2. Legislative power
According to Section 1 of Article VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: “The
legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which
shall
consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent
reserved to
the people by the provision on initiative and referendum.”
The legislative power is vested in a bicameral body, the Congress of the
Philippines, which is composed of two houses -- the House of Senate (upper
chamber) and the House of Representatives (lower chamber). The
Legislative Branch
enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential appointments, and has the
authority to declare war. The Congress of the Philippines is the country's
highest
lawmaking body.
3. Senate –The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four
Senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified voters of
the Philippines, as may be provided by law.
The qualifications to become a senator, as stipulated in the
constitution, are:
1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
2. at least thirty-five years old;
3. is able to read and write
4. a registered voter; and
5. a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years before
election day.
4. It is worthy to note that the composition of the Senate is smaller
in number as compared to the House of Representatives. The
members of this chamber are elected at large by the entire
electorate. The rationale for this rule intends to make the
Senate a training ground for national leaders and possibly a
springboard for the presidency. It follows also that the Senator,
having a national rather than only a district constituency, will
have a broader outlook of the problems of the country, instead
of being restricted by narrow viewpoints and interests. With
such perspective, the Senate is likely to be more circumspect,
or at least less impulsive, than the House of Representatives.
5. House of Representatives– The House of
Representatives shall be composed of not more than two
hundred and fifty (250)members, unless otherwise fixed
by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts
apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the
Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number
of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a
uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as
provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list
system of registered national, regional, and sectoral
parties or organizations.
6. Meanwhile, the constitution provides for the following
criteria to become a
member of the House of Representatives:
1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
2. at least twenty-five years old;
3. is able to read and write; and
4. except the party-list representatives, a registered
voter and a resident for at
least one year in the district where s/he shall be
elected.
7. The district congressmen represent a particular
congressional district of the country. All provinces in the
country are composed of at least one congressional
district. Several cities also have their own congressional
districts, with some having two or more representatives.
The party-list congressmen represent the minority sectors
of the population. This enables these minority groups to be
represented in the Congress, when they would otherwise
not be represented properly through district
representation. Also known as party-list representatives,
sectoral congressmen represent labor unions, rights
groups, and other organizations.
8. The party-list representatives shall
constitute twenty per cent of the total number of
representatives including those under the party list.
For three consecutive terms after the ratification of
this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to
party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided
by law, by selection or election from the labor,
peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural
communities, women, youth, and such other
sectors as may be provided by law, except the
religious sector.
9. Legislative process
Congress is responsible for making enabling laws to make sure the
spirit of the constitution is upheld in the country and, at times, amend
or change the constitution itself. In order to craft laws, the legislative
body comes out with two main documents: bills and resolutions.
Resolutions convey principles and sentiments of the Senate or the
Representatives. These resolutions can further be divided into three
different elements:
joint resolutions — require the approval of both chambers of
Congress and the signature of the President, and have the force and
effect of a law if
approved.
10. concurrent resolutions — used for matters affecting the
operations of both chambers of Congress and must be
approved in the same form by both houses, but are not
transmitted to the President for his signature and therefore
have no force and effect of a law.
simple resolutions — deal with matters entirely within the
prerogative of one chamber of Congress, are not referred
to the President for his signature, and therefore have no
force and effect of a law.
11. Bills are laws in the making. They pass into law when they
are approved by both houses and the President of the
Philippines. A bill may be vetoed by the President, but the
House of Representatives may overturn a presidential veto
by garnering a 2/3rds vote. If the President does not act on
a proposed law submitted by Congress, it will lapse into law
after 30 days of receipt. Legislators grouped in committees
conduct hearings and consultation meetings to improve or
pass a proposed bill. Those outside the group can also
discuss any proposed bill in plenary before it is voted upon.
12. These debates during plenary are very
important because they ideally give a
chance for others to scrutinize the
proposed bill before it is passed. Once
approved, a law can affect not just the
government’s function but the life of every
Filipino. It is also vital that it adheres to
the Constitution.
13. Here are the various steps in the passage of a bill:
1. First Reading - Any member of either house may
present a proposed bill, signed by him, for First Reading
and reference to the proper committee. During the First
Reading, the principal author of the bill may propose the
inclusion of additional authors thereof.
2. Referral to Appropriate Committee - Immediately
after the First Reading, the bill is referred to the proper
committee or committees for study and consideration. If
disapproved in the committee, the bill dies a natural
death unless the House decides other wise, following the
submission of the report.
14. 3. Second Reading - If the committee reports the bill favorably, the
bills is forwarded to the Committee on Rules so that it may be
calendared for deliberation on Second Reading. At this stage, the bill
is read for the second time in its entirely, together with the
amendments, if any, proposed by the
committee, unless the reading is dispensed with by a majority vote of
the
House.
4. Debates - A general debate is then opened after the Second
Reading and
amendments may be proposed by any member of Congress. The
insertion of changes or amendments shall be done in accordance
with the rules of either House. The House may either "kill" or pass the
bill
15. 5. Printing and Distribution - After approval of the bill on Second
Reading,
the bills is then ordered printed in its final form and copies of it are
distributed among the members of the House three days before its
passage,
except when the bill was certified by the President. A bill approved on
Second Reading shall be included in the calendar of bills for Third
Reading.
6. Third Reading - At this stage, only the title of the bill is read. Upon
the last
reading of a bill, no amendment thereto is allowed and the vote
thereon is
taken immediately thereafter, and yeas and nays entered in the
journal. A
16. 7. Referral to the Other House - If approved, the bill is
then referred to the other House where substantially the
same procedure takes place.
8. Submission to Joint Bicameral Committee -
Differences, if any, between the House's bill and the
Senate's amended version, and vice versa are submitted to
a conference committee of members of both Houses for
compromise. If either House accepts the changes made by
the other, no compromise is necessary.
17. 9. Submission to the President - A bill approved on
Third Reading by both Houses shall be printed and
forthwith transmitted to the President for his action -
approval or disapproval. If the President does not
communicate his veto of any bill to the House where
it originated within 30 days from receipt thereof, it
shall become a law as if he signed it. Bill repassed
by Congress over the veto of the President
automatically becomes a law.
18. How important is the lawmaking function of Congress?
• It passes laws that regulate the conduct of and relations between
the private citizens and the government.
• It defines and punishes crimes against the state and against
persons and
their property. It determines the taxes people should pay for the
maintenance of the government.
• It appropriates the money to be spent for public purposes.
• It can reorganize, create, or abolish offices under the civil service.
• And it can create and abolish courts, except the Supreme Court.
• Finally, it is only Congress which was given by the Philippine
Constitution
the sole power to declare war and to authorize the President - in
case of
national emergency or war - to issue executive orders embodying
19. Other responsibilities
Aside from lawmaking, Congress is also given
several powers and responsibilities in certain
situations. Congress' role in exacting accountability
is crucial as legislators play a part in checking on
possible excesses by the executive and judicial
branches of government.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides many
instances when Congress can invoke this power:
20. 1. Congress has the power to remove from office
impeachable
government officials, including the President, Vice President,
members of the Supreme Court, members of constitutional
commissions, and the Ombudsman. The House of
Representatives can tackle impeachment complaints and submit
the resolution setting the Articles of Impeachment. The Senate,
meanwhile, decides on cases of impeachment in a full-blown
trial.
2. Congress has the “sole power to declare the existence of
a state of
war,” according to Section 23 Article VI of the Constitution. A
vote of
two-thirds of both Houses, voting separately, is needed.
21. 3. Congress can revoke the President’s proclamation of
martial law by
a vote of at least a majority of all members of the Senate and the
House.
If requested, Congress can also extend the period of martial law
beyond
the mandated 60 days.
4. Congress may authorize the President to exercise powers
to carry
out a declared national policy “for a limited period and subject to
restrictions" in times of war or other national emergency.
5. Congressional committees can conduct hearings "in aid of
legislation” on various issues that affect the nation and release a
report
22.
23. ACTIVITY 1 : TRUE OR FALSE
1. The legislative power (in the Philippine
government system) is vested in a unicameral
body.
2. The legislative power (in the Philippine
government system) is stipulated in Article VII
of the Philippine Constitution.
24. 3.The Congress of the Philippines is
composed of two houses; the House of
Senate and the House of Congress.
4. The Congress of the Philippines is the
country’s highest lawmaking body.
25. 5. The House of Senate is composed
of twelve Senators.
6. Congress has the sole power to
declare the existence of a state of
war.
26. 7. Congress can not extend the period of
martial law beyond the mandated sixty
(60) days.
8. The House of Representatives decides
on
impeachment cases in a fullblown trial.
30. A. The Philippine Judiciary
• Meaning of Judicial Power
The power to decide on legal disputes is known as judicial
power. Article VIII, section 1 of the 1987 constitution provides
that “judicial power shall be vested in one supreme court and in
such other courts as may be established by law.” As provided in
the same section. It includes the duty of the courts of justice to
settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally
demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not
there has been grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of
excess of jurisdiction on the part of the branch or instrumentality
of the Government, Hence, the central function of the judges is
to adjudicate and interpret the law.
31. The Judicial branch is one of the 3 independent, coequal,
and coordinate branches of the government. The
independence of the Philippine judiciary is manifested in the
following.
• Creation of the judicial Bar Council
• Expanded power of judicial review
• Fiscal autonomy of the judiciary
• Power to review proclamation of martial law and
suspension of the
writ habeas corpus
• Security of tenure of the judges
• The Supreme Court as judge in presidential elections
32. What is It
Scope of Judicial Power
• Adjudicating Power – the power to settle legal
disputes
• Power of Judicial Review – Refers the power of
supreme court to interpret and make judgments with
respect to the law
• Incidental Powers – Powers necessary for the
discharge of judicial functions
33. B. Organizational Structures of the Judiciary Branch of
the Philippine and their particular function.
• Supreme Court – the highest court or also known as the court of
last resort composing of a chief justice and 14 associate justices
• Court of Appeals – the second highest judicial court and
primarily exercises appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of the
regional trial courts. It also reviews cases involving the
Ombudsman and the department of justice as well as the
decisions of government agencies exercising quasi- judicial
functions including the office of the President it consists of 1
presiding justice and 69 associate justices who are then grouped
in 23.
34. • Regional Trial Court
• Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court,
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, and Municipal
Trial Court in Cities.
Special Courts
• “Shan’ a Court
• Court of Tax Appeals
• Sandiganbayan
35. The expanded judicial system in the Philippines also
includes quasi – court or quasi – judicial agencies bodies
or agencies that exercise adjudicatory power in certain
types of controversies like (Civil Service Commission,
Commission on Election and Commission on Audit.
The Judiciary settles disputes and has the power to
mediate conflicts between the order branches of the
government. It is very important that this branch be
protected and maintained because it brings justice and
fairness.
36.
37. True or False: Write T if the statement is true and
F it the statement is false.
-----1. The Supreme court determines the
qualifications to become a judge of a lower court.
-----2. Non lawyers may become part of the
judiciary.
38. -----3. The Judicial Bar Council provides the
set of nominees for appointment in the
Supreme Court.
-----4. Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) are
categorized into 13 judicial 8 regions from
Luzon to Mindanao.
39. -----5. Adjudicating Power refers to the power
that settles legal disputes.
-----6. The Court of Appeals is the highest
court in the country.
-----7.Judicial Power is a power that decides
on legal disputes.
40. -----8. Quasi-courts or quasi-judicial
agencies are bodies or agencies
that exercise adjudicatory power in certain
types of controversies.
-----9. Incidental Powers are necessary for
the discharge of judicial functions.
41. -----10. Sandiganbayan is a specialized court
that hears cases involving violations
committed by public officials, excluding the
President, Vice President, Supreme Court
Justices, and the Ombudsman.
45. Roles and Function of Local Government
Unit
1. Barangay – Provide services to their
respective barangay residents such as
support services ; health and social welfare ;
services and facilities related to general
hygiene and sanitation, beautification roads
and bridges and water supply system,
multipurpose hall, etc.
46. 2. City/Municipality – provide services to the
people in every Barangays such as extension and
on- site research services and facilities related to
agriculture and fishery activities; control and review
of the DENR; health services, municipal buildings,
cultural centers, public parks, infrastructure facilities
to serve municipality residents; public markets,
slaughterhouses; public cemetery; tourism facilities;
sites for police and fire stations and substations, and
municipal jail, etc.
47. 3. Province – Provides service to every cities/
municipalities such as agricultural extension and on-
site research activities; industrial research and
development services; control and review of DENR,
enforcement of forestry laws limited to community –
based forestry projects, pollution control laws small
scale mining law and others laws protecting the
environment; health services, social welfare services;
provincial buildings, jails, freedom parks, infrastructure,
upgrading and modernization of tax information and
collection services; tourism development and
promotion, and many others
48. The Roles of local Government Unit are
to provide services to the people, such
as the following:
• Health services
• Environmental management
• Agriculture
• Infrastructure
• Tourism, and many others
49.
50. True or False: Write T if the statement is true and F it the
statement is false.
______1. LGU is authorized by law to impose certain taxes to
support their activities.
______2. LGU is authorized to manage and control of communal
forest.
______3. LGU is authorized to maintain and rehabilitate roads
and bridges.
______4. Enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters
including the conservation of mangroves is one of the roles of
the LGUs.
______5. Government officials make political decisions.
54. What are Elections?
Elections are devices for filling a
governmental office through choices made
by the electorate, a designated body of
qualified people. While elections are by
themselves not a sufficient condition for the
existence of political representation, they are
a necessary condition because the
representatives process is intrinsically linked
to elections and voting (Heywood 2013).
Elections have a variety of roles and
functions. The following, however, are the
central ones (Heywood 2013).
55. 1. Recruiting political leaders. Through
elections, politicians- people who possess
talents and skills relevant to electioneering-
are chosen.
2. Making governments. In the Philippines,
elections do not only create the government
but the opposition as well.
3. Providing representation. In fair and
competitive systems, elections become the
means through which people’s demands are
channeled to the government.
Elected officials are considered the link
between the government and the people.
56. 4. Influencing policy.
* Elections may hinder the government from
pursuing unpopular policies.
* Elections are considered as a venue by which
people can choose officials based on policy
choices.
5. Educating voters.
*Elections provide the electorate with abundant
information during the campaign period and
voting process.
*The utilization of a wide array of campaign
strategies, including the use of social media, has
propelled elections to new heights.
57. 6. Building legitimacy.
* Elections provide justification for a system of
rule and thus help in fostering legitimacy.
* In the Philippines, as in elsewhere, officials
who are given seats in the government are
considered holders of legitimate power as the
people elected them.
7. Strengthening elites.
* While elections can encourage people to
participate in politics and link people to the
government, elections can also be a vehicle
through which the political elites can
manipulate and control the masses.
58. ELECTORAL SYSTEM
An electoral system is a set of rules that
governs the conduct of elections
(Heywood 2013). From questions
pertaining to how elections should be
conducted to how a candidate wins,
elections are guided by electoral system.
To put it simply, electoral systems are the
ways by which votes are translated into
seats in the legislature or any other areas
such as presidency.
59. In general, electoral systems can be
categorized in two types depending on how
they convert votes into seats. In a majoritarian
electoral system, larger political parties win a
higher proportion of seats than the proportion
of votes they gain in the election. In a
proportional system, there is a guarantee of an
equal, or at least more equal, relationship
between the seats won by a party and the
votes gained in the election. Thus, electoral
systems range from the most majoritarian to
the purest type of proportional system.
60. Types of Electoral System
According to Jones, the evolution of electoral
politics is highly dependent on the evolving
suffrage on the basis of class, gender, race
and age. Considering the presence of varying
political systems, it is highly expected that
electoral systems also vary. Some of the
notable electoral systems that can be
observed in the world today are:
61. 1.) SMP (Single-Member Plurality) Model
States:
UK (house of Commons), USA (*at some
instances because popular votes is not
necessarily reflective of the electoral votes),
Philippines (in cases of electing the
President down to the Barangay Councilors),
Canada, India-The winning candidate needs
only to achieve a plurality of votes. The
candidate who won the highest number of
votes should assume the respective office.
62. 2.) Second Ballot System Model
States:
France, Austria, Chile, Russia-This
electoral system is usually performed in
two phases to ensure the attainment of
majority vote.
3.) Alternative Vote & Supplementary
Vote (Majoritarian) Model States:
Australia, UK (London Mayor)-Voting is
according to ranked preferences until the
attainment of the majority vote.
63. 4.) Mixed-member Proportional &
Additional Member System Model States
Germany, Italy, New Zealand, UK (Scottish
Parliament) - Proportional-Elector cast two
votes: one for candidate and one for the party
5.) Single-Transferable Vote System Model
States:
Republic of Ireland-Quota system & there is a
flexible computation regarding the minimum
number of votes needed to be in office.
64. 6.) Party-list System Model State:
Israel, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland-
Elector vote for parties not for
candidates*In the Philippines, the Republic
Act 7941 (Party-list Law of the Philippines)
states that each party must gain 2% votes
and 50 seats in the Philippine Congress;
maximum of 3 seats per party-list).
Currently, the Philippine Lower Legislative
Chamber consists of 297 seats in which
238 seats are for legislative districts and
59 for party-list representatives.
65. Political Parties in the Philippines
A political party is a group of people that is
formally organized for the purpose of winning
government power through electoral or other
means. The political party is the major
organizing principle of modern politics. It
links the state and the civil society, the
institutions of the government, and the
groups and interests that operate within
society (Heywood 2013). The following are
characteristics of parties that distinguish
them from other groups (e.g., interest
movements):
66. 1. They aim to exercise government by winning seats in
the government.
2. They are formally organized bodies with “card
carrying” membership.
Membership involves taking of formal oath.
3. They adopt a broad issue focus and address major
areas of government
policy.
4. They are united by shared political preferences and
ideological identity to
varying degrees.
Velasco (2006) noted that three main parties emerged in
the country during the post-1986 period and these are
the Lakas, the Laban nng Makabayang Masang Pilipino
(LAMMP), and the Liberal Party.
67.
68. Direction: Read each item carefully.
1. What are a device for filling a governmental office
through choices made by the electorate, a designated
body of qualified people?
A. Elections B. Governance
C. Politics D. vote buying
2. Why is election important?
B. To recruit leaders B. build legitimacy
D. Provide representation D. All of these.
69. 3. Which is NOT a function of elections?
C. Strengthen elites B. influence policy
D. Educate voters D. none of these.
4. What do you call a set of rules that governs
the conduct of elections?
A. Party list system B. Constitution
B. Electoral System D. Laws
70. 5. The winning candidate needs only to achieve a
plurality of votes. The
candidate who won the highest number of votes should
assume the respective
office.
A. Single- Member Plurality B. Alternative Vote and
Supplementary Vote
C. Second Ballot System D. Mixed-member Proportional
& Additional Member
71. 6. This electoral system is usually performed in
two phases to ensure the attainment
of majority vote.
A. Single-Transferable Vote System Model States
B. Party-list System Model State
C. Alternative Vote and Supplementary Vote
D. Second Ballot System
72. 7. Voting is according to ranked preferences
until the attainment of the majority vote.
A. Second Ballot System Model States
B. Mixed-member Proportional & Additional
Member System Model States.
C. Party-list System Model State
D. Alternative Vote & Supplementary Vote
(Majoritarian) Model States.
73. 8. Proportional-Elector cast two votes: one for
candidate and one for the party.
A. Single-Transferable Vote System Model States
B. Mixed-member Proportional & Additional Member
System Model States
C. Alternative Vote & Supplementary Vote
(Majoritarian) Model States
D. Party-list System Model State.
74. 9. Quota system & there is a flexible computation
regarding the minimum number of votes needed to
be in office.
A. Party-list System Model State
B. Mixed-member Proportional & Additional Member
System Model States
C. Single-Transferable Vote System Model States
D. Alternative Vote & Supplementary Vote
(Majoritarian) Model States
75. 10. Elector vote for parties not for candidates.
A. Alternative Vote & Supplementary Vote
(Majoritarian) Model States
B. Mixed-member Proportional & Additional Member
System Model States
C. Single-Transferable Vote System Model States
D. Party-list System Model State
78. OBJECTIVES:
Explain the concept, role, and
contributions of civil society
societies and social movements to
Philippine democracy
Q2 WEEK 14 _______, 2022
79. What Defines a Civil Society?
The United Nations refers to civil society as the “third sector”
of the society, along with government and business. The civil
society is considered a social sphere independent from both
the state and the market. It comprises of civil society
organizations and nongovernmental organizations.
The term civil society organizations (CSOs) refers to those
non- state, non-profit, voluntary organizations in this social
sphere. Thus, CSOs include a wide array of organizations,
networks, associations, groups, and movements that
sometimes come together to push for the advancement of
their common interests by means of collection action (WHO
2015).
80. Non-governmental organizations, on the other hand, are non-profit and voluntary
citizens groups, which are organized on a local, national, or international level.
They perform service and humanitarian roles, bring citizen concerns to
governments, advocate and monitor policies, and encourage participation
through information dissemination. Similarly, they provide analysis and expertise
on specific issues on the environment, health, and human rights (NGO Global
Network 2016).
The following are considered key characteristics of successful civil societies
(Ghaus-Pasha 2004):
• Separated from the state and the market
• Formed by people who have common needs, interests, and values
• Developed through a fundamentally endogenous process that is not easily
controlled from the outside.
81. The civil society can have a positive influence on
both the state and the market. The civil society has
become increasingly important in the promotion of
good governance, effectiveness, and accountability.
Ghaus-Pasha (2004) highlights the ways by which
the civil society can further good governance.
82. Role of Civil Society in Good Governance
• Key agent in policy analysis and advocacy
• Regulates and monitors state performance and
behaviour of policy officials
• Builds social capital and enables citizens to identify
and articulate their beliefs, values, and ideas
• Mobilizes particular in development work to improve
the well-being of its own and other communities
83. CSOs take a variety of forms. Nonetheless, the
AUGUR project, a research project co-funded by the
European Commission, list five main types of CSOs
and two hybrid organizations (civil organizations but
are not completely separated from states or
business list presents a good categorization of
CSOs.
84. Religious CSOs
-These CSOs do not necessarily promote
worship of a religion, but they are more or
less linked to a given religion and they act
following a religious precept. Their fields of
intervention include education, health,
emergency relief, and basic needs
assistance (e.g., Red Cross).
85. Community –Based CSOs
-Local CSOs based on solidarity, resource
sharing, and community building. They primarily
focused on the development (e.g., Grameen
Bank), housing (e.g., the Urban Land Reform
Task Force in the Philippines), social services,
civil and legal assistance, and culture and
recreation.
86. Philathropic CSOs
-These are organizations that serve a cause
without any religious affiliation. They are based
on values such as generosity and humanism.
They include private and business foundations
and independent NGOs (e.g.., Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation)
87. Expert CSOs
They act in new fields that require some scientific
knowledge (e. g., environment, finance). They are
not exclusively composed of experts and
scientists but they claim to have an expertise unit
and they publish some technical reports (e.g.,
Greenpeace International)
88. Trade Unions
These are labor and worker associations which
promote workers’ interests. The Philippines is also
home to trade unions. The trade union Congress of
the Philippines is the biggest confederation of labor
federations in the country, with almost 30 federations
representative of sectors and industries from
agriculture to manufacturing services
89. Business CSOs
These include business and industry NGOs (BINGOs)
which defend a given firm’s or industry’s interests. Larger
corporations often have lobbyists who will monitor and
promote various laws and programs for the specific
interests of the corporation. Companies and organizations
also come together in larger groups to work for general
business interests (Boundless Political Science 2016).
There are also business lobby groups in the Philippines
such as those in the sugar and tobacco industries.
90. Government oriented CSOs
Government –oriented NGOs (GONGOs) are
independent civil organizations, which are more
or less influenced and controlled by national
authorities. These developed in industrialized
Asian countries, particularly in China.
91. Social Movements
A social movement is a collective body that has a high level of commitment and
political activism and is not necessarily based on formal organization (Heywood
2013). Social movements are attempts to change society through collective
action. They transpire when large groups of individuals or organizations work for
or against change in specific political or social contexts. They are non-
institutionalized, because just like CSOs, they occur outside of governmental
institutions. On the other hand, new social movements (sometimes referred to us
“new politics”) are those that attract the young, better- educated, and relatively
affluent individuals, including the post- material orientation and commitment of
these individuals to new forms of political activism (Heywood 2013). A distinction
must also be made between social movements and social movement
organizations (SMOs). An SMO is an organization that is or has been associated
with a social movement, and which carries out the tasks necessary for any social
movement to survive and be successful (Christiansen, n.d.).
92. Types of Social Movements
We know that social movements can occur on the local,
national, or even global stage. Are there other patterns
or classifications that can help us understand them?
Sociologist David Aberle (1966) addresses this question
by developing categories that distinguish among social
movements by considering 1) What is the movement
wants to change? and 2) How much change they want?.
He described four types of social movements, including:
alternative, redemptive, reformative, and revolutionary
social movements.
93. Alternative movements are typically focused on self-
improvement and limited, specific changes to individual
beliefs and behavior. These include things like Alcoholics
Anonymous, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), and
Planned Parenthood.
• Redemptive movements (sometimes called religions
movements) are “meaning seeking,” are focused on a
specific segment of the population, and their goal is to
provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals. Some
sects fit in this category.
94. Some examples of redemptive social movements include
the spread of Christianity and "Alcoholics Anonymous."
The term refers to any social movement that aims for
radical personal transformation.
Alcoholics Anonymous qualifies because its stated aims
are to radically transform all areas of the alcoholic's life
by encouraging him to stop drinking.
95. Reformative social movements seek to change something
specific about the social structure. They may seek a more limited
change but are targeted at the entire population. Environmental
movements, the women’s suffrage movement, or the more
contemporary “Buy Nothing Day”, which protests the rampant
consumerism of Black Friday, are examples of reformative
movements.
• Revolutionary movements seek to completely change every
aspect of society—their goal is to change all of society in a
dramatic way. Examples include the Civil Rights Movement or the
political movements, such as a push for communism.
96. Redemptive social movements are contrasted with
reformative and revolutionary social movements in their
intended scope. Whereas redemptive movements seek
individual change, revolutionary social movements seek total
change of the existing social order. Reformative social
movements are more moderate than revolutionary, seeking
to change specific aspects of the social order, but still at the
common level of society, rather than at the level of the
individual. Examples of reformative social movements
include campaigns for civil rights, such as women's suffrage
and same-sex marriage.
97. This model for classifying social movements was
introduced in 1966 by the anthropologist David
Aberle. The fourth type he categorized was
alternative social movements. These are perhaps
the most moderate of all, seeking to change only a
small section of society, and then only in certain
areas of their lives. An example would be advocacy
of home-schooling over mainstream education.
98. Figure 1. David
Aberle identified
these four types of
social movements,
with some types of
movements
targeting either
specific individuals
or everyone, while
some want limited
changes, and others
are more radical.
99. Stages of Social Movements
Sociologists have studied the lifecycle of social movements—how they
emerge, grow, and in some cases, die out. Blumer (1969) and Tilly (1978)
outlined a four-stage process through which social movements develop.
1. In the preliminary stage, people become aware of an issue, and leaders
emerge.
2. This is followed by the coalescence stage when people join together and
organize in order to publicize the issue and raise awareness.
3. In the institutionalization stage, the movement no longer requires
grassroots volunteerism: it is an established organization, typically with a paid
staff.
4. When people fall away and adopt a new movement, the movement
successfully brings about the change it sought, or when people no longer take
the issue seriously, the movement falls into the decline stage.
100. Figure 2. As
social movements
grow, they
typically become
increasingly
organized and
bureaucratized,
add members,
which either leads
to success or
failure as a
movement.
101.
102. Direction: Read each item carefully and use your
notebook to write your answers.
1. It is referred to as the “third sector’ of the society,
along with government and business.
A. NGOs B. Social Movements C. Civil Society
D.Enterprise
2. It is considered a social sphere independent from both
the state and the market.
A. Social Movements B. Civil Society
C. Government D. Business
103. 3. Which of the following is NOT included in Civil
Society Organizations (CSOs)?
A. organizations B. networks C. associations and
groups D. none of these
4. What are the services performed by the
Nongovernmental organizations?
A. Bring citizen concerns to governments
B. advocate and monitor policies.
C. none of the above.
D. all of the above.
104. 5. Which of the following is NOT considered as key characteristic of
successful
civil societies?
A. Formed by people who have common needs, interests, and values.
B. One with the state and the market.
C. Developed through a fundamentally endogenous and autonomous
process that is not easily controlled from the outside.
D. All of the above
6. Which of the following is an example of CSOs?
A. Bayawan Multipurpose Agriculturang Kilusang Bayan (BMAKB)
B. Parents- Teachers Association
C. none of the above
D. all of the above.
105. 7. The civil society has become increasingly important in the promotion of good
governance. Which of the following is the role of CSOs in good
governance?
A. exposes corrupt conduct of public officials and the leaders.
B. watch how the state officials use their powers and then raise public concern
about abuse of power.
C. organizes public forums for public policy debate
D. all of the above 14
8. These CSOs do not necessarily promote worship of a religion, but they are
more or less linked to a given religion and they act following a religious
precept.
A. Community –Based B. Religious
C. Trade Unions D. Business
106. 9. These are labor and worker associations which
promote workers’ interests.
A. Philanthropic B. Expert C. Trade Unions D. Religious
10. Red Cross is an example of what type of CSO?
A. Religious B. Community-Based C. Expert D. Trade
Unions
107. 11. A social movement is defined as _____.
A. a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist
some social change.
B. an individual who is against the government
C. a large group of people who are organized to defeat the
government
D. a group of people who are against a political party
12. Attract the young, better- educated, and relatively affluent
individuals, including the post- material orientation and commitment
of these individuals to new forms of political activism.
A. Civil Society B. Social movements
C. new social movements D. CSOs
108. 13. What type of social movements typically focused on
self-improvement and limited, specific changes to
individual beliefs and behavior?
A. Alternative B. Redemptive
C. Reformative D. Revolutionary
14. What type of social movements are focused on a
specific segment of the population, and their goal is to
provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals?
A. Revolutionary B. Reformative
C. Alternative D. Redemptive
109. 15. What type of social movements that seek a more
limited change, but are targeted at the entire
population?
A. Alternative B. Redemptive
C. Reformative D. Revolutionary
113. THE PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a Government that shall embody
our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and
a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and
peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
114. What is a Constitution?
The Constitution of the Philippines is the supreme law
of the land.
What are the constitutional bases of citizens’
participation in the Philippines?
The following are some of the constitutional bases for
popular participation in the Philippines.
Article II, Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic
and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates from
them.
115. Article II, Section 13. The State recognizes the vital
role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote
and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual,
and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth
patriotism and nationalism and encourage their
involvement in public and civic affairs.
Article II, Section 20. The State recognizes the
indispensable role of the private sector, encourages
private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed
investments.
116. Article II, Section 22. The State recognizes and
promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities
within the framework of national unity and development.
Article II, Section 23. The State shall encourage non-
governmental, community-based, or sectoral
organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
Article III, Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging
the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or
the right of the people peaceably to assemble and
petition the government for redress of grievances.
117. Article III, Section 7. The right of the people to
information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to
documents and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development,
shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.
118. What is a citizen?
A citizen is a member of a democratic community who
enjoys full civil and political rights and is accorded
protection inside and outside the territory of the State.
Citizens may be regarded by all nations either born in their
territories or born of their citizens, or it could be both.
What is citizenship?
It denotes membership of a citizen in a political society
which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance
on the part of the members and duty of protection on the
part of the state.
119. How to acquire citizenship?
There are two methods in order to acquire citizenship:
Involuntary method:
By birth because of blood relationship (jus sanguinis) or place of
birth (jus soli) Membership in a nation is largely involuntary, that is,
most people initially become citizens of nation and subject to its
rules without any deliberate choice. (Ranney, 1995)
Voluntary method:
By naturalization is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into
the political body of the state and clothing him with the rights and
privileges of citizenship. It is a voluntary method of acquiring
citizenship by renouncing his former citizenship and embracing a
new one.
120. What are the obligations of Citizens?
The obligations of the citizens are:
1. Loyalty and have a sense of patriotism in
his/her country.
2. Obey the laws of the land.
3. Participate in political processes
121. Who are the citizens of the Philippines?
The citizens of the Philippines are the following:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution.
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines.
3. Those born on January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who
elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority;
and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
122. Who are Natural - born Citizens?
Natural – born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from
birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their
Philippine citizenship.
How to lose citizenship?
Ways to lose citizenship:
1. Voluntary
a. By naturalization in a foreign country
b. By express renunciation of citizenship
c. By supporting the constitution and laws of a foreign country
d. By rendering service to the armed forces of a foreign country
2. Involuntary
a. By the cancelation of his certificate of naturalization by the court
b. By having been declared as a deserter in the Philippine armed forces
in time of war.
123. How to reacquire citizenship?
Ways of reacquiring citizenship:
a. By the repatriation of deserters of the Philippine armed
forces
b. By a direct act of the Congress
c. By naturalization
What is Dual citizenship?
Dual citizenship is a situation in which a person
simultaneously owes, by some positive act, loyalty to two or
more states. It arises because our laws cannot control laws
of other countries or citizenship.
124. Republic Act no.: 9225
“Natural – born citizens of the Philippines who
have lost their Philippine citizenship because of
their naturalization as citizens of a foreign
country are at this moment deemed to have re-
acquired Philippine citizenship upon taking the
oath of allegiance to the Republic.
125. Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He/She is a
member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and
political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside
the territory of the state. Along with other citizens, they
compose the political community. To be a Filipino citizen, a
person must belong to any of the classes of citizens
enumerated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. From the
point of view of international law, the terms “citizenship” and
“citizen “do not exactly mean the same as “national.”
The enjoyment of rights becomes ample and real to the
degree that the citizens willingly carry out their obligations.
126.
127. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the right answer. Write
your answer in your notebook.
1. A person who is a foreigner and who is not a
naturalized citizen of the country where he/she is
living.
a. Alien b. immigrant
2. A person born in or coming from a country other
than one’s own.
a. alien b. immigrant c. foreigner
128. 3. An inhabitant of a particular country or
state.
a. alien b. immigrant c. foreigner d. citizen
4. People who are citizens of the Philippines
from birth without having to perform any act
to acquire or perfect their Philippine
citizenship.
a. Naturalized citizen b. Natural – born citizen
129. 5. The following are the methods in re-acquiring
Philippine citizenship except:
a. By the repatriation of deserters of the
Philippine armed forces;
b. By a direct act of the Congress
c. By naturalization
d. By being born – again in the Philippines
130. 6. Natural – born citizens of the Philippines who have
lost their Philippine citizenship because of their
naturalization as citizens of a foreign country are at this
moment deemed to have re-acquired Philippine
citizenship upon:
a. Taking proper documents in the Department of
Foreign Affairs
b. Taking of the allegiance of the Republic of the
Philippines
131. 7. It is a situation in which a person simultaneously
owes, by some positive act, loyalty to two or more
states. It arises because our laws cannot control laws
of other countries or citizenship.
a. Dual allegiance b. Dual citizenship c. Dual
Passport
8. It is the Supreme law of the land.
a. Presidential decree b. Constitution c. Implementing
Rules
132. 9. The right of every citizens in a democratic
country during election.
a. right to campaign b. right to vote c. right to
assembly
10. Philippine citizenship may be lost or
reacquired in the manner provided by law.
a. True b. False c. Maybe
133. TRUE/FALSE
Directions: Read each statement below carefully. Place
T on the line if you think a statement is TRUE. Place an
F on the line if you think the statement is FALSE.
______ 1. The right to vote is given to all citizens of the
country residing therein.
______ 2. A citizen enjoys freedom in his/her own
country.
134. ______ 3. Dual allegiance is not inimical to the
national interest of the country.
______ 4. To be called a citizen you must be born
in the same country as
your parents.
______ 5. Citizenship is a relationship within
his/her own state.
135. ______ 6. Citizenship is not a status.
______ 7. Citizens have certain rights and
privileges that are extended wholly
to aliens.
______ 8. The usual responsibilities of
citizenship are allegiance, taxation
and humanitarian service.
136. ______ 9. Recognition by a state as a
citizen generally carries with it
recognition
of civil, political, and social rights.
______ 10. Citizens make the future
of the country
141. The 1987 Constitution, in its declaration of
principles and state policies, explicitly states
that “The State recognizes the vital role of
the youth in nation – building and shall
promote and protect their physical,
moral, spiritual, intellectual and social
well – being. It shall inculcate in the
youth patriotism and nationalism, and
encourage their involvement in public
and civic affairs.”(Article II, Section 13).
142. What is Civic engagement?
Civic engagement involves “working to make a difference in
the civic life of one’s community and developing the
combination of knowledge, skills, values and motivation to
make that difference.”It means promoting the quality of life
in a community, through both political and non-political
processes.
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or
group activity addressing issues of public concern. Citizens
acting alone or together to protect public values or make a
change or difference in the community are common types of
civic engagement
143. What is Political engagement?
Political engagement or participation includes a broad range of
activities through which people develop and express their opinions
on the world and how it is governed, and try to take part in and
shape the decisions that affect their lives.
Political participation has been defined in many ways (Brady, 1998;
Conge, 1988; Fox, 2013; van Deth, 2001) ranging from rather
restrictive understandings as “those activities by private citizens that
are more or less directly aimed at influencing the selection of
governmental personnel and/or the actions they take” (Verba&Nie,
1972, p. 2) to very broad approaches referring to political
participation as “a categorical term for citizen power” (Arnstein,
1969, p. 216) or to all activities aiming to influence existing power
structures.
144. Why is political and civic participation important?
It is suggested that "public participation in decision making can
promote goals, bind individuals or groups together, impart a
sense of competence and responsibility and help express
political or civic identity".
What are examples of civic engagement?
Civic Participation is a key issue in the Social and Community
Context domain. Civic participation encompasses a wide
range of formal and informal activities. Examples include
voting, volunteering, participating in group activities, and
community gardening.
145. What are the benefits of civic engagement?
Through civic engagement, such as voting and volunteering, people
develop and use knowledge, skills, and voice to cultivate positive change.
Such actions can help improve the conditions that influence health and
well-being for all.
Why is civic engagement important for youth?
Enabling youth civic engagement. The practice of civic engagement has
an important impact in educating young people about their rights and
responsibilities as citizens and allowing them to develop skill sets that are
valuable to them as they undergo the transition to adulthood.
Civic education empowers us to be well-informed, active citizens and
gives us the opportunity to change the world around us. It is a vital part of
any democracy, and equips ordinary people with knowledge about our
democracy and our Constitution.
146. What is Youth Empowerment?
Youth empowerment is a process where young
people are encouraged to take charge of their lives
responsibly. They do this by addressing their
situation and then take action in order to improve
their access to resources and transform their
consciousness through their beliefs, values, and
attitudes.
147. What are the types of Youth Empowerment? 6
Youth empowerment examines six interdependent
dimensions: psychological, community, organizational,
economic, social and cultural.
Psychological empowerment enhances individual's
consciousness, belief in self-efficacy, awareness and
knowledge of problems and solutions and of how
individuals can address problems that harm their quality
of life. This dimension aims to create self-confidence and
give youth the skills to acquire knowledge.
148. Community empowerment focuses on enhancing
the community through leadership development,
improving communication, and creating a network
of support to mobilize the community to address
concerns.
Organizational empowerment aims to create a
base of resources for a community, including
voluntary organizations, unions and associations
that aim to protect, promote and advocate for the
powerless.
149. Economic empowerment teaches entrepreneurial skills,
how to take ownership of their assets and how to have
income security.
Social empowerment teaches youth about social inclusion
and literacy as well as helping kids find the resources to be
proactive in their communities.
Cultural empowerment aims to recreate cultural practices
and redefine cultural rules and norms for youth. Through
these dimensions of empowerment, programs can work on
empowering youth in one or more aspects of their lives.
150. What are the goals of youth empowerment?
Youth empowerment programs are aimed at creating
healthier and higher qualities of life for underprivileged or at-
risk youth.
The five competencies of a healthy youth are:
(1) positive - sense of self
(2) self- control
(3) decision - making skills
(4) a moral system of belief
(5) pro-social connectedness. Developmental interventions
and programs have to be anchored on these competencies
that define positive outcomes of healthy youth.
151. Why do we need to empower the youth?
Youth empowerment can help reduce the rate of
poverty to a significant level. One of the keys to
empowering the youth is with skill development.
When a youth is empowered, he understands the
importance of education and helps uplift the sector,
integral for a developing nation.
152.
153. TRUE/FALSE Directions: Read each statement
below carefully. Place T on the line if you think a
statement is TRUE. Place an F on the line if you
think the statement is FALSE.
______ 1. Youth's participation in the society in
not important in advancing human rights.
______ 2. Politics is the practice of influencing
other people.
154. ______ 3.Youth empowerment is a
process where young people are
encouraged to take charge of their lives.
______ 4. The Youth is the future of the
nation
______ 5. The word “politics” at its roots it
means “relating to citizens”.
155. ______ 6. Poor monitoring of youth is not a
problem to a nation.
______ 7. Youth empowerment is the same with
youth development.
______ 8. Civic engagement describes how an
active citizen participates in the life of a
community in order to improve conditions for
others or to help shape the community’s future.
156. ______ 9. Participation in different
activities of the community is a waste of
time since we need to attend the needs of
our family.
______ 10. Educating the youth in the
political engagement is important in order
to achieve good leaders in the future.
