This article aims to present how to make the construction of the utopia of full democracy a reality in all countries to eliminate the dystopia represented by dictatorships and false democracies that proliferate in the world. This article is the second of 12 articles that will address the 12 planetary utopias that need to be realized in order to build a better world and contribute to the achievement of happiness for human beings, individually and collectively. In the world, only 8% of countries practice full democracy, while 92% live under dictatorships or false democracies, which is why it becomes imperative to make them practice full democracies. The failure of representative democracy as it is practiced in several countries around the world is paving the way for its own end, constituting fertile ground for the advent of exceptional regimes or dictatorships in the face of the frustration of the majority of the population that realizes every day that it participates in a decoy by electing false representatives. The construction of the utopia of full democracy in the vast majority of countries in the world is also imposed in the face of the advance of neo-fascism in the world. Democracy needs to be strengthened in the vast majority of countries in the world in the face of concrete threats to its existence from extreme right-wing political forces. In order to avoid the end of the current democratic system in Brazil and in other countries of the world, it is necessary that a broad democratic and anti-fascist front be constituted in Parliament and in Civil Society to defend full democracy and fight against the acts of the political forces of opposition to the democratic system that are contrary to the interests of the vast majority of the population and democracy in each country. In countries where dictatorships exist, a broad front must be formed to fight for their overthrow and for the implementation of full representative democracy.
Democracy promotes several important outcomes according to the document:
1. It creates a more accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government where citizens can elect their rulers and hold them responsible through elections and public debate.
2. While it may not guarantee economic growth, democracy does not significantly lag behind other systems in promoting development.
3. Democracies have a mixed record in reducing inequality and poverty but provide better opportunities than other systems to address issues facing disadvantaged groups.
4. Democracy is better suited than other forms of government at accommodating social diversity and handling internal conflicts through non-violent means.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy aims to produce accountable and legitimate government, accommodate social diversity, and promote individual dignity and freedom. While democracies have limitations, they generally perform better than alternatives in these areas. Democracies can create conditions for economic growth and reducing inequality, but citizens must take advantage of opportunities. Democracies are generally effective at representing majority views but must also respect minority rights. Overall, democracy remains the preferred form of government.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a module on democracy, elections, and good governance that is being implemented at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, India. The module will cover dimensions of democracy including social, economic, and political aspects. It will also examine elections for local self-government bodies and good governance initiatives in India. The rationale for the module is to educate students on the importance of democracy and encourage participation in the electoral and political process.
The document discusses democracy and provides definitions from various scholars. It notes that democracy refers to a system where the government is formed by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It also outlines key principles of democracy like free elections, majority rule, and protection of rights and freedoms. The document then discusses some challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism.
The document discusses some key challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism. It notes that while India has successfully established a democratic system with elections and civil liberties, corruption is widespread in politics, business, and bureaucracy. Casteism continues to create inequalities and is sometimes exploited for political gain. Communalism and religious fundamentalism also threaten secular ideals. Regional disparities in development have led to separatist movements in some areas seeking more autonomy or secession. Overcoming these challenges is important for strengthening India's democratic system.
Democracy promotes several important outcomes according to the document:
1. It creates a more accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government where citizens can elect their rulers and hold them responsible through elections and public debate.
2. While it may not guarantee economic growth, democracy does not significantly lag behind other systems in promoting development.
3. Democracies have a mixed record in reducing inequality and poverty but provide better opportunities than other systems to address issues facing disadvantaged groups.
4. Democracy is better suited than other forms of government at accommodating social diversity and handling internal conflicts through non-violent means.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy aims to produce accountable and legitimate government, accommodate social diversity, and promote individual dignity and freedom. While democracies have limitations, they generally perform better than alternatives in these areas. Democracies can create conditions for economic growth and reducing inequality, but citizens must take advantage of opportunities. Democracies are generally effective at representing majority views but must also respect minority rights. Overall, democracy remains the preferred form of government.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a module on democracy, elections, and good governance that is being implemented at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, India. The module will cover dimensions of democracy including social, economic, and political aspects. It will also examine elections for local self-government bodies and good governance initiatives in India. The rationale for the module is to educate students on the importance of democracy and encourage participation in the electoral and political process.
The document discusses democracy and provides definitions from various scholars. It notes that democracy refers to a system where the government is formed by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It also outlines key principles of democracy like free elections, majority rule, and protection of rights and freedoms. The document then discusses some challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism.
The document discusses some key challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism. It notes that while India has successfully established a democratic system with elections and civil liberties, corruption is widespread in politics, business, and bureaucracy. Casteism continues to create inequalities and is sometimes exploited for political gain. Communalism and religious fundamentalism also threaten secular ideals. Regional disparities in development have led to separatist movements in some areas seeking more autonomy or secession. Overcoming these challenges is important for strengthening India's democratic system.
Democracy is defined as a form of government where supreme power is held by the people, who exercise their power directly or through elected representatives. Key aspects of democracy include periodic free elections, political equality, participation in decision making, protection of civil liberties, and majority rule balanced by protection of minority rights. However, Indian democracy faces ongoing challenges from issues like corruption, casteism, and communalism that can undermine its principles if not adequately addressed.
This document discusses the various outcomes of democracy and how they can be assessed. It examines whether democracies live up to expectations in areas like accountable governance, economic growth, inequality and poverty reduction, accommodation of social diversity, and individual dignity and freedom. While democracies generally perform better than authoritarian regimes in establishing accountable and legitimate systems of government, their records are mixed in other areas. They do not always ensure responsive leadership or significantly reduce economic disparities. And they only accommodate diversity and protect freedoms when certain conditions are met, like guaranteeing minority rights and preventing domination by a single community. Overall, the document analyzes democracy both in theory and practice, noting where it has succeeded and fallen short of expectations.
This document summarizes the key findings and recommendations of a report by the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. The Commission examined major challenges to conducting elections with integrity worldwide and proposed recommendations to strengthen electoral integrity at both the national and international levels.
The document outlines five major challenges to election integrity: 1) building the rule of law, 2) establishing independent and competent electoral management bodies, 3) fostering multiparty competition and power division, 4) removing barriers to political participation, and 5) regulating uncontrolled political finance. It recommends actions that governments, citizens, and international partners can take to address these challenges and promote free and fair elections, including strengthening electoral laws and institutions, empowering marginalized groups, and controlling
People's Forum - a decentralized participatory democratic model for IndiaJos Conil
The document proposes establishing a "People's Forum" as a fourth pillar of Indian democracy to strengthen participatory governance. It would consist of a Social Service League and Citizen's Ombudsman at national, state, and local levels. The key aspects include: 1) Mandating government to publish all bills and budgets for public feedback; 2) Empowering citizens to initiate referendums on laws and policies; 3) Giving citizens oversight of all government projects and institutions; 4) Allowing citizens to dismiss underperforming governments via referendum; 5) Establishing an Ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials. The aim is to make the government more answerable and responsive to the
1. The document discusses various classifications and forms of government proposed by political scientists, focusing on Leacock's classification system.
2. Leacock classified governments based on where sovereign power is located (dictatorship vs democracy), how the head of state acquires power (constitutional monarchy vs republic), the relationship between executive and legislative branches (parliamentary vs presidential), and how power is distributed between central and local governments (unitary vs federal).
3. The summary then examines some key features of dictatorship, democracy, constitutional monarchy, republic, parliamentary, and presidential forms of government.
This document discusses the key principles and expectations of democracy. It summarizes that democracy is accountable, responsive, and legitimate. It promotes equality, enhances individual dignity, and improves decision making through participation and the ability to correct mistakes. However, democracies do not always successfully reduce economic inequality or poverty. While democracy is best suited to handle social conflicts, it requires understanding majority rule while also representing minorities. Democracy promotes individual freedom and dignity by establishing respect for all groups. The high expectations people have for democracy also serve as a test of its success.
The document discusses democracy in Chile. It notes that Pinochet's military dictatorship ended in 1988 after a referendum rejected his rule, restoring political freedom. Since then, Chile has held four presidential elections where different political parties have participated. The role of the army in government has been slowly eliminated.
The document discusses the key concepts of democracy including its meaning, principles, definitions from various scholars, and conditions necessary for its successful functioning. It also outlines some of the major challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism. These challenges stem from socio-economic inequalities, the politicization of caste and religion, and regional disparities in development. The document emphasizes that overcoming these challenges is important for strengthening democracy in India.
The document defines democracy and provides definitions from various prominent figures. It discusses key principles of democracy such as popular sovereignty, political equality, and majority rule. It also outlines several features of Indian democracy like its federal system and collective ministerial responsibility. Both benefits and criticisms of democracy are presented. Benefits include stability, political education of citizens, and reduced chance of revolt due to representation. Criticisms include that it emphasizes quantity over quality, can lead to rule by the incompetent, is based on an unnatural concept of equality, and may ignore minority views.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Representative DemocracySusan Tullis
Representative democracy is a system of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf rather than directly voting on policies. It allows for a large population to be governed through elected representatives rather than direct voting on all issues. Some advantages are that it is practical for large countries and drives citizens to form political parties. However, it also means people do not directly vote on every issue.
Democracy means rule by the people. There are two main types of democracy - direct democracy where citizens directly make decisions, and representative democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK practices representative democracy. While elections are free and fair, some argue the UK faces a democratic deficit, with declining voter turnout and a lack of choice between similar major parties. Reforms like increasing referendums and compulsory voting have been proposed to enhance UK democracy.
What does democracy do?
What outcomes can we reasonably expect of democracy?
Does democracy fulfil these expectations in real life?
How to assess the outcomes of democracy?
Democracy is better because
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
ELECTION,DEBATE AND INFORMATION
PEOPLE’S NEED AND CORRUPTION
Economic growth and development
Reduction of inequality and poverty
Accommodation of social diversity
Dignity and freedom of the citizens
Democracy derives from the Greek words meaning "rule by the people." It is a system of government where supreme power is held by the citizens, either directly or through elected representatives. There are two main types of democracy - direct, where citizens vote on all issues, and representative, where citizens elect officials to vote on most issues. Democracies protect basic rights like freedom of speech and religion through regular free and fair elections. Citizens have both rights and responsibilities to participate in the political system. Key aspects of democracy include the rule of law, separation of powers among legislative, executive and judicial branches, and a free press. Political parties, interest groups and non-governmental organizations also play important roles.
This document provides an overview of democracy as a form of government. It defines democracy as a system where government is formed by the people through elected representatives. It discusses the principles of democracy such as free elections, rule of law, and majority rule. It then outlines some of the key reasons why democracy can lead to country development, including decentralized power, rise of political and economic institutions, and spread of education. The document also discusses some criticisms of democracy and lists both the merits and demerits of the democratic system of government. Finally, it provides some examples of countries that follow democratic principles.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
Democracy has several positive outcomes according to the document:
1) It promotes equality among citizens and enhances individual dignity and freedom.
2) It improves decision making by allowing citizen participation and providing a method to resolve conflicts.
3) While economic growth may be slightly higher under dictatorships, democracy has benefits like accountable and legitimate government as well as accommodating social diversity that make it preferable overall.
This document discusses democracy and representative democracy. It defines democracy as rule by the people, where citizens have the right to elect their government and participate politically. Representative democracy is presented as an indirect form of democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf. While representative democracy aims to promote freedom and equality, issues can arise regarding the relationship between representatives and citizens, and whether representatives uphold citizens' interests. Electing poor representatives is also a risk due to complex voting systems, potential for corruption, and media influences that can mislead citizens.
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
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Democracy is defined as a form of government where supreme power is held by the people, who exercise their power directly or through elected representatives. Key aspects of democracy include periodic free elections, political equality, participation in decision making, protection of civil liberties, and majority rule balanced by protection of minority rights. However, Indian democracy faces ongoing challenges from issues like corruption, casteism, and communalism that can undermine its principles if not adequately addressed.
This document discusses the various outcomes of democracy and how they can be assessed. It examines whether democracies live up to expectations in areas like accountable governance, economic growth, inequality and poverty reduction, accommodation of social diversity, and individual dignity and freedom. While democracies generally perform better than authoritarian regimes in establishing accountable and legitimate systems of government, their records are mixed in other areas. They do not always ensure responsive leadership or significantly reduce economic disparities. And they only accommodate diversity and protect freedoms when certain conditions are met, like guaranteeing minority rights and preventing domination by a single community. Overall, the document analyzes democracy both in theory and practice, noting where it has succeeded and fallen short of expectations.
This document summarizes the key findings and recommendations of a report by the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. The Commission examined major challenges to conducting elections with integrity worldwide and proposed recommendations to strengthen electoral integrity at both the national and international levels.
The document outlines five major challenges to election integrity: 1) building the rule of law, 2) establishing independent and competent electoral management bodies, 3) fostering multiparty competition and power division, 4) removing barriers to political participation, and 5) regulating uncontrolled political finance. It recommends actions that governments, citizens, and international partners can take to address these challenges and promote free and fair elections, including strengthening electoral laws and institutions, empowering marginalized groups, and controlling
People's Forum - a decentralized participatory democratic model for IndiaJos Conil
The document proposes establishing a "People's Forum" as a fourth pillar of Indian democracy to strengthen participatory governance. It would consist of a Social Service League and Citizen's Ombudsman at national, state, and local levels. The key aspects include: 1) Mandating government to publish all bills and budgets for public feedback; 2) Empowering citizens to initiate referendums on laws and policies; 3) Giving citizens oversight of all government projects and institutions; 4) Allowing citizens to dismiss underperforming governments via referendum; 5) Establishing an Ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials. The aim is to make the government more answerable and responsive to the
1. The document discusses various classifications and forms of government proposed by political scientists, focusing on Leacock's classification system.
2. Leacock classified governments based on where sovereign power is located (dictatorship vs democracy), how the head of state acquires power (constitutional monarchy vs republic), the relationship between executive and legislative branches (parliamentary vs presidential), and how power is distributed between central and local governments (unitary vs federal).
3. The summary then examines some key features of dictatorship, democracy, constitutional monarchy, republic, parliamentary, and presidential forms of government.
This document discusses the key principles and expectations of democracy. It summarizes that democracy is accountable, responsive, and legitimate. It promotes equality, enhances individual dignity, and improves decision making through participation and the ability to correct mistakes. However, democracies do not always successfully reduce economic inequality or poverty. While democracy is best suited to handle social conflicts, it requires understanding majority rule while also representing minorities. Democracy promotes individual freedom and dignity by establishing respect for all groups. The high expectations people have for democracy also serve as a test of its success.
The document discusses democracy in Chile. It notes that Pinochet's military dictatorship ended in 1988 after a referendum rejected his rule, restoring political freedom. Since then, Chile has held four presidential elections where different political parties have participated. The role of the army in government has been slowly eliminated.
The document discusses the key concepts of democracy including its meaning, principles, definitions from various scholars, and conditions necessary for its successful functioning. It also outlines some of the major challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism. These challenges stem from socio-economic inequalities, the politicization of caste and religion, and regional disparities in development. The document emphasizes that overcoming these challenges is important for strengthening democracy in India.
The document defines democracy and provides definitions from various prominent figures. It discusses key principles of democracy such as popular sovereignty, political equality, and majority rule. It also outlines several features of Indian democracy like its federal system and collective ministerial responsibility. Both benefits and criticisms of democracy are presented. Benefits include stability, political education of citizens, and reduced chance of revolt due to representation. Criticisms include that it emphasizes quantity over quality, can lead to rule by the incompetent, is based on an unnatural concept of equality, and may ignore minority views.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Representative DemocracySusan Tullis
Representative democracy is a system of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf rather than directly voting on policies. It allows for a large population to be governed through elected representatives rather than direct voting on all issues. Some advantages are that it is practical for large countries and drives citizens to form political parties. However, it also means people do not directly vote on every issue.
Democracy means rule by the people. There are two main types of democracy - direct democracy where citizens directly make decisions, and representative democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK practices representative democracy. While elections are free and fair, some argue the UK faces a democratic deficit, with declining voter turnout and a lack of choice between similar major parties. Reforms like increasing referendums and compulsory voting have been proposed to enhance UK democracy.
What does democracy do?
What outcomes can we reasonably expect of democracy?
Does democracy fulfil these expectations in real life?
How to assess the outcomes of democracy?
Democracy is better because
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
ELECTION,DEBATE AND INFORMATION
PEOPLE’S NEED AND CORRUPTION
Economic growth and development
Reduction of inequality and poverty
Accommodation of social diversity
Dignity and freedom of the citizens
Democracy derives from the Greek words meaning "rule by the people." It is a system of government where supreme power is held by the citizens, either directly or through elected representatives. There are two main types of democracy - direct, where citizens vote on all issues, and representative, where citizens elect officials to vote on most issues. Democracies protect basic rights like freedom of speech and religion through regular free and fair elections. Citizens have both rights and responsibilities to participate in the political system. Key aspects of democracy include the rule of law, separation of powers among legislative, executive and judicial branches, and a free press. Political parties, interest groups and non-governmental organizations also play important roles.
This document provides an overview of democracy as a form of government. It defines democracy as a system where government is formed by the people through elected representatives. It discusses the principles of democracy such as free elections, rule of law, and majority rule. It then outlines some of the key reasons why democracy can lead to country development, including decentralized power, rise of political and economic institutions, and spread of education. The document also discusses some criticisms of democracy and lists both the merits and demerits of the democratic system of government. Finally, it provides some examples of countries that follow democratic principles.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
Democracy has several positive outcomes according to the document:
1) It promotes equality among citizens and enhances individual dignity and freedom.
2) It improves decision making by allowing citizen participation and providing a method to resolve conflicts.
3) While economic growth may be slightly higher under dictatorships, democracy has benefits like accountable and legitimate government as well as accommodating social diversity that make it preferable overall.
This document discusses democracy and representative democracy. It defines democracy as rule by the people, where citizens have the right to elect their government and participate politically. Representative democracy is presented as an indirect form of democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf. While representative democracy aims to promote freedom and equality, issues can arise regarding the relationship between representatives and citizens, and whether representatives uphold citizens' interests. Electing poor representatives is also a risk due to complex voting systems, potential for corruption, and media influences that can mislead citizens.
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUA EVOLU...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como ocorreu a evolução do consumo e da produção de energia desde a pré-história até os tempos atuais, bem como propor o futuro da energia requerido para o mundo. Da pré-história até o século XVIII predominou o uso de fontes renováveis de energia como a madeira, o vento e a energia hidráulica. Do século XVIII até a era contemporânea, os combustíveis fósseis predominaram com o carvão e o petróleo, mas seu uso chegará ao fim provavelmente a partir do século XXI para evitar a mudança climática catastrófica global resultante de sua utilização ao emitir gases do efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Com o fim da era dos combustíveis fósseis virá a era das fontes renováveis de energia quando prevalecerá a utilização da energia hidrelétrica, energia solar, energia eólica, energia das marés, energia das ondas, energia geotérmica, energia da biomassa e energia do hidrogênio. Não existem dúvidas de que as atividades humanas sobre a Terra provocam alterações no meio ambiente em que vivemos. Muitos destes impactos ambientais são provenientes da geração, manuseio e uso da energia com o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A principal razão para a existência desses impactos ambientais reside no fato de que o consumo mundial de energia primária proveniente de fontes não renováveis (petróleo, carvão, gás natural e nuclear) corresponde a aproximadamente 88% do total, cabendo apenas 12% às fontes renováveis. Independentemente das várias soluções que venham a ser adotadas para eliminar ou mitigar as causas do efeito estufa, a mais importante ação é, sem dúvidas, a adoção de medidas que contribuam para a eliminação ou redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis na produção de energia, bem como para seu uso mais eficiente nos transportes, na indústria, na agropecuária e nas cidades (residências e comércio), haja vista que o uso e a produção de energia são responsáveis por 57% dos gases de estufa emitidos pela atividade humana. Neste sentido, é imprescindível a implantação de um sistema de energia sustentável no mundo. Em um sistema de energia sustentável, a matriz energética mundial só deveria contar com fontes de energia limpa e renováveis (hidroelétrica, solar, eólica, hidrogênio, geotérmica, das marés, das ondas e biomassa), não devendo contar, portanto, com o uso dos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão e gás natural).
LA LOI DE L'ENTROPIE ET LA CONQUÊTE DE L'IMMORTALITÉ DE L'ÊTRE HUMAIN.pdfFaga1939
Cet article vise à analyser les possibilités d'atteindre l'immortalité humaine face à l'obstacle que représente la loi de l'entropie qui mesure le degré de désordre dans un système. L'entropie dans les systèmes biologiques, par exemple, s'explique lorsqu'un être vivant, lorsqu'il effectue un travail, une partie de la chaleur produite maintient son corps au chaud, mais une grande partie se dissipe dans l'environnement qui l'entoure, provoquant une grande fraction de l’énergie provenant de ses sources de combustible à transformer en chaleur. L'effet net du processus originel (diminution de l'entropie de l'être vivant) et du transfert d'énergie (augmentation de l'entropie dans l'environnement extérieur) est une augmentation générale de l'entropie de l'Univers. Tout le monde s’accorde à dire que grâce à l’entropie, le désordre de la vie se produit, les galaxies s’enfonçant dans des trous noirs, les étoiles se transformant en poussière de carbone, les moteurs de voitures et d’avions s’usant et vieillissant nous conduisant à la mort. En juin 2019, une équipe de scientifiques de l'Université technique de Munich et de l'Institut Max Planck de physique et de systèmes complexes a annoncé qu'une exception à cette règle universelle avait été trouvée dans le mystérieux monde quantique avec le phénomène de « quasi-particule » qui se produit. dans une série de cycles sans fin, les rendant en fait immortels. Ce fait continue de stimuler les discussions sur un ancien désir humain : l’immortalité du corps humain. Dans le passé, l’homme cherchait à vaincre la mort à travers les religions. À l’époque contemporaine, les gens ont commencé à croire qu’il serait possible de vaincre la mort grâce à l’utilisation de la science et de la technologie. L’année 2045 marquera le début d’une ère dans laquelle la médecine pourra offrir à l’humanité la possibilité de vivre une époque jamais vue dans l’histoire. Nous ne serons qu’à quelques pas de l’immortalité. Compte tenu de la rapidité des innovations, une personne née en 2050 aura 95 % de chances de vivre mille ans. Tous ces efforts visant à atteindre l’immortalité parviendront-ils à vaincre les forces imposées par la loi de l’entropie ? Dans quelle mesure l’immortalité des « quasi-particules » peut-elle contribuer à rendre les êtres humains immortels ? Dans quelle mesure la science et la technologie contribueront-elles à l’obtention de l’immortalité des êtres humains ?
THE LAW OF ENTROPY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF HUMAN BEING IMMORTALITY.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to analyze the possibilities of achieving human immortality in the face of the obstacle represented by the law of entropy that measures the degree of disorder in a system. Entropy in biological systems, for example, is explained when a living being, when performing work, part of the heat produced keeps its body warm, but a large part dissipates in the environment around it, causing a large fraction of the energy of its fuel sources are transformed into heat. The net effect of the original process (decrease in the entropy of the living being) and the transfer of energy (increase in entropy in the external environment) is a general increase in the entropy of the Universe. Everyone agrees that thanks to entropy, the disorder of life occurs, with galaxies sinking into black holes, stars turning into carbon dust, car and airplane engines wearing out and aging leading us to death. In June 2019, a team of scientists from the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Complex Systems announced that an exception to this universal rule had been found in the mysterious quantum world with the “quasi-particle” phenomenon that occurs in a series of endless cycles, making them, in fact, immortal. This fact continues to stimulate discussions about an ancient human desire: the immortality of the human body. In the past, man sought to overcome death through religions. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be able to offer humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. We will be just a few steps away from immortality. Considering the speed of innovations, a person born in 2050 will have a 95% chance of living a thousand years. Will all this effort aimed at achieving immortality be able to overcome the forces imposed by the law of entropy? To what extent can the immortality of “quasi-particles” contribute to making human beings immortal? To what extent will science and technology contribute to the achievement of immortality for human beings?
A LEI DA ENTROPIA E A CONQUISTA DA IMORTALIDADE DO SER HUMANO.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades de conquista da imortalidade do ser humano diante do obstáculo representado pela lei da entropia que mede o grau de desordem de um sistema. A entropia nos sistemas biológicos, por exemplo, se explica quando o ser vivo, ao realizar trabalho, parte do calor produzido conserva seu corpo aquecido, mas uma grande parte se dissipa no ambiente a seu redor, fazendo com que uma grande fração da energia de suas fontes de combustíveis seja transformada em calor. O efeito líquido do processo original (diminuição da entropia do ser vivo) e a transferência de energia (aumento de entropia no meio exterior) é um aumento geral na entropia do Universo. Todos concordam que graças à entropia, ocorre a desordem da vida, com as galáxias afundando em buracos negros, as estrelas virando poeira de carbono, motores de carros e aviões se desgastando e o envelhecimento nos encaminhando à morte. Em junho de 2019, uma equipe de cientistas da Universidade Técnica de Munique e do Instituto Max Planck de Física e Sistemas Complexos anunciou que foi encontrada uma exceção à esta regra universal no misterioso mundo quântico com o fenômeno das “quase-partículas” que ocorre numa série de ciclos intermináveis, tornando-as, de fato, imortais. O fato não deixa de estimular discussões sobre um milenar desejo humano: a imortalidade do corpo humano. No passado, o homem procurava superar a morte através das religiões. Na era contemporânea, passou-se a acreditar que seria possível vencer a morte com o uso da ciência e da tecnologia. O ano de 2045 marcará o início de uma era em que a medicina poderá oferecer à humanidade a possibilidade de viver por um tempo jamais visto na história. Estaremos a poucos passos da imortalidade. Considerando a rapidez das inovações, uma pessoa nascida em 2050 terá 95% de chance de viver mil anos. Todo este esforço voltado para a conquista da imortalidade será capaz de vencer as forças impostas pela lei da entropia? Até que ponto a imortalidade das “quase-partículas” poderá contribuir para tornar os seres humanos imortais? Até que ponto a ciência e a tecnologia contribuirão para a conquista da imortalidade dos seres humanos?
PEACE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE REQUIRES EXTREMISTS OUT OF POWER AND RESTR...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate the need for Israeli and Palestinian extremists to be removed from power and for the UN to be restructured so that there is peace between Israel and Palestine. The construction of peace can only happen in the Palestine region if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world, as well as the Palestinians, politically repel the extremists who exercise power in their territories and establish governments that seek conciliation between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. It can be said that there is only one solution to the conflict between Palestine and Israel: on the one hand, Israel needs to accept the constitution of the Palestinian State, seek a fair and negotiated solution regarding Jerusalem and the fate of Palestinian refugees and end the settlements Jews in the West Bank and, on the other, Palestinians need to recognize the State of Israel because neither Palestinians nor Israelis can impose their will on each other. Neither the right-wing extremists who govern Israel nor the Palestinian extremist groups will be able to impose their will by force of arms in Palestine. It is unlikely that the conflict between Palestinians and Jews will be resolved today because existing international institutions are not capable of building a negotiated solution to the conflict between these two peoples and between Israel, Iran and the Arab countries. This means that there is an urgent need to restructure the international system to resolve the conflict between Israel and Palestine, between Russia and Ukraine and all international conflicts that may occur in the future. The time has come for humanity to promote the construction of world peace and to exercise control over its destiny. To achieve these objectives, it is urgent to restructure the UN with a view to transforming it into a democratic government of the world that constitutes the only means of survival for the human species.
PAZ ENTRE ISRAEL E PALESTINA EXIGE EXTREMISTAS FORA DO PODER E REESTRUTURAÇÃO...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de que extremistas israelenses e palestinos sejam colocados fora do poder e haja a reestruturação da ONU para que haja paz entre Israel e Palestina. A construção da paz só poderá acontecer na região da Palestina se o povo judeu em Israel e no mundo inteiro, bem como os palestinos repelirem politicamente os extremistas que exercem o poder em seus territórios e constituírem governos que busquem a conciliação entre os povos judeu e palestino. Pode-se afirmar que só há uma solução para o conflito entre Palestina e Israel: de um lado, Israel precisa aceitar a constituição do Estado palestino, buscar uma solução justa e negociada sobre Jerusalém e sobre o destino de refugiados palestinos e acabar com os assentamentos judeus na Cisjordânia e, de outro, os palestinos precisam reconhecer o Estado de Israel porque nem palestinos nem israelenses podem impor sua vontade um ao outro. Nem os extremistas de direita que governam Israel nem os grupos extremistas palestinos terão condições de impor sua vontade pela força das armas na Palestina. É pouco provável que o conflito entre palestinos e judeus seja solucionado na atualidade porque as instituições internacionais existentes não são capazes de construir uma saída negociada para o conflito entre estes dois povos e entre Israel, o Irã e os países árabes. Isto significa dizer que urge a reestruturação do sistema internacional para solucionar o conflito entre Israel e Palestina, entre Rússia e Ucrânia e todos os conflitos internacionais que venham a ocorrer no futuro. É chegada a hora da humanidade promover a construção da paz mundial e de exercer o controle de seu destino. Para alcançar estes objetivos, urge a reestruturação da ONU visando transformá-la em um governo democrático do mundo que se constitui no único meio de sobrevivência da espécie humana.
HOW TO OVERCOME DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WE...Faga1939
This article aims to present the causes of depression and anxiety in individuals, which are considered the evils of the century, and the solutions that would allow them to be overcome. Depression and anxiety affect more than 300 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the disorder affects around 18.6 million individuals, according to data from PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), which corresponds to 9.3% of the population.
COMO SUPERAR A DEPRESSÃO E A ANSIEDADE NA VIDA DAS PESSOAS NO MUNDO EM QUE VI...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as causas da depressão e da ansiedade nos indivíduos, que são consideradas os males do século, e as soluções que permitiriam superá-las. A depressão e a ansiedade atingem mais de 300 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o transtorno afeta cerca de 18,6 milhões de indivíduos, conforme dados da OPAS (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde), o que corresponde a 9,3% da população.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
COMO PLANEJAR AS CIDADES PARA ENFRENTAR EVENTOS CLIMÁTICOS EXTREMOS.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que e como fazer para promover o planejamento das cidades capaz de enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Tem sido recorrente a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos. As inundações que devastaram algumas cidades do oeste e do sul da Alemanha, Henan na China e Londres na Inglaterra em 2021 e, no momento, no Rio Grande do Sul demonstram a vulnerabilidade de áreas altamente populosas a enchentes catastróficas. Os desastres relacionados com a água causaram perdas mundiais de US$ 306 bilhões entre 1980 e 2016. Para fazer frente a eventos climáticos extremos nas cidades, é preciso que seja realizado o controle de inundações que diz respeito a todos os métodos usados para reduzir ou impedir os efeitos prejudiciais da ação das águas. Devem ser adotadas medidas estruturais com obras de engenharia visando a correção e / ou prevenção de problemas decorrentes de inundações e medidas não estruturais que são aquelas que buscam prevenir e / ou reduzir os danos e consequências das inundações, não por meio de obras de engenharia, mas pela introdução de normas, regulamentos e programas que visam, por exemplo, disciplinar o uso e ocupação do solo, implementação de sistemas de alerta e conscientização da população. A prefeitura municipal tem um papel fundamental no sentido de evitar alagamentos, enchentes e inundações nas cidades. Para tanto, deve elaborar um plano diretor de desenvolvimento municipal que contemple, entre outras medidas, a adoção de soluções para minimizar ou eliminar os riscos enfrentados pela população, a identificação sistemática de áreas de risco a fim de estabelecer regras de assentamento da população. Três órgãos são essenciais nas ações de prevenção a enchentes em um município: 1) o órgão municipal de defesa civil; 2) o órgão responsável pelo serviço de meteorologia responsável por informar a previsão do clima da cidade e/ou região; e, 3) os núcleos comunitários de defesa civil, que são pessoas que trabalham de forma voluntária nas atividades de defesa civil.
LES OBSTACLES QUI ENTRAVENT LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DU BRÉSIL À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAINE ...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que le gouvernement Lula est confronté à deux défis majeurs dans ses efforts pour promouvoir le développement économique et social du Brésil. Le premier défi, d'ordre économique, est représenté par les obstacles qui existent avec la politique de plafonnement des dépenses, malgré la flexibilité offerte par le cadre budgétaire et l'existence d'une Banque centrale indépendante, qui rendent le gouvernement brésilien incapable de coordonner ses politiques monétaires et fiscales, réaliser des investissements publics dans l'expansion de l'économie et obtenir la stabilité macroéconomique et, le deuxième défi, de nature politique, est représenté par les obstacles existant au Congrès national du fait qu'il ne dispose pas de majorité au parlement, ce qui empêche le gouvernement fédéral de mettre en pratique son projet de développement national et de répondre pleinement aux exigences sociales. Pour que les forces progressistes brésiliennes puissent réélire le président Lula lors des élections présidentielles de 2026 et obtenir une majorité parlementaire au Congrès national engagé en faveur du progrès politique, économique et social, le gouvernement Lula devra réussir sur le front économique, en promouvant l'expansion du l'économie, en augmentant de manière significative en générant des emplois et des revenus, en maîtrisant l'inflation et en répondant au maximum aux revendications sociales qui profitent avant tout aux populations mal desservies du pays. Les forces progressistes du Brésil doivent s'engager, dès les élections municipales de 2024, à élire le nombre maximum de maires et de conseillers engagés dans les avancées politiques, économiques et sociales du Brésil. Telles sont les conditions pour empêcher, en 2026, les extrémistes de droite de reconquérir la présidence de la République, d’élargir leur participation aux gouvernements des États et au Congrès national et de mettre en pratique leur infâme projet antisocial et antinational.
THE OBSTACLES THAT IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA A...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
L'ÉVOLUTION DE L'ÉDUCATION AU BRÉSIL À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LES EXIGENCES DE...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation au Brésil à travers l’histoire et les exigences de son développement futur. De 1500 jusqu'au XIXe siècle, l'éducation brésilienne s'est concentrée exclusivement sur la formation des classes supérieures, dans le but de les préparer aux activités politico-bureaucratiques et aux professions libérales, presque toujours en charge ou sous l'influence de l'initiative religieuse privée. La relation ombilicale entre l'Église catholique et la puissance coloniale portugaise s'est maintenue au Brésil même après son indépendance en 1822 pendant la période impériale et a pris fin avec la Proclamation de la République avec le divorce officiel entre l'Église et l'État. Au niveau des politiques publiques, plusieurs tentatives de réforme éducative de la part du gouvernement central républicain ont fini par perpétuer le modèle éducatif hérité de la période coloniale. La première LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) de l’histoire de l’éducation brésilienne n’a pas brisé le binôme d’élitisme et d’exclusion qui s’était manifesté dans l’éducation brésilienne depuis la période coloniale. La LDB de 1961 a permis la cohabitation entre écoles publiques et privées. Cette situation éducative en vigueur au Brésil dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle a suscité une critique acerbe de la part de Paulo Freire. En 1982, des projets éducatifs alternatifs à l'enseignement technique imposé par la dictature militaire ont émergé, comme ce qui s'est passé à Rio de Janeiro sous le gouvernement de Leonel Brizola, qui a mis en œuvre les soi-disant CIEP (Centres intégrés d'éducation publique), qui étaient des écoles à temps plein. Mais ces expériences éducatives adoptées de manière autonome et conformément aux corrélations de forces qui s’établissaient entre les tendances pédagogiques existantes étaient destinées à être de courte durée, comme cela s’est effectivement produit. Avec la fin de la dictature militaire au Brésil, la dernière décennie du XXe siècle a été marquée par l'adoption du modèle économique néolibéral qui a porté préjudice aux politiques publiques, notamment éducatives, car il a permis la croissance du secteur privé, principalement dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur, tandis que dans les écoles publiques, l'enseignement est devenu encore plus inefficace, une situation qui perdure aujourd'hui. Mais aujourd'hui, l'exclusion des classes populaires a eu lieu parce que l'école publique ne garantit pas l'apprentissage effectif des connaissances essentielles requises par la société brésilienne. De ce qui précède, on peut conclure qu’il reste encore une tâche majeure à accomplir pour la société brésilienne contemporaine : la consolidation effective d’écoles publiques, laïques et de qualité pour tous. À l'époque contemporaine, il est urgent de promouvoir une révolution dans le système éducatif brésilien, ce qui est devenu nécessaire parce que les mauvaises performances du système éducatif brésilien.
THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THE REQUIREMENTS ...Faga1939
This article aims to present the evolution of education in Brazil throughout history and the requirements for its future development. From 1500 until the 19th century, Brazilian education focused exclusively on training the upper classes, with the aim of preparing them for political-bureaucratic activities and liberal professions, almost always in charge of or under the influence of private religious initiative. The umbilical relationship between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese colonial power was maintained in Brazil even after its independence in 1822 during the imperial period and came to an end with the Proclamation of the Republic when there was an official divorce between Church and State. At the level of public policies, there were several attempts at educational reform by the republican central government that ended up perpetuating the educational model inherited from the colonial period. The first LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) in the history of Brazilian education did not break the binomial of elitism and exclusion that had manifested itself in Brazilian education since the colonial period. The LDB of 1961 made it possible for public and private schools to cohabit. This educational situation in force in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century had a scathing critic in Paulo Freire. In 1982, alternative educational projects emerged to the technical education imposed by the military dictatorship, such as what occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the government of Leonel Brizola, which implemented the so-called CIEPs (Integrated Centers for Public Education), which were full-time schools. But these educational experiences adopted autonomously and in accordance with the correlations of forces that were established between existing pedagogical trends were destined to be short-lived, as in fact happened. With the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the last decade of the 20th century was marked by the adoption of the neoliberal economic model that harmed public policies, in particular education, as it allowed the growth of the private sector, mainly in the context of higher education, while In public schools, teaching became even more inefficient, a situation that continues today. Now, however, the exclusion of the popular classes took place because the State school does not guarantee the effective learning of the essential knowledge required by Brazilian society. From the above, it can be concluded that there is still a major task to be resolved by contemporary Brazilian society: the effective consolidation of state, public, secular and quality schools for all. In the contemporary era, there is an urgent need to promote a revolution in Brazil's education system, which has become necessary because the poor performance of Brazil's education system results, among other factors, above all from insufficient investments in Brazilian education.
A EVOLUÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E OS REQUISITOS PARA SE...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da educação do Brasil ao longo da história e os requisitos para seu futuro desenvolvimento. De 1500 até o século XIX, a educação brasileira voltou-se exclusivamente à formação das camadas superiores, no intuito de prepará-las para as atividades político-burocráticas e das profissões liberais quase sempre a cargo ou sob a influência da iniciativa privada religiosa. A relação umbilical entre a Igreja Católica e o poder colonial português foi mantido no Brasil mesmo após sua independência ocorrida em 1822 durante o período imperial e chegou ao fim com a Proclamação da República quando houve o divórcio oficial entre Igreja e Estado. Ao nível das políticas públicas, houve várias tentativas de reforma educacional por parte do governo central republicano que acabaram por perpetuar o modelo educacional herdado do período colonial. A primeira LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) da história da educação brasileira não rompeu o binômio do elitismo e da exclusão que se manifestava na educação brasileira desde o período colonial. A LDB de 1961 possibilitou a coabitação da escola pública e da particular. Esta situação educacional vigente no Brasil da segunda metade do século XX teve em Paulo Freire um crítico contundente. Em 1982, surgiram projetos educacionais alternativos ao ensino tecnicista imposto pela ditadura militar, como o que ocorreu no Rio de Janeiro durante o governo de Leonel Brizola que implementou os chamados CIEPs (Centros Integrados de Educação Pública) que eram escolas de período integral. Mas essas experiências educacionais adotadas de forma autônoma e de acordo com as correlações de forças que se estabeleciam entre as tendências pedagógicas existentes estavam fadadas a ter vida curta como de fato aconteceu. Com o fim da ditadura militar no Brasil, a última década do século XX ficou marcada pela adoção do modelo econômico neoliberal que prejudicou as políticas públicas, em particular a educação, pois permitiu o crescimento do setor privado, principalmente no âmbito do ensino superior, enquanto na escola pública o ensino ficou ainda mais ineficiente, situação esta que se mantem até hoje. Agora, porém, a exclusão das classes populares se realizava porque a escola de Estado não garante a aprendizagem efetiva dos conhecimentos essenciais exigidos pela sociedade brasileira. Pelo exposto, conclui-se que ainda existe uma grande tarefa a ser resolvida pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea: a efetiva consolidação da escola de Estado, pública, laica e de qualidade para todos. Na era contemporânea, urge promover uma revolução no sistema de educação do Brasil, que se tornou necessária porque o péssimo desempenho do sistema de educação do Brasil resulta, entre outros fatores, sobretudo da insuficiência de investimentos na educação brasileira quando comparado com os investimentos em educação dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo.
LA MONTÉE DE L'ÉDUCATION DANS LE MONDE DE LA PRÉHISTOIRE À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAIN...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation dans le monde du XVIIIe siècle au XXIe siècle. Cet article représente la suite de la Partie 1 de l'article qui aborde l'évolution de l'éducation dans le monde de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle. Le XVIIIe siècle a été un moment marquant dans l'histoire de l'humanité car c'est à cette époque que l'éducation était considérée comme un droit pour tous, qu'il y avait l'obligation de l'État de maintenir les écoles, le droit à l'enseignement public gratuit et la garantie que l'école publique n'était sous la domination d'aucune croyance religieuse (laïcité). La première révolution industrielle et la naissance des usines ont créé un espace pour l’émergence d’une institution scolaire publique moderne. L'influence catholique dans l'éducation a commencé à décliner. Au XVIIIe siècle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considéré comme le père de la pédagogie moderne, a contribué à l'éducation. La Révolution française de 1789 signifiait que l’intervention de l’État dans l’éducation traditionnellement confiée à l’Église catholique. La politique expansionniste de Napoléon a imposé en Europe des lignes directrices laïques, étatiques et civiles dans la réorganisation des systèmes éducatifs à partir de 1794. Au XIXe siècle naissent les pédagogies de Pestalozzi, ainsi que les pédagogies positiviste et socialiste. Au XXe siècle, le débat pédagogique impliquait deux courants théoriques majeurs : la Nouvelle École et la conception marxiste, la première identifiée au capitalisme et la seconde au socialisme. L'Escola Nova a été le mouvement pédagogique qui a eu la plus grande influence sur l'éducation au XXe siècle. Au XXe siècle, plusieurs innovations pédagogiques originales ont eu lieu dans les pays en développement, comme celle menée par Paulo Freire au Brésil. Au 21ème siècle, à l'ère contemporaine, l'enseignement ne se résume plus seulement en présentiel pour devenir également du non-présentiel ou partiellement en présentiel avec l'enseignement à distance (EAD). Le grand défi éducatif de l’avenir est de réaliser une vaste révolution dans l’enseignement, y compris la qualification des enseignants et la structuration des unités d’enseignement pour s’adapter aux besoins imposés par les progrès technologiques.
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HOW TO CONSTRUCT THE UTOPIA OF FULL DEMOCRACY IN ALL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.pdf
1. 1
HOW TO CONSTRUCT THE UTOPIA OF FULL DEMOCRACY IN ALL
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article represents the continuation of the article whose title is How to make planetary
utopias come true, aiming at the construction of a better world [1]. This article is the
second of 12 articles that will address the 12 planetary utopias that need to be realized in
order to build a better world and contribute to the achievement of happiness for human
beings, individually and collectively. This article aims to present the second of the 12
utopias considered related to the construction of the utopia of full democracy in all
countries to eliminate the dystopia represented by dictatorships and false democracies
that proliferate in the world.
Democracy is a political regime in which sovereignty is exercised by the people. Citizens
are the holders of power and entrust part of that power to their representatives so that they
can organize society for their benefit. Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens
participate directly or through elected representatives in the proposal, development and
creation of laws, exercising the power of governance through universal suffrage. The
opposite of Democracy is Dictatorship which is a governmental regime in which all the
powers of the State are concentrated in an individual, a group or a party. The dictator
admits no opposition to his actions and ideas, and has a large part of the decision-making
power. It is an anti-democratic regime in which there is no participation of the population.
There are some generally accepted elements of what would make a truly democratic
society: 1) provide guaranteed security for all citizens who must not fear loss of their lives
or have physical harm; 2) provide the highest possible quality of medical care for all
members of society; 3) grant access to food and water to all citizens so that no one goes
hungry or thirsty; 4) provide basic housing conditions for all citizens; 5) have a
democratic legislative system whose laws are established to preserve the welfare of the
population; 6) provide an educational system that guarantees equal access to high-level
education for all people in order to make its population highly educated; 7) promote
economic and social development whose fruits are shared by the entire population; 8)
defend the environment; 9) ensure for the population freedom of thought, belief, religion,
affiliation and expression; and, 10) ensure for the population the right to participate in
government decisions through plebiscite or referendum.
The article Quais são os países mais democráticos do mundo? (What are the most
democratic countries in the world?) [2] reports that the Democracy Index is an indicator
that measures democratic countries today, considering its degree in 167 countries. The
Democracy Index in 2022 is a material published every year by The Economist
Intelligence Unit, a research and analysis company of the Economist Group, also
responsible for publishing the magazine with the same name. In the most recent result of
the Democracy Index, the largest democracies in the world are, in order, the following:
1) Norway; 2) New Zealand; 3) Iceland; 4) Sweden; 5) Finland; 6) Denmark; 7)
Switzerland; 8) Ireland; 9) Netherlands (Netherlands); and, 10) Taiwan.
The criteria used in this evaluation involve the quality of the electoral process, the degree
of pluralism, the government's efficiency, the level of political participation of the
population, the political culture and the guarantee of civil liberties. The concept of full
democracy is used by the Democracy Index of The Economist magazine to classify the
democratic countries that have the best conditions of this system. Countries that are
considered full democracies by the index must meet five criteria:
2. 2
• have a free and fair electoral process and pluralism;
• have an effective functioning of government;
• have a high political participation of citizens;
• have a democratic political culture;
• have civil liberties guaranteed.
The Democracy Index assigns a score from 0 to 10 for each criterion, and the average of
the five scores results in the country's final score. Countries that score 8 or more are
classified as full democracies.
Norway is the most democratic country in the world according to the index with a score
of 9.81 out of 10 leading the ranking for the tenth consecutive year. Norway stands out
for its high political participation, freedom of expression and press, respect for human
rights and government transparency. New Zealand is in second place with a score of 9.26.
New Zealand is praised for its effective management of the COVID-19 pandemic, which
has strengthened public confidence in institutions and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's
leadership. Iceland is in third place in the ranking because it obtained a score of 9.25.
Iceland is renowned for its gender equality, political diversity and civic culture. Sweden
is fourth among the top democratic countries with a score of 9.24. Its focus is on
democratic stability, a fair and pluralist electoral system, freedom of the press and active
civil society. Finland has a score of 9.20, ranking fifth. Finland is admired for its quality
education, welfare state, low corruption and high level of trust in institutions.
Denmark scores 9.11, making it sixth on the index. Its participatory democracy, freedom
of expression and association, protection of minority rights and government efficiency
are key highlights. Switzerland is ranked seventh with a score of 9.03. Switzerland is
known for its decentralized political system, which allows for broad popular participation
through referendums and popular initiatives. Ireland has a score of 8.96 ranking eighth
on the index. Ireland stands out for its inclusive political culture, which has allowed
advances in issues such as same-sex marriage and also legalized abortion. The
Netherlands, or Holland, is the country that occupies the ninth place in the ranking with
a score of 8.92 that stands out for its political and cultural diversity, freedom of the press
and religion, respect for the rule of law and the environment. Taiwan ranks tenth among
the top democratic countries, with a score of 8.82 out of 10. Taiwan is recognized for its
upholding of democracy and human rights. Brazil occupies the 51st position in the
ranking of the most democratic countries.
According to the 2022 index, almost half of the world's population lives in some form of
democracy (45.3%). Only 8% reside in a “full democracy”. It appears, therefore, that 92%
of the countries in the world do not exercise full democracy.
Representative democracy shows clear signs of exhaustion in several countries around
the world, not only due to corruption scandals in the powers of the Republic but, above
all, by discouraging popular participation, reducing political activity to electoral
processes that are periodically repeated in which the people elect their representatives
who, with few exceptions, after elections start to defend the interests of economic groups
in opposition to the interests of those who elected them. What is promised in an electoral
campaign is, with rare exceptions, abandoned by the leaders of the executive branch and
by parliamentarians after occupying their elected positions. From this moment on, other
interests that do not correspond to those of the voters will prevail.
3. 3
In practice, everything works as if the people offered each executive branch leader and
each parliamentarian a blank check to do whatever they wanted after occupying their
elected positions. What can be seen, in fact, is the existence in the Executive Branch and
in Parliament in the vast majority of countries in the world of a group of elected
representatives without social control and increasingly distant from the demands of
citizens. The absence of social control by those elected and the disengagement of those
elected with campaign promises only tend to reinforce the idea of the inexistence of
substantial differences between political parties that have become mere electoral
registries and to increase frustration with representative democracy and the political
institutions.
Democracy is not one-man government. Democracy is also not government by a group,
be it a social class or a caste. Democracy can only be government by the people, as the
people are really the ones who should govern the government, although they do so
indirectly through representatives chosen through voting. This is the essence of
representative democracy. The first condition for democracy to exist is popular election,
the choice of rulers and their representatives by the people. Elections, however, are not
enough to characterize democracy. Democracy does not end with elections. There is no
democracy without elections, but there is elections without democracy.
In order to avoid elections without democracy, it is necessary that the rulers, after being
elected, always act according to the wishes, aspirations and interests of the people who
elected them and not the financers of their campaigns, as currently occurs in several
countries around the world. During their mandates, those elected should always act in
consonance with public opinion. There can be no democracy in opposition to public
opinion. When there is no such consonance, the people do not govern, although they elect
their rulers. This is the situation experienced by many societies around the world. In the
vast majority of so-called democratic countries, there is no democracy. There is an
elective dictatorship. There is no government of the people, there is constitutional
autocracy led by the President of the Republic, by State Governors and Municipal Mayors
who do what they want in the exercise of power without taking into account the wishes
of the population.
The word democracy, of Greek origin, means, by etymology, demos - people and kratein
- to govern, that is, government of the people. It was the historian Herodotus who used
the term democracy for the first time in the fifth century before Christ. In ancient Greece
there was direct democracy in which the citizens themselves made political decisions in
the Greek city-states. The Greek model of democracy was called pure democracy, as it
consisted of a society, with a small number of citizens, who met and administered the
government directly. Due to the complexity of modern society, another form of political
organization has become a requirement, that of indirect democracy, also called
representative democracy, which means that people are elected, by vote, to "represent" a
people, a population, a certain group , community etc.
A true representative democracy is one in which the elected official defends the interests
of the population that elected him and systematically reports his mandate to his party and
the electorate. The parties and the electorate should have powers to revoke the mandate
of the elected in case of non-compliance with the party program and its electoral promises
and for bad behavior. Furthermore, crucial and fundamental decisions in the interests of
the population should be taken directly by the people through a plebiscite and/or
referendum and not exclusively by the executive branch or by parliament.
4. 4
In order to eliminate the distortions of representative democracy in the world, it is
essential to institutionalize participatory democracy with the use of plebiscites or
referendums, as already happens in several European countries, particularly in
Switzerland and in several countries in Scandinavia, considered the ideal model of the
exercise of political power based on public debate between rulers and free citizens in
equal conditions of participation. Plebiscite and referendum are consultations with the
people to decide on matters of relevance to the nation in questions of a constitutional,
legislative or administrative nature. The main distinction between them is that the
plebiscite is called prior to the creation of the legislative or administrative act that deals
with the subject in question, and the referendum is called later, leaving the people to ratify
or reject the proposal. In Brazil, both are provided for in art. 14 of the Federal Constitution
and regulated by Law No. 9,709, of November 18, 1998. Participation must be
understood, therefore, as a necessity due to man living and living together with others, in
an attempt to overcome the difficulties that may arise everyday. To participate means to
become a part, to feel included, it is to exercise the right to citizenship (to have time and
voice).
The failure of representative democracy as it is practiced in several countries around the
world is paving the way for its own end, constituting fertile ground for the advent of
exceptional regimes or dictatorships in the face of the frustration of the majority of the
population that realizes every day that it participates in a decoy by electing false
representatives. This dissatisfaction with representative democracy is already manifested
in each election in the growth of null and blank votes, as well as in protests on social
networks. In order to build full democracy in the vast majority of countries in the world,
it is necessary to convene a National Constituent Assembly in each country with the
purpose of institutionalizing full participatory democracy so that the people approve or
reject the decisions that are taken by the powers of the Republic through plebiscite or
referendum, among other measures.
The construction of the utopia of full democracy in the vast majority of countries in the
world is also imposed in the face of the advance of neo-fascism in the world. In the same
way that fascism and Nazism were implanted, respectively, in Italy and Germany, during
the 1920s and 1930s of the 20th century, neo-fascism seeks to destroy democracy in order
to implant a strong, dictatorial State, whose authority would be imposed through the
violence, repression and political propaganda. Fascists and Nazis came to power,
respectively, in Italy and Germany through legal means, democratically, to later destroy
democracy. Like fascism and Nazism, neo-fascism emerged, in the contemporary era,
with emotional, irrational claims based on manly promises of renewal of national vigor.
The Armed Forces and the police did not oppose fascist violence in Mussolini's Italy or
Nazi violence in Hitler's Germany. The Armed Forces and the police also placed
themselves at the service of fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany. History shows that
republican institutions were not always a barrier to fascism. This almost happened in
Brazil with the Bolsonaro government.
Democracy needs to be strengthened in the vast majority of countries in the world in the
face of concrete threats to its existence from extreme right-wing political forces. The
failure of representative democracy in the vast majority of countries in the world is
contributing to the worsening of political problems by paving the way for its own end,
constituting fertile ground for the advent of regimes of exception in the face of the
frustration of the majority of the population that perceives the every day it participates in
a decoy by electing false representatives. All this explains the fact that since 2013 there
has been a great social mobilization in Brazil, which began with a wave of protests in São
5. 5
Paulo and spread to several Brazilian cities, mobilizing thousands of people to fight for
the construction of a new political, economic and social order in place of the prevailing
political, economic and social order based on the 1988 Constitution. This is how neo-
fascist far-right political groups emerged that seek to purify Brazilian society with the
implementation of a dictatorship to rid Brazil of the toxic influences of political parties
and left-wing political leaders and their allies, whom they consider to be responsible for
the ills in which the Brazilian nation lives.
The implantation of a full democracy depends on the mobilization of civil society,
because only with a change in the balance of forces in society it is possible to oppose the
interests of the majority of the population to the repressive and corporative logic of the
state apparatus currently dominated by a minority. The space for elections, the only
achievement that seems to have been left over from the intense mobilizations for the
democratization of the State in several countries around the world, shows its limits when
it becomes dissociated from social mobilization and the possibility of controlling the
elected representatives.
To avoid the end of the current democratic system in Brazil and in other countries of the
world, it is not enough to trust in republican institutions that can suffer changes contrary
to the interests of the great majority of the population through bills and amendments to
the Constitution by opposing political forces. of the democratic system. To prevent this
from happening, it is necessary that a broad democratic and anti-fascist front be
constituted in Parliament and in Civil Society to defend full democracy and fight against
the acts of the political forces of opposition to the democratic system that are contrary to
the interests of the great majority of the population and democracy in each country. In
countries where dictatorships exist, a broad front must be formed to fight for their
overthrow and for the implementation of full representative democracy.
REFERENCES
1. ALCOFORADO. Fernando. How to make planetary utopias come true, aiming at
the construction of a better world. Available on the website
https://www.academia.edu/104881954/HOW_TO_MAKE_PLANETARY_UTOPI
AS_COME_TRUE_AIMING_AT_THE_CONSTRUCTION_OF_A_BETTER_WO
RLD.
2. CNN BRASIL. Quais são os países mais democráticos do mundo? Available on
the website <https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/paises-mais-democraticos/>.
* Fernando Alcoforado, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member
of the Bahia Academy of Education, of the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and of
IPB- Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development
from the University of Barcelona, college professor (Engineering, Economy and Administration) and
consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning, urban planning and
energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric
power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia
Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, Secretary of Planning
of Salvador, is the author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC-
O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil
(Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de
doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização
e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século
XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions
of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária
(Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o
6. 6
progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo,
São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI
(Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o
Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como
inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019), A humanidade ameaçada e as
estratégias para sua sobrevivência (Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021), A escalada da ciência e da
tecnologia e sua contribuição ao progresso e à sobrevivência da humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2022), a chapter in the book Flood Handbook (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida United States, 2022) and
How to protect human beings from threats to their existence and avoid the extinction of humanity (Generis
Publishing, Europe, Republic of Moldova, Chișinău, 2023).