2. • Measurement: assigning numbers or values to the obsercation.
• Scaling: process of measuring
• 4 types of scale:
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Internal
• Ratio
3. NOMINAL SCALE OR CLASSIFICATORY
SCALE
• Applicable on qualitative data
• In this type of scale numbers, symbols are assigned to qualitative categories in order
to label them.
• Here, the numbers are used only to identify the categories, carry no numerical
significance.
• There is no particular order for grouping.
• Only arithmetic operation were possible. (counting)
• E.g. gender (male:1, female: 2), marital status
4.
5. ORDINAL OR RANKING SCALE
• Applicable on qualitative data
• In this type of scale the data are arrange in a order from least to most or most to
least.
• Here, the numeric codes represent order only, carry no numerical significance.
• Here the difference between categories or ranks cannot be determined.
• E.g. severity of pain ( mild:1, moderate: 2, severe: 3), mr. india result
6. INTERVAL SCALE
• Applicable on quantitative data
• In this type of scale the value are same equidistance from each other.
• Here, the equidistance between values is important.
• Has arbitory zero point (no true meaningful zero point)
• Here, ratio cannot be done, but addition and subtraction allowed.
• E.g. 30 degree (86 f) involve same increase in temperature as in increase from 50
degree to 70 degree, but are cannot say that 60 degree is twice warm as the
temperature 30 degree.
7. RATIO SCALE
• Applicable for quantitative data
• Has true zero point as its origin.
• Has fixed starting point. i.e zero point
• The only difference between ratio and interval scale is true zero.
• E.g height, weight, money, distance
• Here the multiplication and division is possible or meaningful.
