ZEPHIR @PassiEXPO 2013

Αθήνα 25/10/2013
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ZEPHIR 2013

The importance of
Climatic Data

Dr. Phys.
Francesco Nesi
Zero Energy and
Passivhaus Institute
for Research

Αθήνα 25/10/2013
©

ZEPHIR 2013

The ZEPHIR Institute is the Italian iPHA Affiliate.

PH Certification

Solar modeling

PHPP, CEPH Training

Dynamical
thermohygrometrical
simulations

Research

Email info@zephir.ph
Web http://www.zephir.ph

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

The Climate sheet in PHPP 8

Among the first sheets, this stresses the
importance of climatic data

Source: PHPP8

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

The Climate sheet in PHPP 8
Let's take a closer look!

Source: PHPP8

Average values for the different
months of the year

Extreme values worst cases
throughout the year (2 days)

Annual Heating/Cooling demand

Heating/Cooling Load


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

The climate data set
Ambient temperature
Month
Days

• Dry bulb temperature
• Easy to get
• Available in all the
meteorological station

1
31

2
28

3
31

User data - Coredo MN7

Latitude:

46.3

Longitude °

Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp

-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2

0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6

4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3

Source: PHPP8


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Solar Radiation
• Global solar radiation on a
horizontal surface and on a
vertical surface oriented
towards North, East, South and
West
• More difficult to get
• Usually available only the
global radiation on the
horizontal plane
• The radiation on the vertical
surfaces is not directly
measured and has to be
derived using theoretical
models
(Erb's Model, Perez Model)

Month
Days

1
31

2
28

3
31


Latitude:

46.3

Longitude °

Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp

-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2

0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6

4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3

Source: PHPP8

Diffuse

Direct
Reflected
Global = Diffuse + Direct + Reflected


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Dew Point temperature
• Required for
dehumidification calculation
and, if so, for calculation of
sky temperature
• Calculated from relative
humidity and ambient
temperature

Month
Days

1
31

2
28

3
31


Latitude:

46.3

Longitude °

Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp

-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2

0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6

4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3

Source: PHPP8

where


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Sky temperature
• Required for radiation
correction in heat transfer
calculations
• Can be estimated by PHPP
from dew point temperature
and ambient temperature

Month
Days

1
31

2
28

3
31


Latitude:

46.3

Longitude °

Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp

-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2

0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6

4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3

Source: PHPP8


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Heating Load data
• Difficult to get, a dynamical
simulation is needed
• Different from standard
design data
• The heating loads data are
represented by two set of
temperatures and radiations
corresponding to the most
unfavorable days of the year

Month
Days
[IT] - Trentino-Trento
Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global

Heating load

Cooling load

Weather 1 Weather 2 Weather 1 Weather 2
Radiation: W/m²

...

Radiation: W/m²

-7.1
16
44
156
49
68

19.3
71
172
129
145
259

-2.2
13
21
58
26
37

19.3
71
172
129
145
259

Source: PHPP8

Day 1
Cold, sunny
Day 2
Moderate cold, cloudy


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Heating Load Data
• Depending on the south facing window area of the building the maximum
heating load occurs on Day 1 or on Day 2
• The dependence on other parameters is linear
13

Day 1 Cold and sunny Day 2 Moderate cold, cloudy
Periode 2: mäßig kalt, bewölkt
Heat load
Day 2
Day 1
Heat load

12

Heat Load [W/m²]

11
10
9

Day 1

8

Day 2

7
6
0

10

20

30

40
Window area [m²]

50

60

70

Source: CEPH Course


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

80

©

ZEPHIR 2013

Heating Load Data

Source: Bisanz, Carsten: "Heizlastauslegung im Niedrigenergie- und Passivhaus", diploma thesis 1998

Analogous procedure for cooling load data

Source: www.passivhaustagung.de

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Which data to use?
Possible source: GROUND STATIONS

Source: PCE Italia

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Which data to use?
Possible source: METONORM

Source: Meteonorm 7


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Which data to use?
Possible source: PASSIPEDIA [NASA]

Source: Passipedia

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Which data to use?
Possible source: NATIONAL NORMS

Source: UNI 10349:1994

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Location: Coredo, Trento, Italy (Lat. 46.347 Lon. 11.09 Elevation 815 m)


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

Source: Google Earth
©

ZEPHIR 2013

Location: Coredo, Trento, Italy (Lat. 46.347 Lon. 11.09 Elevation 815 m)
Specific building demands with reference to the treated floor area

• Source:
Passipedia

Treated floor area
Space heating

Heating demand
Heating load

Space cooling

137.0

15.8
11.8

Primary energy

Pressurization test result n50

W/m

no
no

-

-

W/m
13.0

-

-

%

-

-

2

kWh/(m a)
2

DHW, space heating and auxiliary electricity

Airtightness

2

2

dehumidification, DHW,
lighting, electrical appliances

Specific primary energy reduction through solar electricity

Fulfilled?*

15 kWh/(m²a)
10 W/m²

kWh/(m a)

2

Cooling load

Heating, cooling,
auxiliary electricity,

Requirements
2

kWh/(m a)

Overall specif. space cooling demand

Frequency of overheating (> 25 °C)

m²

kWh/(m a)
2

41.9

kWh/(m a)

0.4

1/h

120 kWh/(m²a)
-

-

-

-

0.6 1/h

yes

* empty field: data missing; '-': no requirement

• Source:
Meteonorm 7


Treated floor area
Space heating

Heating demand
Heating load

Space cooling

137.0

5.9
10.5

Heating, cooling,



Source: PHPP8

Airtightness


kWh/(m a)
2

15 kWh/(m²a)
10 W/m²

W/m

2

Fulfilled?*

yes
-

44.8
18.5

-

W/m
0.0

-

2

Cooling load

Primary energy

Requirements
2

kWh/(m a)



m²

-

-

%

-

-

2

kWh/(m a)
2

kWh/(m a)
2

48.8

kWh/(m a)

0.4

1/h

120 kWh/(m²a)

yes

-

-

-

-

0.6 1/h

yes



Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Large difference in the South Radiation, especially in the coldest month of the year


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Energy balance heating (annual method)
•

Source: Passipedia

•

Source: Meteonorm 7

Solar gains: 28.1 vs 44.3

Source: PHPP8

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Location: Ancona, Italy (Lat. 43.616 Lon. 13.519 Elevation 34 m)

Source: Google Earth

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Location: Ancona, Italy (Lat. 43.616 Lon. 13.519 Elevation 34 m)

• Source:
Passipedia

Treated floor area
Space heating

Heating demand
Heating load

Space cooling

Cooling load

156.0

Heating, cooling,


kWh/(m a)

16
16

kWh/(m a)

63


21
38


15 kWh/(m²a)

2

10 W/m²

W/m

2

0.2

Fulfilled?*

yes
-

15 kWh/(m²a)

W/m

no

10 W/m²

2

%

Airtightness

Requirements
2

9
12

Primary energy

m²

no

2

120 kWh/(m²a)

kWh/(m a)
2

yes

-

2

kWh/(m a)
1/h

-

-

kWh/(m a)

-

0.6 1/h

yes


Treated floor area

• Source:
Meteonorm 7

Space heating

Heating demand
Heating load

Space cooling

Cooling load

156.0

Heating, cooling,

kWh/(m a)

17
11

kWh/(m a)


15 kWh/(m²a)

2

2

yes

18 kWh/(m²a)

W/m

yes

10 W/m²

2

yes

W/m

-

-

-

-

2

120 kWh/(m²a)

kWh/(m a)
2


Airtightness

Fulfilled?*

%



Requirements
2

8
9

Primary energy

m²

-

40

0.2

2

kWh/(m a)
1/h

-

-

kWh/(m a)

-

0.6 1/h

yes


Source: PHPP8

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Certification Criteria

Heating Demand
 15 kWh/(m²a)

or: Heating Load
 10 W/m²

Overall specif. space
cooling demand
(cooling+dehumidification)
 15 kWh/(m²a)
+ 0.3 W/(m²aK) * GHS

o: Cooling Load
 10 W/m²
Yearly
average
and
external
Overall specif. space
temp.
cooling demand.
 4 kWh/(m²aK) * Te
[if sensible cooling demand + 2 * 0.3 W/(m²aK) * GHS
is lower than 15 Wh/(m²a)]
- 75 kWh/(m²a)
 45 kWh/(m²a)
+ 0.3 W/(m²aK) * GHS

Dry
degree
hours

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Possible problems
Meteonorm
• Heating and cooling loads not calculated according to the PHI prescription

One should perform a dynamical simulation for
heating and cooling loads, this is not done by
Meteonorm


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Which data to use?
One should not rely on a single data source!

Consider as many data sources as possible and make a comparison in
order to verify the reliability of the climatic data!
Possible procedure
• collect all the available climatic data from different sources
• convert the data in the PHPP format
• compare the datasets and exclude possible wrong data, i.e data
which are numerically distant from the others: this can be done by
means of a mathematical procedure called "outlier detection"




Random error analysis
Grubbs test
Chauvanet's criterion

• consider the dataset which better reproduces the average value of
the correct datasets

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Generation of a set of climatic data
300
MN7
CTI

250

Global Radiation

Passipedia
UNI 10349 1

200

UNI 10349 2
Final Set

150

100
50
0
1

2

3

4

5

6
7
Month

8

9

10

11


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

12

Conclusions
• Climatic data play a central role in the design of a Passivhaus
• One cannot rely on a single source. Consider and compare as many
sources as possible

Outlook
• We are working in order to validate new climatic data and enhance
the available climatic data for Italy
• Ongoing collaboration with PHI and Meteonorm


Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

Let's do something better……

THANK YOU!
Dr. Phys. Francesco Nesi
Director
Mobile: +39 346 6247437
Email: f.nesi@zephir.ph

Αθήνα, 25/10/2013

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ZEPHIR 2013

ZEPHIR @PassiEXPO 2013

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