Artificial organ- any machine, device, or other material that is used to replace the functions of a faulty or missing organ or other part of the human body The devices are human-made, whereas the living replacement parts can be obtained from the patient, a relative, a human cadaver, or a live animal or can be prospectively developed through genetic engineering. The concept that a disease state may be addressed not only by returning the malfunctioning organ to health using chemical agents or physical means but also by replacing the missing function with a natural or an artificial counterpart has brought about a revolution in therapeutics. It is considerably more effective than drug therapy or corrective surgery in the treatment of many conditions, e.g., cardiac valve disease, heart block, malignant arrhythmia, arterial obstruction, cataract. Artificial organs can be located outside of the body yet attached to it (paracorporeal prostheses or assist devices) or implanted inside the body in a appropriate location (internal artificial organs or implants). The application of artificial organs may be temporary, i.e., a bridge procedure to sustain life or a specific biologic activity while waiting for either recovery of natural function (e.g., the heart-lung machine), or permanent organ replacement (e.g., left ventricular assist devices).

1. ARTIFICIAL HEART,
ARTIFICIAL VENTRICULAR
DEVICES
PRESENTED BY:
ELIZABETH PHILIP
BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED ARTIFICIAL
DEVICES

2. INTRODUCTION
located outside of the body
implanted inside the body
• Artificial organ- any machine, device, or other material that is used to replace the functions of a faulty or
missing organ or other part of the human body
• The devices are human-made, whereas the living replacement parts can be obtained from the patient, a relative, a
human cadaver, or a live animal or can be prospectively developed through genetic engineering.
• The concept that a disease state may be addressed not only by returning the malfunctioning organ to health using
chemical agents or physical means but also by replacing the missing function with a natural or an artificial
counterpart has brought about a revolution in therapeutics.
• It is considerably more effective than drug therapy or corrective surgery in the treatment of many conditions, e.g.,
cardiac valve disease, heart block, malignant arrhythmia, arterial obstruction, cataract.

3. DEFINING TERMS:
 Artificial organs: Human-made devices designed to replace, duplicate, or augment, functionally or
cosmetically, a missing, diseased, or otherwise incompetent part of the body, either temporarily or
permanently, and which require a nonbiologic material interface with living tissue.
 Assist device: An apparatus used to support or partially replace the function of a failing organ.
 Bioartificial organ: Device combining living elements (organelles, cells, or tissues) with synthetic
materials in a therapeutic system.
 Biocompatibility: The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host tissue response
when incorporated for a specific application in a device, prosthesis, or implant.
 Biomaterial: Any material or substance (other than a drug) or combination of materials, synthetic
or natural in origin, which can be used as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or
replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body.

4. Artificial Heart and circulatory assist devices
Artificial heart :
• Device that replaces the heart and maintains blood circulation and oxygenation in
the human body for varying periods of time.
• Typically used to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the
heart in the case that a heart transplant is impossible.
Circulatory assist devices:
• Artificial devices that perform some or all of the functions of the heart.
• Vary significantly in design and indication but are typically used to provide either partial
or full support for a heart that is unable to function adequately.
• Unlike a total artificial heart, the CAD doesn't replace the heart. It just helps it do its
job.

5. THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL HEART
 On Dec. 2, 1982, cardiothoracic surgeon William DeVries, MD, carefully
removed the ravaged heart of Dr. Barney Clark—a heart that tore like
tissue paper due to years of treatment with steroids—and replaced it
with the world’s first permanent artificial heart. Known as the Jarvik-7,
this aluminum and polyurethane device was connected to a 400-pound
air compressor that would accompany Clark for the rest of his life - all
112 days of it.
 Second recipient went on to live for 620 days.
 In the three subsequent recipients, one died from blood loss, and the other
two lived for 10 and 14 months.
 Essentially, all patients died from different complications such as multi-organ
failure, stroke, and infection to name a few.
 The main issue with the Jarvik 7 was that a “large pneumatic console” was
required for treatment and therefore the patient could not leave the hospital.
 This caveat would not allow the Jarvik 7 to be a permanent artificial heart
implant.
Jarvik-7

6. The two main types of artificial hearts are the heart-lung
machine and the mechanical heart.
MECHANICAL HEART
HEART LUNG MACHINE

7. Heart-lung machine
• Performs the duties of both the heart, pushing blood
through the body, and lungs, oxygenated the blood, to
keep people alive while the surgeons work on their heart.
• The oxygenator removes carbon dioxide and adds
oxygen to the blood that is pumped into the arterial
system.
• The blood pumped back into the patient’s arteries is
sufficient to maintain life at even the most distant parts of
the body as well as in those organs with the greatest
requirements (e.g., brain, kidneys, and liver). To do this,
up to 5 litres (1.3 gallons) or more of blood must be
pumped each minute.
• While the heart is relieved of its pumping duties, it can be
stopped, and the surgeon can perform open-heart
surgery that may include valve repair or replacement,
repair of defects inside the heart, or revascularization of
blocked arteries.
• A mechanical pump that maintains a patient’s blood circulation and oxygenation during heart surgery by
diverting blood from the venous system, directing it through tubing into an artificial lung (oxygenator), and
returning it to the body.

8. FLOW IN OF
VENOUS BLOOD
OXYGENATED
BLOOD
COMES OUT
OXYGENATOR

9. Mechanical hearts:
• Mechanical hearts include:
Total artificial hearts: machines that are capable of replacing heart
Ventricular assist devices (VADs): assist the pumping action of the heart for
prolonged periods without causing excessive damage to the blood components.
• Implantation of a total artificial heart requires removal of both of the patient’s ventricles
(lower chambers).
• However, with the use of a VAD to support either the right or the left ventricle, the entire
heart remains in the body.
• Implanted only after maximal medical management has failed.
• Used for cardiac resuscitation after cardiac arrest, for recovery from cardiogenic shock after
heart surgery, and in some patients with chronic heart failure who are waiting for a
heart transplant.
• Occasionally, mechanical hearts have been used as a permanent support in patients who do
not qualify for a heart transplant or as a bridge to recovery of the patient’s own diseased heart.
• Some recipients of VADs have lived several years and have returned to work and normal
physical activities.

10. TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEARTS
A total artificial heart (TAH) is a pump that is
surgically installed to provide circulation and replace
heart ventricles that are diseased or damaged.
 The ventricles pump blood out of the heart to the
lungs and other parts of the body.
 Machines outside the body control the implanted
pumps, helping blood flow to and from the heart.
A TAH is recommended when the patient is having a
heart failure caused by ventricles that no longer
pump blood well enough, and need long-term
support.
 TAH surgery may be an alternative treatment in
certain patients who are unable to receive a heart
transplant.
As with any surgery, TAH surgery can lead to serious
complications such as blood clots or infection.

11. Working of total artificial
heart(TAH):
• Replaces the lower chambers of the heart, called ventricles.
• Tubes connect the TAH to a power source that is outside the body.
• The TAH then pumps blood through the heart’s major artery to the lungs and the
rest of the body.
• The TAH has 4 mechanical valves that work like the heart’s own valves to control
blood flow.
• These valves connect the TAH to heart’s upper chambers, called the atrium, and to the major
arteries, the pulmonary artery, and the aorta.
• TAH duplicates the action of a normal heart, providing mechanical circulatory support and
restoring normal blood flow through the body.
• The TAH is powered and controlled by a bedside console for patients in the hospital.
• After they leave the hospital, people with a TAH use a portable control device that fits in a
shoulder bag or backpack and weighs about 14 pounds. It can be recharged at home or in a car.

12. VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES(VADS):
• A type of mechanical heart or circulatory assist devices designed
to assist one of the ventricles in pumping oxygenated blood
through the aorta and to the body's tissues.
• The pump is placed inside the chest cavity, while the power source
and system controller are carried on a harness outside the body.
• Although a VAD can be placed (implanted) in one or both
ventricles of your heart, it is most frequently implanted in the left
ventricle. When placed in the left ventricle, it's called a left
ventricular assist device (LVAD).
• May be temporarily used while the patient wait for a donor heart
to become available.
• Keep blood pumping throughout body despite a damaged heart. It
will be removed when the patient receives new heart.
• Increasingly being used as a permanent treatment for people who
have heart failure but who aren't good candidates for a heart
transplant.

13. Working of Ventricular assist devices:
• A left VAD pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta.
• Pneumatic devices have membranes or sacs that are moved by air pressure to
pump the blood, while electrical devices use electromechanical systems for
power.
• Electrical devices are being developed that are totally implantable and do not
require a tube exiting the skin; with these devices, power to the pump is
transmitted between external and internal batteries through the intact skin.
• There are 3 major components of the VAD:
 The inflow cannula: a large tube that drains blood from the heart into the
pump
 The outflow cannula: returns blood to either the aorta (in a left ventricular
assist device or LVAD) or pulmonary artery (in a right ventricular assist
device).
 The pump: is implanted in the left upper abdomen or left side of the
chest.
• A driveline that contains the power wires exits the skin, usually on the right
side of the abdomen, and connects to a controller that is worn on a belt.
• This controller is then connected to either a power-based unit that plugs into
the wall or large batteries that can be worn in a holster or vest for portable
use. The controller is the brain of the pump, and provides important
information to the patient, caregivers, and medical team about VAD function
and battery life

15. APPROVED MEDICAL DEVICES
SynCardia,
Tucson, Arizona
Aeson, Carmat’s
artificial heart
AbioCor- AbioMed, Massachusetts

16. ENGINEERING DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL HEART
AND CIRCULATORY ASSIST DEVICES
• Define the Problem—Clarification of the Task: accomplished by writing the detailed design requirement or
specification for the device; “to develop a device (perhaps totally implantable) that when implanted in the
human will provide a longer and better quality of life than conventional pharmacologic or transplant therapy.”
• Fit of the System: first decide who the device is intended for(men, women, or children and also size); device
must fit in these patients and cause minimal or no pathologic conditions; consider the volume and mass of the
device, as well as any critical dimension such as the length, width, or height and the location of any tubes,
conduits, or connectors.
• Pump Performance: must be specified in terms of cardiac output range; design specification include control of
the device, specific requirements for synchronization of the device with the natural heart; For the total artificial
heart, the device must always maintain balance between the left and right pumps; device must respond to the
patient’s cardiac output requirements.
• Biocompatibility: should have a minimal effect on the immune system, should not promote infection,
calcification, or tissue necrosis. Meeting these design requirements will require careful design of the pumping
chamber and controller and careful selection of materials.
• Reliability: The reliability issue is very complex and involves moral, ethical, legal, and scientific issues. The
design specification must deal with any service that the device may require. For instance, the overall design life
of the device may be 5 years, but battery replacement at 2-year intervals may be allowed.
• Quality of Life: design specification must address the quality of life for the patient. The quality of life must thus
be considered in relation to the patient’s quality of life without the device without ignoring the quality of life of
individuals unaffected by cardiac disease

17. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Heart Surgeries would be performed easily Expensive
No need to wait for Heart Donors Restricted Blood Flow
Less Rejection and Blood Group Problems Chances of Failure
Reliable Limited Life

18. REFERENCES:
Bronzino, J. D. (1999). Biomedical Engineering
Handbook, Volume II (1st ed.). CRC Press.
Total Artificial Heart | NHLBI, NIH. (n.d.).
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/total-
artificial-heart
Artificial heart. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/artificial-
heart
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, March 13).
Artificial heart. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart#Tot
al_artificial_hearts