As a biomedical engineer, Eyad Kishawi helps develop instruments and devices that treat a range of medical issues and conditions. Mr. Kishawi is particularly interested in neuroscience and neuromodulation and practical medical research in these fields.

1. THE SCIENCE OF
NEUROMODULATION
AND
NEUROMODULATION
THERAPIES
By Eyad Kishawi

2. Introduction
 As a biomedical engineer, Eyad Kishawi helps
develop instruments and devices that treat a
range of medical issues and conditions. Mr.
Kishawi is particularly interested in
neuroscience and neuromodulation and
practical medical research in these fields.

3. About Neuromodulation
 The tenets of neuroscience define
neuromodulation as the process by which
several varieties of neurotransmitters act upon
diverse populations of neurons.
Neurotransmitters are organic components in
the brain that are strongly connected to
phenomena such as emotion and pain.
Common examples of neurotransmitters
include dopamine, histamine, and serotonin.

4. Conclusion
 Neuromodulation therapeutic systems alter
activity in the central, peripheral, or autonomic
nervous systems through the use of implanted
devices. These devices can be triggered by either
electrical or pharmacological means. Medical
scientists have developed major applications for
neuromodulation therapy to aid in the treatment of
movement disorders, spasticity, and epilepsy.
They have also found the technology useful in the
management of chronic pain. Cochlear implants,
sacral root stimulators, and other neuroprosthetics
are also commonly included under the
neuromodulation banner.