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Teaching and Learning Ways Used by Prophet Mohammad P.B.U.H and Their
Possible Implementation in Modern Learning Technologies
Conference Paper · October 2014
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International Conference on Islamic Applications in Computer Science And Technology, 12-13 Oct 2014, Amman, Jordan
1
Teaching and Learning Ways Used by Prophet Mohammad
P.B.U.H and Their Possible Implementation in Modern
Learning Technologies .
Rayan Yousif Alkhayat 1,2,a
, Mohammad Rafie Hj. Mohd. Arshad 1,b
, Esraa Khalid Alobaydi1,2,c
, Hasimah Hj. Mohamed1,d
1
Scholl of Computer Science ,Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Pulau Penang, Malaysia
2
College of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Mosul 41002 Mosul, Iraq
a
ryyyak@yahoo.com, b
rafie@cs.usm.my,c
esraa.khalid81@gmail.com,d
hasimah@cs.usm.my
Abstract
Prophet Mohammad P.B.U.H. adopted a distinctive approach to teach his followers and companions
the basics and concepts of Islam, which comes from divine revelation; his teachings cover all aspects of
life, work, living and human dealings, which are suitable everywhere and anytime. The significant of this
approach in individuals learning motivate us to highlight those ways in a scientific methodology. In this
paper, we have classified the ways and methods adopted by the Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H in the
education for Muslims generally and for his companions specially.
The classification take into account the ways which proper and able to be integrated within the
current learning technologies and easy to be implemented within information technology applications.
Moreover, our research approach is concerned about the ways adopted by the prophet Mohammad
P.B.U.H. which revolve around learner-cantered and adaptive learning methods. Generally, those ways
may categorized under the following key points: Directing, Mind Management, Stimulating, Gradual
Approach, Induction, Psychological Effect , and Exploring.
Keywords: Prophet Mohammad Teaching Ways, Islamic Learning, Learners-Cantered Learning, Adaptive
Learning.
1. Introduction :
The prophet Mohammad P.B.U.H starts new religion spreading by calling people to Islam
and be ready to change their life to the better, his style was based on individual differences and
consisted with their situations, natures, habits and mentalities(Sulayman, 2014). The prophet
fully succeed in his task bringing the new nation of Islam to the world as Allah wants it to be by
introducing the new religion rituals, aspects and concepts to the humanity by well-formed ways
which are able to implement fruitfully across the time (Al-Saidi, 2009).

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Nowadays, many of the modern learning methods may contains or depends on some
learning basics comes from Prophet Mohammad school. Some ways are considered standards of
current learning methods while other ways still scholarly uncovered until now up to our
knowledge. The new emerged ways of adaptive learning models and blended learning
environments are yet fertile field for making learning developments, and ways of torturing may
be incorporated within this field(Mogire & Oboko, 2013),(Temdee, 2014).
2. Prophet Mohammad P.B.U.H School Categories :
The Prophet starts calling for Islam with his companions first in order to make a strong
base for humans to learn from, worshiping Allah S.W.T., managing daily life and dealing with
family and other people. Any act, behaviour, method or way taken from the Prophet is called
Sunnah (Al-Twaim, 2011),(Ali, 2002),(Al-Ghazali, 1957).
2.1. Directing.
1) Practical Application.
The Prophet gave the lessons regarding worshiping Allah and living matters to his
followers, he started by himself doing the obligatory rituals to encourage Muslims to do so; he
used the practical application to teach his followers the five pillars of Islam, which are not only
movements formality performed for a particular purpose only, as well as not just a ritual or
observance occupies a place or period of time; they are the media that raise the humans and
close them to Almighty creator(Ali, 2002). An example when someone new to Islam asked the
prophet about the prayers and their times, Prophet asked him to pray with people two days to
learn, so that man just kept watching Muslims when they pray five times a day, after two days
when last pray finished, Prophet ask where is that man who wished to learn prayers and their
times? The man replied here I am, I learned them well. (Mehdi, 2013)
2) Getting Knowledge from Learners in The Presence of The Instructor.
Another approach is letting one of the learners give the lesson to the others, one day two
men invoked to the Prophet; he diverted the judgment to one of his followers who said how to
make a judgment in your presence? The Prophet replied, if you make right, you'll be rewarded
ten, but if you make a wrong decisions you’ll get one reward only. Here the prophet encouraged
Muslims to take the responsibilities of each other, not to limit for group of them.(Ali, 2002).

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3) Openness to Other Communities.
The Prophet encouraged his followers to be open on other nations in order to know their
customs, morals, behaviours and to keep safe from their harm. For example, the prophet asked
one of his followers to learn Hebrew to be the prophet translator who could understand the Jews
tribes' messages and reply to them in Hebrew. Another example during the Alkhandaq(Trench)
war with Jews of Madinah who broke the covenant with Muslims, the Prophet took advantage
of making trench in the northerner area of Almadinah, by advice from his follower Salman
Alfarsi as Persian did against invasions by horses.(Debabeche, 2008).
2.2. Mind Management.
a. Thinking Management:
Quran and Sunnah encourages using the mind and intellect, forbidding minds wasting is
of the greatest purposes of religion, with great interest in mental education,(Al-Twaim, 2011).
In Islam, the request of science is an imposition, as well as education and delivery of science to
others, Prophet said (Any one enter the Masjid to learn or to teach good matters, would be like
the combatant for the sake of Allah).
b. Mental Persuasion.
The Prophet fostered mental persuasion development, which are the key of scientific
discoveries' growth of the human mind. An example of utilizing mental persuasion, when a
man came to the Prophet and said:( O Messenger of Allah, my boy was born black(suspect in
his wife), the Prophet said: Do you have camels? Man said: Yes, Prophet said, what colors? He
said: Reds, said: Is one of them grey? Man said: Yes, Prophet said: How so? Man said:
mutation, Prophet Said: Perhaps your son is mutation), (Siddiqui, 2008).
c. Brainstorming.
Brainstorming is targeting an innovative problem solving, find new projects, stimulate
thinking and creativity training and apprentice students (Debabeche, 2008). A brainstorming
used by the Prophet when asked his followers: (What are the trees whose leaves never falls, that
looks like the Muslim? [he meant that the Muslims good work never gone away]; Tell me about
it? After a while the Prophet answered his question: The palm tree). Here the Prophet does not
specify a particular person to get the answer from, instead his question was in a plural form to

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give the group of people a chance to think and discuss before answering, not to relate it to a
particular person, which may have the impression of embarrassing(Siddiqui, 2008).
d. Hitting Parables.
Making comparisons among objects and events to derive the solution are from the nature
of the human brain, hitting parables clearly shown in most of the dialogs and arguments. The
Prophet gave preliminary and great importance to the way of hitting parables and metaphor for
being an effective and influential role in the process of teaching and development of moral and
social values(Ali, 2002). The Prophet hired hitting proverbs to illustrate his sermons to the
people; which has a rhetorical persuasive power, splendour of clarity in the embodiment of the
intended meaning, and portrayed in the form of sensory to make it is present in front of the
listener. An evidence, when the Prophet said:(Such as the believers in their mutual love and
mercy and compassion like the body if an organ complained to falter, the rest of the body
ensuring fever). (Al-Zahrani, 2003).
2.3. Stimulating :
a. Good Role-Model (Beautiful Pattern).
There are two clear natures in humans, giving admiration of greatness and gratitude to
the beautiful work. When someone sees the others have many good attributes and have the
ability to give help with highly cooperative personality then it became a nice way to do like this
good role-model, this will satisfy personality development for groups of people (Al-Hazmi,
2000),(Alwan, 1992). The better model for the humanities was the Prophet himself as in
chapter 33 verse 21 of Quran: (Ye have indeed In the Messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern (of
conduct) for anyone whose hope is In Allah and the final Day, and who engages much In the
Praise of Allah).(Al-Zahrani, 2003) (Ali, 2002). Prophet followers learn the new religion
aspects, thoughts, dealing and facing matters, problems and solving them by examining the
Prophet behaviour and apply that in related matters of their own personal life (Abughuddah,
1997). A great example about how good role-model may affect people better than other ways
clearly shown in spreading Islam over southeast Asia; when the Malay people convert to Islam
after they see how are the morals, good dealing faith and true works in the behaviour of Muslim
merchants who reach those lands by sea. (Alnabulsi, 2012)

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b. Praise or Complimenting.
When some people do their work in an optimal way, it is nice to show the others that
this way is suitable for adaptation(Swede, 1983), Prophet encourage his followers to take
advantages of others' works or behaviour if it has no conflict with Islamic rules,(Al-Suri, 1991)
even if it's taken from non-Muslims. He also encourage his followers to praise other individuals
if their behaviour or problem solving methods may motivate them to do better, and motivate
them to do like him especially if they have been promised to get excellent rewards from their
good work. Complementing the individuals after getting significant of their work to be shown
more effective in giving them the intention to continue their learning about their religion.(Al-
Saidi, 2009) .
c. Tribute Famous People.
The action of speaking about good contributions of famous people in their societies and
tribute them has two benefits (i)Naive persons can be converted to talents by giving them
examples about fame people attributes which make a motive for them doing forward reshaping
their personality. (ii)Talented people will go forward in their achievements(Al-Saidi, 2009).
After Muslims conquered Taii kingdom, the Prophet reviewed the prisoners, a captive woman
stood and said:(O Messenger of Allah, my father perished, I missed the newcomer, do a favour
for me later you get favour from Allah, release me, not let the Arabs gloat me. My father was a
master of a tribe and their king, helps the needy, forgives the culprit, saves neighbour, protects
his family and tribe, released distressed people, feed the poor, greet the people, holds weak
ones, take care of age ravages, and never disappoint any one need any matter from him, I am the
daughter of Hatim Al-Tai. Said the Prophet:(O woman, these qualities are of really believers in
Allah, afterwards he said: devoid her, her father loved high morals, and Allah loves high
morals)
d. Competition.
Competition spirit among learners raises best learning and practicing. The Prophet
encouraged his followers in competition, as an example when he said: (If people know what
excellence reward is there in Azan and first row of prayer, they'll conduct voting on them. And
if they know what excellence lies in joining the prayer in the first Takbeer(call for prayer), they
would have vied with each other. And if they know what excellence lies in the night and
morning prayers, they would have definitely come even crawling on their knees).(Al-Hazmi,
2000).(Siddiqui, 2008).

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2.4. Gradual Approaches:
a. Progressive Simplification.
The Prophet used the progressive simplification to bring the new religion teachings to
his followers, because some of the teachings could be hard to learn directly while other
teachings need more time for total understanding by the followers; by let them learn-first and
act-later with a universal description for the whole matter followed by details(Debabeche,
2008),(Abughuddah, 1997), (Ali, 2002),(Al-Twaim, 2011). When Prophet send his envoy to
Yemen, he asked him to take care of those people and give them Islamic teachings in a gradient
manner when he says: (You will come to folk of people who believe in Bible, invite them to
testify that there is no God only Allah and that Mohammad is the Messenger of Allah, if they
obeyed you, do tell them that Allah has imposed on them five prayers every day and night, If
they obeyed you, do tell them that Allah has imposed on them alms taken from their rich and
given to the poor, if they obeyed you so you should beware of their money and private
properties, and avoid their oppressed one’ prayer, because there is no veil between him and
Allah).
b. Considering the Individual Differences.
Individual differences' consideration helps to determine and meeting the needs and
willingness of individuals when designing programs for upbringing, rehabilitation, and
education.(Debabeche, 2008). The Prophet said:(That Allah created Adam from the grip of
taking possession from all over the globe, came to the sons of Adam on earth came to them as
much as the white, red and black, and between it, malignant, good , sadness and in between).
Which means that humans are different as they belongs to their father who created from clay
made of earth sands. Hence each individual(or groups) may need specific dealing treatments.
Prophet took care of those differences in his duty in: (i) Commandments variation according to
people variation. (ii)Differing in his rulings and questions' answering according to the submitted
cases. (iii)Different attitudes and behaviours depending on the people who deal with. (iv)
Variation of orders and assignments to his followers according to their personal differences and
abilities. And (v)Acceptance of some individuals to an event or behaviour may not be
acceptable to the other individuals regarding their different circumstances.(Al-Zahrani,
2003),(Ali, 2002),(Abughuddah, 1997) (Al-Qaradawi, 1984)

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c. Changing of Individual Behaviour to The Better.
Step by step instructions given to the individuals are very useful in changing their
behaviour and to avoid misunderstanding or rejection, Prophet said (Talk to the people
according to their knowledge, you would not like making lies on Allah and his messenger).
(Albukhari, 2006). At the beginning of Islam, one of the difficulties was how to convince
Muslims to stop drinking alcohol permanently. The Prophet gave advices depending on verses
of Quran, which starts by explaining the disadvantages of drinking alcohol, later another
exposure of how harmful it is, finally prohibition of alcohol became inevitable(Al-Zahrani,
2003),(Al-Twaim, 2011).
2.5. Induction.
a. The Story and Thrill (Get Attention).
Many pedagogic specialists adopt storytelling as an educational tool(Al-Hazmi, 2000)
(Bonsignore, Quinn, Druin, & Bederson, 2013). The Prophet used this tool while teaching his
followers, He was narrating and repeat the story several times to ensure best lessons
understanding (Ali, 2002),(Husain, 1979). Stories narrated by the Prophet were basically built
on true events classified on three time periods, stories from divine revelation about past nations,
prescient world, and stories about events happened in the prophecy period. Thrill style
motivates the learner to ask more about the particular issue. Abu Saeed Bin Ali(follower) said :
one day, the Prophet said to me: Let me teach you a verse which is the greatest wall in the
Quran before we get out of the mosque), he said, then took my hand and when he wanted to
come out, I said :You told that you will teach me a verse which is the greatest wall in the Quran
before we get out of the mosque? He said: "Praise be to Allah" it is the seven commendable
verses (Chapter 1 of Quran) and great Quran that were given to me.
b. Beautiful Preaching.
Another example of good and fruitful admonition happened when a teenager came to
the Prophet and said O messenger of Allah, give me a permission for adultery, the followers
became angry and saying stop, what are you asking for! the Prophet reaction was different; he
approaches to the teenager and sat beside him. He asked him: Do you accept adultery to your
mother? Do accept it to your sister? Do accept it to your aunt (father side)? Do you accept it to
your aunt (mother side)? No, neither I nor other people, replied the teenager each time when
Prophet asked him, the Prophet put his hand on the teenager chest and pray to Allah, please

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forgive him, please clear his heart, and let him be away from adultery. The teenager feel better,
comfort and become convinced that adultery is invalid. (Ali, 2002).
c. Fruitful Dialogue.
Dialog and discussions play a role in minds mutual enrichment, by creating new ideas
and thoughts, clear what previously considered obvious and present hidden information. The
Prophet utilized this approach to enhance his followers' thinking, help them to go ahead in their
duties(Ali, 2002). One successful dialog illustrated when verse 95 of chapter 4 revealed to the
Prophet (Not equal are the inactive among the believers). A blind man came to the Prophet and
said, O messenger of Allah if I can make striving in sake of the Allah I will do, but you see I
can't, because of the blindness, after a while a completion of the verse revealed and the verse
became (Not equal are the inactive among the believers, except the disabled, and the strivers in
the cause of Allah)
2.6. Psychological Factor.
a. Entice and Intimidate (Carrot and stick).
Entice is attempting to motivate individuals’ act performing, belief, or a perception,
while the intimidation is warning of doing them.(Al-Hazmi, 2000), (Debabeche, 2008). Anyone
who is not afraid of punishment will do bad behaviour, so entice to get the benefits of good
work should include warning of the punishment when not obey the rules. The Prophet said:(
Generous close to Allah; close to people; close to paradise, far away from the Hell, and Scrooge
is far away from Allah; far away from people; far away from paradise, close to the Hell. The
ignorant generous love to Allah from Scrooge worshiper). Here the human should think how to
go forward in doing good work, best worshiping sync with well behaviour to get the reward and
in the same time be aware of the punishment.(Al-Twaim, 2011).
b. Avoid Harming.
The prophet said:(There should be neither harming nor reciprocating harm), which
means that the Muslim behaviour should not harm himself and in the same time not to cause
harmfulness to anyone (Debabeche, 2008).
c. Attention-Grab When Broaching the Subject.
The Prophet used attention-grab as a way to teach his followers for some subjects that
need more attention; utilizing visual, audio, arguments and persuasion & intimidation. The

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Prophet said:( Do you want me to inform you of the greatest sins (three times)? They said: Yes,
O Messenger of Allah, said: Polytheism in Allah, disobeying parents, then he sat down and was
leaning and said: False speech and false testimony, still repeat until the followers said: Would
he keep silent). Thus, audio effects went deep when he told his followers the three most sins
that the Muslim must avoid them, and make it a solid doctrine in their minds(Al-Twaim, 2011).
2.7. Reasoning.
a. Cause & Effects.
The Prophet used causes' explanation method to specify the reasons and problems that
have made a particular issue or ruling on its current form; this way works very well in many
cases, for example when He said: (If a fly fallen in a bowl of you, then dip it in the whole and
get it out, there is in one of its wings a disease and in the other healing). In this conversation
between the Prophet and his followers the wisdom of dipping the fly, all in the pot or drink, and
explained that in one of the wings of the fly's disease and in other heal.
b. Wondering and Interrogative.
The Prophet utilize wondering and interrogative while teaching his followers, this style
is one of the important and influential methods in the field of education that creates positive
interaction between student and teacher. The prophet utilized the interrogative question as an
educational style with his followers by directing them to various questions trigger their attention
and stimulate their minds for thinking and understanding. The Prophet questions to his
companions or they asked him about it may categorized under: testing, analytical, ordering,
attention attraction, event preparation, aims identification.(Al-Zahrani, 2003). The Prophet
said:(Of the best women, women of Al-Ansar (supporters), who are not prevented by shyness
that they ask to understand the religion).
3.0 Discussion and Suggestion:
Currently many subjects of learning are introduced using such tools as in online
learning, internet-based learning, distance learning, e-learning. In recent years, with the rapid
development of mobile computing, a new mode of learning emerged, known as mobile learning
(m-learning). M-learning, through the effective integration of mobile technology via the use of
mobile phones, PDAs and other mobile devices in learning activities, brings learners anytime
and anywhere to enjoy a new learning experience as a future of learning (Shu Na, 2012).

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(Fotouhi-Ghazvini, Earnshaw, Moeini, Robison, & Excell, 2011),(Moore, Dickson-Deane, &
Galyen, 2011) these technologies are embedded within VLE.
Yesteryears ,more attention and efforts are given for making learner free from place,
time and way of learning, enabling self-learning and learner cantered learning, to satisfy those
needs a new learning technology is designed and introduced which is ubiquitous learning (u-
learning) (Kinshuk et al., 2011), this technique is a special case of m-learning with some
improvements to be aware of the learning location context. Learning environment became more
extensive to accommodate variety of blended materials that are adaptive with learners needs and
requirements (Fotouhi-Ghazvini et al., 2011),(Renner, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2014),(Temdee,
2014). This paper includes summarization of methods used by the Prophet Muhammad peace be
upon him in education, which can be applied and adopted in the models of modern education. It
is also encouraged by the fact that these methods are applicable anywhere and anytime and
adaptable to learners dissimilar in age and scientific orientation(Sulayman, 2014). The selected
ways may categorized under two types:
a. Pedagogy Related:
(i)Practical application is most suitable for the implementation of learning Islamic rituals
applications, blended learning materials could be utilized for these purposes successfully.
(ii)Getting knowledge from other learner besides openness to other communities are promising
to achieve a collaborative learning that may applied in virtual group learning environment.
(iii)Fostering mind building could be achieved with well-formed learning materials that are
consisted with the current learning state of the learner. (iv) Mental persuasion might be utilized
with brainstorming in mind mapping functions to produce higher learning achievement. Giving
hints to the learner by means of proverbs as ways of assisting learning. (v)Progressive and step
by step instructions with respect to the individual differences could be included within the
curricula materials in adaptive learning environment. Hence each learner has the allocated time
period with the specific learning subject based on his/her knowledge level.
b. Learner Personality Related:
(i) Mentioning good role-model or tribute talented people stimulate learners to raise their
learning achievements in particular subject. Furthermore, praising or complementing learners
regarding their learning progress motivate them going forward in learning process. For some
particular subjects (such as dogma and social behaviour) stories are highly recommended with

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its ability to be implemented within new mobile devices utilizing blended resources to support
individual learning. (ii) Any learners’ deviations during learning could be overcome by
assistance hints either by good preaching from instructor, or by well-formed dialog with other
learners. (iii) As the reward is promised for learner on his/her proceeding, greater desire to
proceed in learning is produced by learner, getting good attitude and obtaining high learning
achievement. (iv)Warning from what cause harmfulness or losing might make adjustment to
individual behaviour. It is better giving the knowledge with a reasoning to convince learner with
the problem and its solution. Particular subjects need full attention by the learner and interactive
questions may increase the participation of learners with the learning application.
3.1 Implementation:
For previously mentioned modern learning technique and existing learning technologies,
the learning scenario going through an applications that can be run by any personal device with
networking facility. It is applicable to implement the Prophet learning ways “PLW” as basis of
learning pedagogy while developing these applications. Furthermore, dividing learning process
into three sessions pre-learning, learning and after-learning then assigning one or more of the
PLW to each session may raise learning achievement for learners and result in learning
efficiency. As an example, in ubiquitous learning process which conducted in open area the
directing approach of PLW will help learners effectively, taking advantages of the practical
application, getting assistance from peers, and search for online help. Directing approach is also
recommended in dogma-related learning mixed with Induction approach taken from PLW
where story and thrill, beautiful preaching and fruitful dialog are all together result in high
learning achievement. For elementary school blended learning classes the gradual approaches is
recommended to fulfil the needs of young pupils by applying the progressive simplifications,
considering each pupil needs for absorbing the curricula. Another approach when conducting
ecology classification classes within context aware ubiquitous learning environment, the role of
mind management from PLW is strongly recommended enabling thinking management first,
then going into the learning session with brainstorming and hitting parables for any explanation
needed. For humanities, best results in m-learning can be gained by preparing courses that
employs the stimulation approach of PLW, as good role model attract the learners, praise and
complementation increase their self-esteem and getting good perceptions about talented people
motivate them to be so. Particular courses in online legal studies designed and implemented in

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blended learning models may attain good results using psychological factor approach mixed
with reasoning approach of PLW in pedagogy creation.
3.2 Summary :
We recommend using Prophet Mohammad ways of education student-cantered
education models , especially context aware ubiquitous learning systems besides utilizing
mixture of learning models with respect to the adaptively for various learners types. The future
of Islamic rituals learning using modern mobile applications is very promising (Al-Aidaroos,
Zulkifli, & Mat, 2013). Merging some of these ways with blended learning models , techniques
and materials seems to be fruitful approach(Gaeta et al., 2014). Moreover, these ways are
suitable for group learning; highly recommended for open-field classes, elementary school
classes , teenagers learning and adults lifelong learning. The application of these ways may
fulfilled by: (i)The way that curricula presented to the learner. (ii) Learning timing and
scheduling. (iii) Learning materials design and creation. And(iv) Instructor supervision
managing (if any).
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