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‫النمل‬‫يحل‬‫مشكلة‬‫بطء‬‫شبكات‬‫الكمبيوتر‬
‫/أعداد‬ ‫فيصل‬‫أحمد‬‫الدريويش‬
‫ماجستير‬‫نظم‬‫المعلومات‬‫إدارية‬
‫اكتشف‬‫العلماء‬‫أن‬‫األسلوب‬‫الذي‬‫يتبعه‬‫النمل‬‫في‬‫إيجاد‬‫طرق‬‫جديدة‬‫للسير‬‫فيها‬‫نتيجة‬‫إغالق‬‫طرق‬‫سيرها‬
‫المعهودة‬‫يمكن‬‫أن‬‫يصبح‬‫حال‬‫للبطء‬‫الذي‬‫تعانيه‬‫شبكات‬‫الحاسبات‬‫بل‬‫وتقنية‬‫جديدة‬‫تفيد‬‫هندسة‬‫األنظمة‬ .
‫تم‬‫اكتشاف‬‫عن‬‫أسلوب‬‫رائع‬‫في‬‫إدارة‬‫الشبكات‬‫داخل‬‫عقل‬‫النمل‬‫الذي‬‫بإمكانه‬‫تغيير‬‫خط‬‫سيره‬‫بسرعة‬‫فائق‬‫ة‬
‫إلى‬‫خطوط‬‫أخرى‬‫لمجرد‬‫وجود‬‫تهديد‬‫أو‬‫عائق‬‫في‬‫الخط‬‫المعتاد‬ .
‫ففي‬‫البرية‬‫تضع‬‫نملة‬‫الكشافة‬‫فيرمونات‬‫خالل‬‫الطرق‬‫الممكنة‬‫كلها‬‫للوصول‬‫إلى‬‫الطعام‬‫طوال‬‫الطريق‬‫بين‬
‫منزل‬‫النمل‬‫والطعام‬‫حيث‬‫تتصاعد‬‫رائحة‬‫هذه‬‫الفيرمونات‬‫حسب‬‫قوتها‬ .. ‫األقوى‬‫يكون‬‫هو‬‫األقرب‬
‫واألضعف‬‫هو‬‫األبعد‬‫وبذلك‬‫تستطيع‬‫النملة‬‫الوصول‬‫إلى‬‫الطعام‬‫بأقصر‬ .
‫نفس‬‫الفكرة‬‫تقريبا‬‫تستخدمها‬‫بعض‬‫الحاسبات‬‫التي‬‫تدير‬‫شبكات‬‫االتصال‬‫وبوجه‬‫خاص‬‫الشبكات‬‫المزدح‬‫مة‬
‫حيث‬‫تقوم‬‫نمالت‬‫افتراضية‬‫باكتشاف‬‫أقصر‬‫الطرق‬‫الممكنة‬‫من‬‫أجل‬‫الوصول‬‫إلى‬‫نقاط‬‫االتصال‬‫حيث‬‫تقوم‬
‫هذه‬‫النمالت‬‫ببحث‬‫كل‬‫الطرق‬‫المتاحة‬‫وتترك‬‫هي‬‫األخرى‬‫فيرمونات‬‫تعطي‬‫إشارات‬‫حول‬‫أقصر‬‫الطرق‬
‫الممكنة‬‫لتمرير‬‫المعلومات‬ .
‫فالنمالت‬‫االفتراضية‬‫تضطر‬‫للعودة‬‫إلى‬‫نقطة‬‫انطالقها‬‫عندما‬‫تجد‬‫الطريق‬‫مغلق‬ .
‫أن‬‫النمالت‬‫ال‬‫تقوم‬‫بالبحث‬‫عن‬‫الفيرمونات‬‫فقط‬‫وإنما‬‫لدى‬‫النمالت‬‫المنفردة‬‫بوصلة‬‫داخلية‬‫تساعدها‬‫على‬
‫البحث‬‫عن‬‫الطرق‬‫الجديدة‬‫التي‬‫تؤدي‬‫إلى‬‫هدفها‬
(‫)النمل‬ ‫تستخدم‬‫خوارزميات‬‫السلكية‬‫لنقل‬‫المعلومات‬
‫فقد‬‫درس‬‫العلماء‬‫هذه‬‫الظاهرة‬‫ألكثر‬‫من‬‫عشرين‬ً‫عاما‬‫ومنهم‬ Deborah Gordon ‫من‬‫جامعة‬‫ستانفور‬،‫ووجد‬
( ‫)2102عام‬ ‫أن‬‫النمل‬‫يقوم‬‫ببث‬‫ترددات‬‫في‬‫نطاق‬‫محدد‬،‫هذه‬‫الترددات‬‫تحوي‬‫معلومات‬‫يستطيع‬‫أفراد‬‫النمل‬
‫التقاطها‬‫وقراءتها‬‫بسهولة‬‫وسرعة‬
‫إن‬‫نظام‬‫التحكم‬‫بنقل‬‫المعلومات‬‫أو‬ TCP ‫يعتمد‬‫على‬‫إرسال‬‫معلومات‬‫من‬‫قبل‬‫شخص‬‫ما‬‫على‬‫النت‬‫فيقوم‬
‫الشخص‬‫الثاني‬‫باستالم‬‫المعلومات‬‫والرد‬‫على‬‫األول‬‫بأنه‬‫استلمها‬ . ‫فالنملة‬‫ترسل‬‫معلومات‬‫عن‬‫الغذاء‬‫المتوافر‬
‫لآلخرين‬،‫حيث‬‫تقوم‬‫بقية‬‫النمالت‬‫بنقل‬‫الغذاء‬‫وإرسال‬‫بيانات‬‫للنملة‬‫المرسلة‬‫بأنه‬‫تم‬‫استالم‬‫الرسالة‬،‫وتم‬‫نقل‬
‫الغذاء‬‫أو‬‫قسم‬‫منه‬‫وهكذا‬،‫استمر‬‫النمل‬‫لماليين‬‫السنين‬‫باستخدام‬‫هذا‬‫النظام‬‫المعقد‬ .
‫تحسين‬‫عملية‬‫التوجيه‬‫في‬‫الشبكات‬‫المتنقلة‬‫ذات‬‫الغرض‬‫الخاص‬ً‫إعتمادا‬‫علي‬
‫خوارزميات‬‫مستعمرات‬‫النمل‬
ً‫:أوال‬ ‫بروتوكول‬‫توجيه‬‫متعدد‬‫المسارات‬‫والذي‬‫يقوم‬‫على‬‫أساس‬‫تحسين‬‫البروتوكول‬ AODV ‫باستخدام‬‫تحسين‬‫خورازميات‬‫مستعمرات‬‫النمل‬
‫وهذا‬‫البروتوكول‬‫يسمي‬ (MRAA) Multi-Route Ant AODV, ‫ويستخدم‬‫هذا‬‫البروتوكول‬‫مجموعة‬‫من‬‫العمالء‬‫المتنقلين‬ , ‫والتي‬‫نطلق‬
‫عليها‬‫النمل‬ , ‫ألداء‬‫أنشطة‬‫التوجيه‬‫بالطريقة‬‫المثلى‬ , ‫وهؤالء‬‫العمالء‬‫عبارة‬‫عن‬‫رسائل‬‫لجمع‬‫ونشر‬‫معلومات‬‫التوجيه‬‫اثناء‬‫تنقلها‬‫في‬‫جميع‬
‫أنحاء‬‫الشبكة‬‫و‬ MRAA ‫يعطي‬‫إمكانية‬‫التكيف‬‫بسرعة‬‫مع‬‫ظروف‬‫الروابط‬‫الديناميكية‬‫بين‬‫األجهزة‬،‫ويقلل‬‫من‬‫كمية‬‫المعالجة‬،‫وكمية‬‫أقل‬
‫من‬‫الذاكرة‬‫الرئيسية‬‫لألجهزة‬،‫وكمية‬‫أقل‬‫من‬‫موارد‬‫الشبكة‬ , ‫وكما‬‫يحدد‬‫مسارات‬‫متعددة‬‫لالجهزة‬‫المراد‬‫اإلرسال‬‫لها‬‫في‬‫الشبكة‬
ً‫:ثانيا‬ ‫بروتوكول‬‫مبني‬‫علي‬‫فكرة‬‫توزيع‬‫حزم‬‫البيانات‬‫عن‬‫طريق‬‫موازنتهم‬‫عبر‬‫المسارات‬‫العديدة‬‫المكتشفة‬‫وتوزيع‬‫استهالك‬‫الطاقة‬‫عبر‬
‫النقاط‬‫العديدة‬‫في‬‫أنحاء‬‫الشبكة‬ , ‫وهذا‬‫البروتوكول‬‫يسمي‬ Load Balanced Multi-Route Ant AODV (LBMRAA)
ً‫:ثالثا‬ ‫إستخدام‬‫مفهوم‬‫إرشادي‬‫الكتشاف‬‫الطريق‬‫إلى‬‫الوجهة‬‫أثناء‬‫مرحلة‬‫إكتشاف‬‫المسار‬ , ‫وهذا‬‫يسمح‬‫للبحث‬‫عن‬‫مسارات‬‫واعدة‬‫تحتوي‬‫على‬
‫أفضل‬‫وصلة‬‫من‬‫حيث‬‫الجودة‬‫و‬‫مسارات‬‫لها‬‫تركيزات‬‫أعلى‬‫من‬‫الفرمون‬‫بناء‬‫على‬‫ذلك‬‫يتم‬‫توجيه‬‫النمل‬‫نحو‬‫الجيران‬‫التي‬‫هي‬‫اقرب‬‫للراسل‬
‫والجار‬‫الذي‬‫لديه‬‫قدرة‬‫أعلى‬‫الستقبال‬‫اإلشارة‬‫بقوة‬‫والجار‬‫الذي‬‫لديه‬‫أعلى‬‫تركيز‬‫من‬‫الفرمون‬‫و‬‫يسمي‬‫هذا‬‫البروتوكول‬‫باإلسم‬‫التالي‬
Heuristic Load Balanced Multi-Route Ant AODV (HLBMRAA)
‫وأظهرت‬‫المحاكاة‬‫أن‬‫كل‬‫من‬‫البروتوكول‬ MRAA ‫و‬LBMRAA ‫و‬HLBMRAA ‫يتفوقون‬‫على‬‫بروتوكول‬‫ال‬ AODV ‫واألهم‬‫من‬
‫ذلك‬‫أنهم‬‫قادرين‬‫على‬‫العمل‬‫في‬‫الشبكات‬‫ذات‬‫النطاق‬‫الواسع‬‫و‬‫يعملون‬‫بشكل‬‫جيد‬‫في‬‫بيئة‬‫ذات‬‫حركة‬‫و‬‫تنقالت‬‫عالية‬‫مما‬‫يجعل‬ MRAA ‫و‬
LBMRAA ‫و‬HLBMRAA ‫بروتوكوالت‬‫مناسبة‬ً‫جدا‬‫لإلتصاالت‬‫التي‬‫تحدث‬‫في‬‫نفس‬‫الوقت‬‫وبسرعة‬‫في‬‫شبكات‬‫ديناميكية‬‫مثل‬‫ال‬
MANET .

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Ants solve the problem of slow computer networks