Development and experimentation of instructional package for

DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL PACKAGE FOR
ENHANCING AWARENESS ON LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AMONG STUDENTS AT
HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL
DhireshKulshrestha1 and
Issac Paul2
1
DhireshKulshrestha, Associate Professor of Economics, Faculty of Business Management, Marwadi University
Rajkot, Gujarat, India
(Email id: drdhireshkulshrestha@gmail.com, Whatsaap No: 9425728600)
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce Education, Govt. College of Teacher Education,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
(Email id: chenal4u@gmail.com, Whatsaap No 09447588913)
ABSTRACT:
Education for logistics management considered as a part of commerce education specified in the present
curriculum of higher secondary school system. It contained in plus two business studies text book. Logistics management
is the core part of marketing management and it described in the chapter marketing in business studies syllabus. The
concept of logistics management as an integrative activity in business concept has developed within last twenty five years.
It is the process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory from
supplier through the firm to consumers.
Logistics Management is the process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts and
finished inventory from supplier through the firm to consumers. There are wide professional opportunities in this new
emerging area as so many innovative courses come across related with this area recently viz; logistics management
diploma courses, degree on logistic management etc. The investigator directly talked with Directors of some logistics
management institutes and they revealed that the commerce students have lesser interest to join logistics courses
compared with other subjects students. But this area is fully attached with commerce stream. Logistics management field
involve large number of quicker job opportunities.
With this in mind, the investigator made an attempt to the development of an instructional package for enhancing
awareness on logistics management among commerce students at higher secondary level. From the study it can be
concluded that the developed package is effective for enhancing awareness on logistic management among higher
secondary commerce students; can be implemented in our learning platforms which are relevant and significant.
Keywords: education, logistic management, instructional package, commerce education.
Abbreviations: ANOVA - Analysis of Variance, ANCOVA - Analysis of Co-variance; t - test of significance.
Alochana Chakra Journal
Volume IX, Issue XI, November/2020
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I. INTRODUCTION
Education plays a vital role in the process of nation building. The most powerful
instruments to meet the challenge of poverty and deprivation, and of the widening gap
between the rich and the poor and between countries, are education and research. To
achieve national goals and needs better and more education is needed. The basic elements
of rising spirit of prosperity are education and technology. The role of higher education is to
promote a sense of common Citizenship and culture and to further national productivity, and
to contribute to the rapidly expanding store of knowledge and technology. Education is the
process of self - realization and involves the bringing out of the child’s own intellectual and
moral capacities to their highest possible potential.
The process of teaching learning aims at transmission of knowledge, importing skills and
formulation of attitudes, values and behaviour. It is obligatory on the part of the school to
equip the child with generalized intellectual and other skills, which will enable him to cope
effectively with whatever state of the world he will encounter later in life; Hence Commerce
education has under gone a tremendous change in the wake of liberalization, privatization
and globalization. Computerized accounting, E- Commerce and other related concepts
therefore have been introduced as part of the higher secondary curriculum. It helps students
to appreciate that commerce is an integral component of society and also to develop an
understanding of many social and also to develop an understanding of many social and
ethical issues.
The commerce education program will build strong foundations for those who wish to
move on further study and training in specialized areas such as management, International
business, marketing, accounting, information and communication technology or
entrepreneurship.
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Young people need to understand how business functions; the role it plays, the
opportunities it generates, the skills it requires and the impact it can have on their own lives
and on society; today and in the future. So commerce education is not merely considered as
an academic discipline rather than a vocational discipline.
Education for logistics management considered as a part of commerce education
specified in the present curriculum of higher secondary school system. It contained in plus
two business studies text book. The concept of marketing has so much importance in
commerce education so it including a large number of job opportunities in present day.
Logistics management is the core part of marketing management and it described in the
chapter marketing in business studies syllabus. The concept of logistics management as an
integrative activity in business concept has developed within last twenty five years. It is the
process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts and
finished inventory from supplier through the firm to consumers.
Logistics Management is the process of strategically managing the movement and
storage of materials, parts and finished inventory from supplier through the firm to
consumers. Logistics is concerned with the management of physical distribution of materials
and finished inventory. It begins from sources of supply and ends at the point of
consumption. Logistics deals with all activities that facilitate product flow from the point of
raw material acquisition to the point of final consumption.
To make education for marketing become meaningful, we must try to increase the
awareness on logistics management. The ultimate aim of this curriculum is to acquire
essential awareness on logistics management to cater wide range of job opportunities from
this powerful field.
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Review of RelatedStudies
The concept of logistics management as an integrative activity in business concept
has developed within last thirty years. Logistics management is the process of strategically
managing the movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory from
supplier through the firm to consumers. In the field of commerce and management, there
are a number of studies conducted about logistics management. It helped to improve the
fields of commerce and management. Here in this section covered various studies related to
logistics management. It helps the investigator to get idea regarding multiple dimensions
and functional scope of logistics management.
Globerson and Wolbrum (2014) conducted a study “Logistics management and
supply chain management: A critical evaluation.” The purpose of this research is to identify
the content of Logistics Management and Supply Chain Management, as perceived by
course instructors and textbook content, and identify the core subjects of the discipline.
Results identified 27 relevant subjects, of which eightwere identified as "core subjects". The
core subjects are: Information and technology, Inventory, Overview and concepts,
Transportation and conveying, Logistics flow, Facility location, Customer service, and
Performance measurement. There is a high level of agreement within each sample and
between the two samples, with regard to the relative importance of the identified subjects.
The above results support an agreed framework for a Logistics Management course, which
becomes a common one in different management programs.
Caplice and Sheffi (2014) conducted a study “A review and evaluation of logistics
metrics” Performance measurement in the logistics function, like all business functions,
begins at the individual metric level. A performance measurement system that is well
designed at the strategic level can be flawed at the individual metric level; the Achille’s heel
of any measurement system. The pressing need is not for the development of novel
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performance metrics: there is great abundance of sufficient metrics already in existence.
Rather there is a need for a method with which to evaluate existing metrics. The paper
addresses this need by suggesting a set of evaluation criteria for individual logistics
performance metrics and identifying the inherent trade-offs. Taxonomy of logistics
performance metrics organized by process rather than by function is also presented and the
metrics are evaluated using the established criteria.
Yu, wang and Zhong (2016) conducted a study “E-commerce logistics in supply
chain management: Practice Perspective.” E-commerce is booming with the development of
new business model and will be continuously boosted in the several decades. With large
number of enterprises carrying out E-commerce, logistics driven under the background has
been largely influenced. This paper presents the state-of-the-art E-commerce logistics in
supply chain management from a view of practice perspective. Worldwide implementations
and corresponding models together with supporting techniques are reviewed in this paper.
Typical E-commerce logistics companies from North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific are
comprehensively reviewed so as to get the lessons and insights from these practices.
Opportunities and future perspectives are summarized from the practical implementations
so that interested companies like E-commerce and logistics companies are able to get some
guidance when they are contemplating the business.
Derwik and Karlsson (2016) conducted a study “Manager’s competences in logistics and
supply chain practice.” In the 30 years since its inception, the field, profession, and practice
of logistics and supply chain management have undergone profound business
transformation. This study uses shadowing and practice theory to explore the nature of
manager competence in logistics and supply chain management.
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The results suggest that logistics and supply chain managers use business managerial,
generic, and behavioral competences in practice rather than supply chain management
expertise. Although the existing literature depicts competences as discrete and factor-
based, the findings further reveal how managers use combinations of competences that
create synergistic effects. The results produce four propositions for future research.
Kalkan (2017) conducted a study “City logistics: problems and recovery proposals.” The city
logistics is the multidisciplinary science that makes a bridge between both urban freight
transportation and sustainability of the cities. It has also focused on various subject matters
such as populations, facilities, traffics and logistics activities. A qualitative approach was
used and unstructured interviews with subject matter experts were conducted to gain
general insight into how logistics service providers perceive the problems in city logistics in
Izmir and the solutions they propose. Regarding the gap between theory and practice, this
study would be valuable for future research in city logistics studies, and the results of the
study would be a practical tool for decision makers in their city logistics planning process
and logistics management.
Ul-Hameed, Shabbir and Imran (2018) conducted a study “Remedies of low performance
among Pakistani E-Logistics companies: The role of firm’s IT capability and Information and
communication technology (ICT)”.The primary objective of this study is to investigate the
determinants of e-logistics firm’s performance in Pakistan. To achieve this objective,
quantitative research approach along with cross-sectional research design was used. By
using the survey method, 300 questionnaires were distributed among the managerial staff of
e-logistic companies.
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Moreover, firm’s IT capability as a moderator enhanced the positive effect of staff
service quality, website design and e-traceability. Nevertheless, information communication
technology (ICT) positively mediated the relationship between e-traceability and firm’s e-
logistics performance. Hence, firm’s IT capability and information communication technology
(ICT) are the key elements to decrease various issues of staff service quality, website
design and e-traceability. The study is much significant for practitioners and e-logistic
companies to enhance performance by focusing on firm’s IT capability and information
communication technology (ICT).
Palmieri and Baglieri (2019) conducted a study “Integrating firms in a complex network:
evidence from maritime logistics.”The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize an
integration of firms working in a complex network from a supply chain management (SCM)
perspective. It is found that the integration is a key factor in order to increase the
competitiveness of the firms. This study identifies a series of decisions in the integration
process within the complex network and sheds light on the sequence of managerial choices.
This paper is an attempt to extend the traditional conceptualization of integration, which is
based on the sequential view of the supply chain (i.e. integration with suppliers and
customers).
Chen and Lyu (2019) conducted a study “The impact of logistics platforms and location on
logistics resource integration and operational performance.” The purpose of this paper is to
examine the relationship between logistics park platforms, logistics location and operational
performance. Qualitative data collected from 273 companies in China are used in a
structural equation model to test the conceptual model. Findings In logistics parks, logistics
park platforms and location positively influence companies’ resource integration, which is
positively related to operational performance.
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This study fills a gap in the literature on logistics parks, particularly on the relationships
among operational performance, resource integration, logistics park platforms and the
location of logistics parks in China. The authors provide guidelines for logistics park
managers to organize their resources and develop capabilitiesfor improving the operational
performance of companies in logistics parks.
There are wide professional opportunities in this new emerging area as so many
innovative courses come across related with this area recently viz; logistics management
diploma courses, degree on logistic management etc. The investigator directly talked with
Directors of some logistics management institutes and they revealed that the commerce
students have lesser interest to join logistics courses compared with other subjects
students. Now a days firm’s giving more importance to logistics functions because it is the
core area of marketing and it leads to better profit. So they appoints more employees in this
field for getting better results .The awareness on logistics management will change the
attitude of commerce students towards this field.
Besides the investigator wants to inspire commerce students to go logistics higher
education courses for attaining international level jobs. Some of the logistics management
experts and management students were conducted some studies for the improvement of its
functioning and all these studies are come under the category of commerce and
management. Based on review of literature it is cleared that especially in commerce
education field, no such schematic study was conducted on the logistics management
awareness. So it is necessary to develop better learning strategies and instructional
platforms for our young commerce students enabling them to bring the true outcome of such
management competencies.
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With this in mind, the investigator made an attempt to the development of an
instructional package for enhancing awareness on logistics management among commerce
students at higher secondary level.
Statement of theProblem
The Study made an attempt to prepare and tests an instructional package in commerce
which focuses to enhance awareness on logistics management with its major aspects viz;
basic concept on logistic management, structure of logistic management, awareness on
inbound logistics, awareness on outbound logistics, awareness on in-house logistics and
awareness on reverse logistics among select sample of higher secondary school students
studying in commerce stream following Kerala state syllabus. Hence the present study can
be entitled as,
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUCTIONAL PACKAGE FOR ENHANCING AWARENESS
ON LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AMONG COMMERCE STUDENTS AT HIGHER
SECONDARY LEVEL:
Hypotheses of theStudy
a. There is no significant difference between the pre-test mean scores of experimental
and control group.
b. The developed instructional package is effective in enhancing the awareness on
logistics management among commerce students at higher secondary level.
c. There is no significant difference in the mean scores of boys and girls exposed to
the instructional package for enhancing awareness on logistics management.
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Objectives of theStudy
a. To develop and validate an instructional package for enhancing awareness on
b. To compare the mean scores of experimental and control group before treatment.
c. To test the effectiveness of an instructional package for enhancing awareness on
d. To compare the post-test mean scores of boys and girls through the effect of the
developed instructional package.
MATERIALS ANDMETHODS
Method
In this study the investigator made an attempt to develop an awareness package
with an objective to enhance awareness on logistics management among commerce
students at higher secondary level through testing the effectiveness by comparing with
control group. Here the investigator selects experimental method with pre-test post-test
non- equivalent group design.
Variables
a. IndependentVariables
The independent variables in the present study wereInstruction based on the developed
package on logistics management (treatment for experimental group) and prevailing activity
oriented method (treatment for control group).
b. Dependent Variable
The dependent variable in the present study was the Awareness on Logistics
management.
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Population
A population is any group of individuals that has one or more
characteristics in common and that are of interest to the researcher. In the present
study, the whole higher secondary schools in Kerala following state curriculum in
commerce as the population.
Sample
The sample constitutes 60 students of XII students of Govt. V & HSS Poovachal,
Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala.
Tools and Materialsused
The following tools were employed in the present study.
1. An instructional package on logistics management
2. Logistics management awareness test (LMA Test)
3. Activity oriented lesson transcripts
Statistical techniquesadopted
 Measures of Central tendency (Mean, Median and Mode)
 Standard deviation
 t-test
 ANOVA
 ANCOVA
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Brief Structure of the developed InstructionalPackage for Logistic Management
a. Objectives of the instructional Package
Thepupil;
 To capable the learners to make an awareness about logistics management.
 To educate the learners phases and functions of logistics management.
 To inspire students to go higher education courses related with logistics
management
 To help students to focus on abundant of logistics management job opportunities
by providing Strong awareness regarding logistics operations.
 To prepare young world to identify the logistics rhythm of business success.
b. Guidelines to InstructionalPractitioners
 The package is exclusively for formulates the awareness on logistics management
among commerce students at higher secondary level.
 This package is an instructional aid for higher secondary school students with
commerce as main stream discipline.
 This package is intended to complete with a minimum duration of 15 transactional
hours.
 The successful implementation of this package depends upon the creative and
cooperative interaction between teachers and students.
 Group activities, buzz session, self-study, self- assessment, group assessment etc
are the specific traits of this package.
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c. Key Components
Working of the Package
Awareness on basic
concepts in logistics
management
Awareness on structure
of logistics
management
Awareness on Inbound
logistics
Awareness on In-house
logistics
Awareness on
Outbound logistics
Awareness on Reverse
logistics
STAGES
1)Introduction
2)Presentation
3)Elaboration
4)Conclusion
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RESULTS ANDDISCUSSIONS
TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS
The logistics management awareness test of experimental and control group was
compared. Statistical analysis was done by using techniques of t-test and ANCOVA and
the details are given under appropriate heads.
A. Test of significant difference between mean scores of pre-test of
logistics management awareness of control group and experimental group
Arithmetic mean, standard deviation and t-value of the pre-test scores of the experimental
group and control group in the logistics management awareness test were calculate for the
means using independent sample t-test and are given in the Table 1.
Table 1
Test of significance for difference between means of pre- test scores of logistics
management awareness of Control group and Experimental group
Variable Group Count Mean Standard
Deviation
t-
value
Level of
significance
Pre-test
scores of
logistics
management
awareness
Control
Group 30
18.57 2.75 0.57 Not
Significant
Experimental
Group
30 18.17 2.66
From the above Table 1, it is clear that the calculated t- value is 0.57 and is not
significant at 0.05 level (t-value = 0.57; p>0.05). Since the mean of the Control group do not
differ significantly from that of the Experimental group. Control group and Experimental
group are more or less equal in Pre-test scores of logistics management awareness.
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Tenability of hypothesis
Test of significance for difference between means of pre- test scores logistics management
awareness of Control group and Experimental group revealed that there is no significant
difference between Control group and Experimental group in their pre- test scores of
logistics management awareness. Hence the null hypothesis formulated in this context is
accepted.
Graphical representation of comparison of means of pre-test scores of logistics
management awareness of the treatment groups is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Comparison of mean scores of pre-test scores of logistics management of the treatment groups
Comparison of logistics management awareness test scores of experimental and
control group (Total Sample) using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA)
Analysis of Co-variance represents an extension of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to
allow for the correlation between initial and final test scores. Co-variance analysis is
especially useful to the investigation when for various reasons it is quite difficult to control
the experimental and control groups. Analysis of Co-variance is applied for analysing the
data in order to effect adjustments in the final or terminal scores to determine the extent of
difference and hence determine the relative superiority of the methods adopted.
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Table 2
Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) of pre-test and post-test scores of logistics
management awareness of experimental group and control group
Source of
variation Df SSx SSy SSxy SSy.x MSy.x F
Among means 1 2.4 1480.07 -59.6 1460.11 1460.11 107.92
Within groups 57 439.53 775.67 -44.27 771.21 13.53
Total 58 441.93 2255.73 -103.87 2231.32
From the above table, the obtained value of F is 107.92 and is greater than the
table value at 0.05 levels and hence is significant at 0.05 level (F = 107.92; p<0.05). This
shows that the final mean scores of treatment groups differ significantly after they have
been adjusted for difference in the pre-test scores.
The significant F ratio facilitates to test the difference separately by t-test. Data for
adjusted mean scores of post-test of treatment groups are given in the Table 3.
Table 3
Adjusted means of post-test scores in the treatment groups (Experimental and
control groups)
Groups Number of
Students
Pre-test
Mean
Post-test
Mean
Adjusted
Post-test
mean
Control 30 18.57 27.3 27.32
Experimental 30 18.17 37.23 37.21
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The significant difference between the adjusted post-test means indicate that the
pupils of experimental and control group differ significantly in their post-test scores logistics
management awareness after they have been adjusted for difference in the pre-test scores.
Since the adjusted mean of experimental group is significantly greater than that of the
control group, the experimental group is superior to the control group in post-test scores of
logistics management awareness. It may therefore be concluded that pupils taught through
the instructional package on logistics management had better awareness on logistics
management than those who taught through activity oriented approach. From the analysis
of the total scores of pupils in the experimental and control groups using the statistical
technique, Analysis of Co-variance, it is clear that the teaching based on the instructional
package is more effective than prevailing activity oriented approach with regard to the
enhancement of awareness on logistics management.
Tenability of Hypothesis
Test of significance for difference between mean scores of post-test of logistics
management awareness of control group and experimental group revealed that there is
significant difference between control group and experimental group in post-test scores of
logistics management awareness. Hence the null hypothesis formulated in the context is
rejected.
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The graphical representation of comparison of Pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test
mean scores of logistics awareness of the treatment groups is given in the Figure 3
Figure 3
Pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean scores of control group and experimental group
B. Test of significant difference between mean scores of post-test of logistics
management awareness of boys and girls in the experimental group.
Table 5
Test of significance for difference between means of Post test scores of boys and
girls in the experimental group
Variable Gender Number
of
Students
Mean Standard
Deviation
t-value Level of
significance
Post-test
scores of
Logistics
management
awareness
Boys 14 37.57 3.92
0.45 Not
Significant
Girls 16 36.94 3.47
From the Table 5, it is clear that calculated t-value is 0.45 and is not significant at
0.05 level (t = 0.45; p>0.05). Since the mean of the boys do not differ significantly from that
of the girls, boys and girls in the experimental group are more or less equal in Post test
scores.
18.57 18.17
27.3
37.23
27.32
37.21
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Control group Experimental group
Achievement
scores
Pre-test
Post-test
Adjusted Post-test
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Tenability of hypothesis
Test of significance for difference between mean scores of Post -test of logistics
management awareness of boys and girls in the experimental group revealed that there is
no significant difference between boys and girls in in the experimental group in their Post
test scores of logistics management awareness. Hence the null hypothesis formulated in
this context is accepted.
Graphical representation of comparison of means of post -test scores of logistics
management awareness of boys and girls in the experimental group is given in the Figure 4.
Figure 4
Comparison of mean Post -test scores of boys and girls in the experimental group
IV. Conclusion
The major conclusions and findings from the analysis of test scores are given below:
To enhance awareness on logistic management of students taught through
the Instructional package is significantly more effective than the existing activity
orientedmethod.
The comparison of mean scores between pre-test and post-test scores of the
experimental group and control group reveals that the instructional package on logistics
management is effective in enhancing awareness on logistics management among
commerce students at higher secondary level than prevailing activity oriented approach.
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The treatment that gave the result may have been due to the intervention of the
investigator at each stages of the package with the intention of enhancing student’s
awareness on logistics management. This is also agrees with the findings of Nazrin (2016).
In her study she examined the effectiveness of instructional package in financial
management for enhancing achievement of business studies among commerce students at
higher secondary level revealed that the instructional package on financial management is
more effective than activity oriented method in enhancing achievement in business studies
among commerce students at higher secondary level.
There was significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of the
experimental group. This result may be explained with the fact that instructional package
made the understanding the concept easier. It is an effective method to enhance logistics
management awareness of the learners. It helps the learner to motivate to join higher
courses in logistics management, find out job opportunities in this field.
By practicing this instructional package in our curriculum transaction process, student
become more career oriented person and it also helps to get strong awareness among
logistics management and its scope. In short, it can be concluded that the instructional
package on logistics management facilitates students to learn effectively and organize
knowledge in a purposeful way and make knowledge acquired to be long lasting.
V. FUTURE SCOPE
The following are the future scope, educational implications and suggestions of the study.
 The instructional package on logistics management is more effective for enhancing
awareness on logistics management among commerce students. So it can be adopted in
the classroom for enhancing logistics management awareness and its other theoretical
dimensions that is fruitful way to present to the students.
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 It is evident from the analysis that the instructional package can be effectively used for
enhancing awareness on logistics management and hence it can be implemented in the
present educational system with more creative, constructive, innovative, interactive and
experiential way.
 Learning experience and outcomes should be according to the level of thinking of the
individual or group concerned. Hence this kind of instructional package can ensure
systematic and orderly pattern to extract and realize the educational outcomes and
objectives with more accurate and visible manner.
 This study helps to strengthen the real aim of commerce education. The educational
practitioners/teachers can enable the students to integrate vocational, social, cultural,
disciplinary and practical value patterns through interaction with the package that can be
blended in each phase of it.
 The instructional package on logistics management contribute a path way which results
in the improvement of the students by
o Develop positive attitude
o Facilitate high order thinking and reasoning
o Develop a confidence to choose a higher course in logistics management.
o Motivating collaborative learning environment
o It reduces the complexity and creates interest towards logistics management.
o Expressing new ideas in open environment
o The instructional package can also used for higher education system.
 It acts as support system for policy makers, teachers and students for attaining the
key objectives of curriculum transaction attributes in commerce to a greater extent.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The investigator acknowledges his sincere thanks to the experts for validating the
instructional package and Logistic Management Awareness Test. Theinvestigator
indebted to the authorities of Govt V & HSS, Poovachal, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
for granting permission for conducting experiment successfully.
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