1. By Eman Ali

2. Pathogenesis of obeity
Genetics:
1.beta-3-adrenergic receptor gene
2.peroxisome-proliferator-activated
receptor gamma 2 gene
3.melanocortin-4 receptor gene
4.agouti gene : a mouse!
Hormones:
1.Ghrelin
2.anorectic gut hormones: Peptide YY (PYY)
3.holecystokinin (CCK
4.Glucagon-like peptide-1
5.Adipokines: (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin
and adiponectin
A study, published by Nature in 2010, suggested that deletions on a certain
chromosome may provide an indication of genetic obesity, especially obesity
that is severe and happens early in a person's life

3. PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS FOR OBESITY
Determinants of energy expenditure
- Brown adipose tissue and body temperature
- Food
- Activity
THE CONTROL SYSTEM
Afferent signals from fat and the gastrointestinal tract
- Ghrelin
- Obestatin
Central controller
- Stimulators of food intake
-Inhibitors of food intake
Efferent mediators

5. Types of obesity
Types of obesity
Type 1 and 2 obesity Child type and adult Abdominal and limb obesity

6. "So it's perhaps
surprising that, in a
debate that has often
focused on foods
alone, actual levels of
caloric intake among
the young haven't
appreciably changed
over the last twenty
years." -Then-FDA
Commissioner Dr. Mark
McClellan, 2003

7. Apple shaped persons,
with increased belly
fat, even if totally
healthy and with
normal blood
pressure levels, will
have elevated blood
pressure in their
kidneys. If they are
also overweight or
obese, this is even
worse
Pear-shaped bodies
actually experienced
more memory loss
and cognitive decline,
while women who
stored weight in their
waists stayed sharper.

8. • Class I is the first and lowest of the true types
of obesity. Individuals with a BMI between 30
and 34.99 would fall into this category.
• Class II includes BMIs of 35 to 39.99.
• Class III a BMI of over 40

10. Any fat accumulation is bad for health,” says lead
author and epidemiologist David Wormser, MPhi.
But for clinicians,some studies show that
measuring waist circumference or waist-to-hip
ratio is no better for calculating a person’s
cardiovascular risk than measuring BMI

11. Another study in the American Journal of Epidemiology
increased the risk of age-related macular degeneration,
but only in men abdominal fat