation

30. Gonadotropin
Sex hormone
2 Gonadotropin
 Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH)
 Both sex stimulate
production of gametes
(ova and spermatozoa)
 Secrete estrogen
 Secrete testosterone
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Secrete progesterone

32. Just before puberty
stimulation
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Anterior pituitary
Growth hormone
Promotes mature functioning of reproductive hormone