assigment

1. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Members Of The Group :
 ZIDNI ALFANIAMMI
 FAEZYA RESTU DAFFA
 NUR HIDAYAT
 STEVEN PRAY
 NICO FRANS JAYA

2. Volcanic Eruptions
A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface that allows magma (hot liquid and semi-liquid rock), volcanic ash
and gases to escape. They are generally found where tectonic plates come together or separate but they can also occur in the
middle of plates due to volcanic hotspots. A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas are released from a volcano—
sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type of eruption is called a 'glowing avalanche' which is when freshly erupted
magma flows down the sides of a volcano. They can travel quickly and reach temperatures of up to 1,200 degrees
Fahrenheit. Other hazards include ash fall, and lahars (mud or debris flows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement
and food shortages.
How to prepare for a volcanic eruption
1. Learn your volcano risks and warning signs and look out for unusual physical changes around volcanoes, such as
increased ash fall or vegetation drying up. Learn and participate in early warning systems and develop plans for both
evacuating and sheltering in place. Be aware of secondary hazards such as landslides, lahars (mudflows), ash and
thunderstorms.
2. Protect your home from volcanic ash and cover water sources if time allows. Avoid driving during and after ash fall when
visibility can be very low and roads are slippery. Protect your lungs and eyes by wearing protective gear such as goggles
and masks. Pay particular attention to vulnerable people and support them to evacuate or shelter in place.

3. 3. Follow official instructions from local authorities on whether to evacuate or take shelter. If you get warning prior to ash
fall, return home from school or work and shelter in place. If the ash fall is heavy, do not remain in a building that has a
low-pitched or flat roof. Make sure you have additional supplies such as dust masks, eye protection, cleaning supplies, a
flashlight and an evacuation bag to hand. Collect and store clean water and clean up outside carefully when it is declared
safe to do so.
what to do in the event of a volcanic eruption
If a lahar, pyroclastic flow, or lava flow is headed toward you
 Leave the area immediately. If you are warned to evacuate because an eruption is imminent, evacuate.
 If you can drive rather than walk, use your vehicle to evacuate. When driving keep doors and windows closed, drive across the
path of danger if you can or away from the danger if you can not, and watch for unusual hazards in the road.
If you are indoors
 Close all windows, doors, and fireplace or woodstove dampers.
 Turn off all fans and heating and air conditioning systems.
 Bring pets and livestock into closed shelters.

4. If you are outdoors
 Seek shelter indoors.
 If caught in a rockfall, roll into a ball to protect your head.
 If near a stream or river, be aware of rising water and possible mudflows in low-lying areas. Move up-slope as quickly as
possible.
 Seek care for burns right away. Immediate care can be life saving.
 If your eyes, nose, and throat become irritated from volcanic gases and fumes, move away from the area immediately. Your
symptoms should go away when you are no longer in contact with the gases or fumes. If the symptoms continue, consult your
doctor.

5. Examples of volcanic eruptions :
1. Letusan Gunung Tambora (1815)
Mount Tambora is located in Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara. The eruption of Mount Tambora on March 12, 1815 is said to
be the biggest volcanic eruption in history. The eruption killed as many as 71,000 people in NTT and caused global climate
anomalies including a year without summer in continental Europe and the United States. As a result of the eruption, the
earth's temperature decreased by 0.4 to 0.7 degrees Celsius. This condition resulted in many countries experiencing crop
failure, as a result many people had difficulty getting food and starved to death.

6. 2.Letusan Gunung Galunggung (1881)
Mount Galunggung is located 17 km from the center of Tasikmalaya City, West Java. In 1822, precisely on October 8, this
mountain rained hot sand, fine ash, hot clouds and lava. According to several sources, the initial sign of the eruption was
known in July 1822, when Cikunir's water became cloudy and muddy. The results of an inspection of the crater showed that
the murky water was hot and sometimes columns of smoke appeared from inside the crater. The 1822 eruption produced
lava flows that moved southeastward following river flows. This eruption killed 4,011 people and destroyed 114 villages,
with land damage to the east and south as far as 40 km from the top of the mountain.

7. 3.Letusan Gunung Merapi (1930 dan 2010)
Quoted from the Geological Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, it was recorded that since the 1600s,
Mount Merapi has erupted more than 80 times, with an eruption interval of every 4 years. Its biggest eruption occurred in
1930. Hot clouds descended the slopes 20 kilometers to the west, destroying 23 villages and killing 1,369 people. Another
eruption occurred 80 years later, on November 5, 2010 to be precise. The volcanic ash did not only cover the Yogyakarta
area, but also reached a number of areas in West Java.

8. 4.Letusan Gunung Kelud (1919)
The 1919 eruption was the biggest disaster produced by the activities of Mount Kelud in the 20th century. The eruption occurred at midnight
between 19 and 20 May 1919 which was marked by a loud bang that could even be heard in Kalimantan. As a result of this eruption, more than
5,000 people died, hailstones also destroyed the roofs of houses and caused huge losses. It was reported that the city of Blitar was ravaged and
destroyed by this eruption. In 2014, Mount Kelud erupted again, the eruption was heard as far away as Yogyakarta, volcanic ash invaded Java
Island, paralyzing several tourism sectors in East Java, Central Java and Yogyakarta.

9. 5.Letusan Gunung Agung (1963)
Mount Agung is located in the Bali region. This mountain is the highest point on the island of Bali, and dominates the surrounding area, thus
influencing the climate, especially rainfall patterns. In 1963, March 16, to be exact, Mount Agung spewed its contents, killing more than 1,500
people.This eruption resulted in a climatic impact as large amounts of sulfur flew into the higher atmosphere. Even though the climate impact
was only short-lived, at that time the decrease in global temperature reached 0.1C to 0.4C.
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