Transit Oriented Growth in Chinese Cities
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By Shomik Mehndiratta and Andrew Salzberg, The World Bank. Transforming Transportation 2011. Washington, D.C. January 27, 2011.
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Transit Oriented Growth in Chinese Cities
- 2. Transit oriented growth in Chinese cities…opportunities and obstacles or the ‘rationale’ for the 5th ring road ShomikMehndiratta Andrew Salzberg World Bank Transforming Transportation Washington DC. January 27, 2011
- 3. 3 … densities are very high and cities are relatively compact New York Shanghai Source: CHREOD, various Context: High Densities
- 4. 4 Urban density, persons/km2 Source: draft Urban Fringe report, Bertaud (various), Angel (various) These densities are decreasing, but still high in a global context
- 5. Spatial Growth is Rapid … 40 percent of ‘newly urbanized’ did not move, urban boundaries did 1984 1999 Source: Landsat ETM digital images
- 7. Spatial Growth is fragmented at the urban periphery Zhengzhou
- 8. Why? Land and Finance Incentive structures are working, just not for urban accessibility Municipal Finance Limitations on accessing capital markets Limited central government support Base of stable recurrent taxes (property tax) missing Dual land tenure system Market value 6-8 times (can be 75 times) compensation; limited transparency Land transfer fees 20-30% of local government revenue Finance about 60% of all urban infrastructure ~ 35b (2004) ‘Ring roads’: agents of land conversion Strong incentive to over-requisition land Induce growth fundamentally unfriendly to public transport 8
- 9. Inherently public transport and pedestrian un-friendly Beijing ring road 3 of 5… 9
- 10. Urban Design and Public Transport Stations Urban design around stations can have a major effect on ridership… Jobs Accessed on Foot in 20 minutes from a major CBD metro station Source: World Bank Analysis
- 11. JOBS工作 This Minute这分钟: 12,000 Cumulative累计: 127,300 COMMERCIAL SPACE商业空间 （平方米） (square meters) This Minute这分钟: 29,600 Cumulative累计: 409,000 N 19:00 Beijing – GuoMao北京-国贸
- 12. Coventry Street 伦敦考文垂街 JOBS 工作 This Minute 这分钟 : 13,100 Cumulative 累计: 146,200 COMMERCIAL SPACE 商业空间 （平方米）(square meters) This Minute 这分钟: 364,300Cumulative 累计: 4,075,000 N 12:00
- 14. Property rights at the urban periphery
- 16. Project-focused land use analytical work and advice
- 17. Tianjin eco-city
- 21. Land use change 2004-2020
- 23. STREET HIERARCHY IN NEW PLAN STREET HIERARCHY IN EXISTING PLAN Courtesy: Energy Foundation
- 24. BLOCK SIZE IN NEW PLAN BLOCK SIZE IN EXISTING PLAN Courtesy: Energy Foundation
- 26. Conclusions Continued dramatic urban growth Incentives can work against integration with public transport – and support development along ring roads Some initiatives, but long road ahead
Editor's Notes
- However, much of the eventual success of introducing a higher share of walking, cycling, and public transportation depends on the microlevel urban design. Good urban design can contribute to creating the conditions for walk-able and vibrant neighborhoods that reinforce the public transport system, pedestrian modes, and bicycle use. Though SSTEC’s urban design has some notable features, including plans that mixed used communities will provide citizens with easy access to various destinations within 300-500m walking distance, some risk is posed by SSTEC’s decision to use the relatively large 400 by 400 meter block design typical of new urban development in China (though the blocks are further subdivided by accesss roads). Using this block design as the basis for the city’s layout may not create the envisaged walk-able communities, especially if these blocks are separated by large roads.