Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.

1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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India’s Foreign Trade – An Overview
Dr. Manoj Mishra
Principal, Vivekanand Mahavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), INDIA
Corresponding Author: manojkmishra12@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s
business India is one among these countries that have been
exporting a large number of product and raw material to
other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th
largest
export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US
$ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2
million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The
main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change
in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the
study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that
USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and
China accounted from more than 40% of export from India
at the world level. India total export which was US $
330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $
313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from
India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year
2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from
India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%,
Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi
Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was
US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%,
USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE
.38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is
most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK,
Hongkong, China and other countries.
Keywords-- Foreign Trade, Import, Export, Composition
I. INTRODUCTION
India is a developing mixed economy it is the
world’s sixth largest economy by nominal GDP and third
largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Foreign trade
volume is a major component of any economy. India was
a closed economy due to average tariff exceeding 200%
and the extensive a quantitative restrictions on import
prior to 1991. Foreign investment was strictly restreeted
to allow India ownership of business areas. In the post
liberalisation period, Indian Government made foreign
trade policy so much liberal and withdraw the
restrictions step by step, which has improved position of
Indian foreign trade. Now a days Indian export reached
to approximately 7500 commodities to about 190
countries. India export US $ 313138.5 million and
imported US $ 4,73,995.2 million of commodities in
year 2019-20. Top commodities of expert in 2019-20
were gems and jewellery, chemical and related product,
machinery, base mettles, Agriculture and allied product,
Plastic and rubber articles and transport equipment.
Indian export trade partner and dividing order of volume
of total trade were the USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK,
Singapore, China, Germany, Bangladesh and Belgium in
the year 2019-20. Indian targeted import trade partner in
descending order of volume of total trade by China,
USA, UAE, Switzerland, Indonesia, Koria, Germany,
Iraq and Japan in the year 1920. The trend in Indian
foreign trade can be observed form the given study.
Purpose of Study- The trend of foreign trade
has been taken for the ten years that is from 2010-11 to
2019-20 and discussed on the base of following
parameters
1. Change in volume of export
2. Change in volume of import
3. Change in direction of export
4. Change in direction of import.
5. Change in composition of foreign trade
Research Methodology- Period of study- The present
study examine foreign trade for period of ten years i.e.
from 2010-11 to 2019-20
Data Collection- The study is mainly based on
secondary sources of data. Data has been collected from
sources like hand book of statistics of RBI, the economy
serve and website of ministry of commerce.
Tools of Data Analysis- The present research data was
processed the help of statistical technique such as tables,
chart, annual growth rate and compound annual growth
rate (CAGR).
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Dr. Pramod R. Botre (2018)- A researcher has
taken the data from 2005-06 to 2015-16 of foreign trade,
and it classified in two parts as export and import of oil
and non-oil with trade balance. it conclude that
liberalization, privatisation and globalization changes in
the business environment for improving the foreign trade
relation with other countries is very important.
Prof. A.R. Dubay (2011)- A researcher
examine the emerging trend and pattern’s of India’s
foreign trade in lite of trade reforms the data has been
taken 2006-07 to 2008-09 and conclude that composition
of trade which traditional product now change to non
traditional items, the direction of trade shows that EU,
USA and OPEC countries to be the major destination of
Indian export and import.
Dr. Suchi Gupta (2019)- The paper consist the
data from 1950-51 to 2017-18 and attempted to analyse
the major change in volume composition and direction in

2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-11, Issue-3 (June 2021)
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85 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Indian foreign trade. It conclude that availability of
power at competitive rate can be game changer in textile
export and given the with push to electronic hardware
export.
Nazaquat Hussain (2017)- The paper
examines the latest trend of foreign trade performance in
India and its impact on Indian economy and society. It
concluded that strong policy is require to push the export
and import.
III. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Foreign Trade - In the year 2011-12 export
grow up by 21.83% to US $ 305963.9 million and import
goes up by 32.1% as compare to the year 2010-11 where
export increase by 40.5% . The export growth should
significant moderation mainly attributed to slowdown in
global trade caused by dismal economic and financial
condition in the US and euro zone economies.
Withdrawal of certain export incentives might also have
affected performance of export. The trade deficit which
was US $ 118632.9 million in the year 2010-11 increase
to US $ 183353.7 million in the year 2011-12 due to
huge import of gold which contributed in the increasing
the bill in the year 2013-14 export increase by 4.65% but
import decreases 8.25% due to increase an export and
decrease in import the trade balance godwon from US $
190336.1 million to 135797.9 million. The value of
import declined by 8.25% in the year 2013-14 as
compare to 2012-13 owing to 12.5% for in non-oil
import. In the year 2014-15 export decrease by 1.29%
and import decrease by 4.8% and trade balance
marginally increase to US $ 137681.4 million. Export
and import both of decline due to slowdown in targeted
market across the world and there market yet recover
from the financial crises from 2007-08. In the year 2015-
16 export decrease by 15.48% and import by 14.96%
ultimately trade balance decreases from US $ 137681.4
million to US $ 118716.7 million. The fall in trade due
to global slowdown, the over all declined on trade front
has enabled India pull down to trade deficit. The adverse
scenario in export is meanly attributed to global
slowdown. In the year 2016-17 export increases by
5.17% and import increase marginally by .87% limiting
by increase in export more by import trade deficit
improve from US $ 118766.7 million US $ 108504.6
million. In the year 2017-18 total export increase by
10.03% and import increases by 21.13% due to import
increases more by 11% the trade deficit increases to US
$ 162054.8 million. In the year 2018-19 export increases
by 8.74% and import increases by 10.41% hance trade
deficit go up to US $ 184000.3 million. In the year 2019-
20 export and import both have negative growth hance
trade deficit decreases to US $ 160856.7 million.
IV. CHANGE IN VALUE OF EXPORT
The total value of Indian export goes up from
US $ 251136.2 million in the year 2009-10 to US $
313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The export in the
period of ten year increase by 1.25 times. The annual
growth rate of export was 40.49% in the year 2010-11
and 21.83% in the year 2011-12 become negative by
30.40% in the year 2015-16 but in the year 2016-17 it
become positive growth by 5.17%. In the month of
November 2016 the Government of India has taken
decision to demonetise 86% of its cash which boost of
growth and export for the year 2016-17 in increase by
5.17%, the highest last five years and in the year 2017-
18 increase by 10.03%. The compound annual growth
rate of export in the study period was 2.23%.
Table I: India's Trade During Period From FY 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year Export
Annual Growth
Rate (%)
Import
Annual
Growth
Rate (%)
Trade
Balance
2010-11 251136.2 369769.1 -118632.9
2011-12 305963.9 21.831859 489319.5 32.3311 -183355.7
2012-13 300400.6 -1.818286 490736.6 0.289606 -190336.1
2013-14 314415.7 4.66547 450213.6 -8.25759 -135797.9
2014-15 310352.0 -1.292461 448033.4 -0.48426 -137681.4
2015-16 262291.1 -15.48593 381007.8 -14.96 -118716.7
2016-17 275852.4 5.1703241 384357.0 0.879037 -108504.6
2017-18 303526.2 10.032104 465581.0 21.13244 -162054.8
2018-19 330078.1 8.7478116 514078.4 10.41653 -184000.3
2019-20 313138.5 -5.131998 473995.2 -7.7971 -160856.7
CAGR 2.23% 2.51%

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V. CHANGE IN THE VALUE OF
IMPORT
The total value of import which was US $
369769.10 million in the financial year 2010-11,
increased to US $ 473995.20 million in the financial year
2019-20 the period of ten years import increase by 1.28
times. The annual growth rate which was 28.22% in the
year 2010-11 become negative in the year 2019-20 by
7.79%. The annual growth rate was positive in the year
2010-11 (20.22), 2011-12 (32.33) 2016-17 (.87) 2017-18
(21.13) 2018-19 (10.41) in the negative in the year 2013-
14, 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2019-20. The compound
annual growth rate of import in the study period was
2.51%.
VI. DIRECTION OF FOREIGN TRADE
The direction of foreign trade means the
countries with which we have trade relationship. It
shows our trade relationship with the countries it whom
the export and from whom the import our requirement,
on the basis of table following observation was made
1. Germany – Export to Germany in the year 2010-11
was US $ 6745.3 million and in the year 2019-20 it
become US $ 8290.7 million. In the period of 10 years
export increases by 1.23 times. In the period the annual
growth rate in the year 2011-12, 2013-14, 2014-15,
2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 was positive and the year
2012-13, 2015-16 and 2019-20 negative growth rate.
The highest growth rate was 20.49% in the year 2017-
18. The share in total export in the year 2010-11 was
2.68% and in the year 2019-20 it was 2.64%, which
show that in the study period the share in total export
was remain stagnant. The import from Germany which
was US $ 11881.7 million in the year 2010-11 and it
increases to 13351.3 million in the year 2019-20. In the
period the total import increases by 1.12 times. The
annual growth rate of import was positive in the year
2011-12, 2017-18 and 2018-19 and remaining period it
was negative. The share in total import in the year 2010-
11 was 3.21% which decreases to 2.87% in the year
2019-20. The export and import both have maintained
stagnate percentage between 2 to 3% during the study
period. The compound annual growth rate is 2.08% and
1.17% of export and import respectively during the
period.
Table II: India's Direction of Foreign Trade During Period From FY 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year Germany U.K. U.S.A. Saudi Arabia U.A.E. P.R. China Hong Kong
Export Import Export Import Export Import Export Import Export Import Export Import Export Import
2010-11
6745.3 11881.7 7307.8 5390.8 25286.6 20051.2 4674.1 20379.6 33770.3 32729.3 15454.3 43474.1 10323.9 9399.2
2011-12
7925.6 16296.0 8623.0 7642.1 34737.9 24475.4 5677.5 31164.6 35947.0 35708.7 18293.8 57592.2 12911.8 10583.2
2012-13
7250.0 14323.4 8652.5 6291.4 36164.6 25223.1 9785.9 33943.3 36359.6 39133.2 13558.7 52267.1 12295.2 7908.5
2013-14
7530.6 12926.8 9830.7 5957.3 39120.5 22414.7 12208.5 36447.7 30541.0 28780.4 15011.0 51111.6 12766.7 7290.2
2014-15
7535.8 12786.0 9351.7 5026.0 42444.8 21820.0 11127.3 28003.0 33012.9 26106.0 11966.7 60442.0 13594.0 5575.0
2015-16
7092.9 12088.4 8828.5 5192.5 40336.0 21781.4 6381.5 20321.3 30316.5 19445.7 9011.4 61708.0 12092.3 6051.7
2016-17
7181.6 11583.7 8530.1 3665.0 42212.3 22307.4 5110.3 19972.4 31175.5 21509.8 10171.9 61283.0 14047.2 8204.2
2017-18
8687.8 13295.7 9691.1 4806.8 47878.5 26611.0 5410.7 22070.0 28146.1 21739.1 13333.5 76380.7 14690.3 10676.0
2018-19
8902.4 15161.1 9309.3 7561.9 52406.3 35549.5 5561.7 28479.2 30126.7 29785.3 16752.2 70319.6 13002.0 17987.0
2019-20
8290.7 13351.3 8737.6 6712.6 53084.0 35662.5 6236.9 26857.4 28853.5 30255.6 16607.2 65259.4 10967.0 16935.3
2. United Kingdom- The export to UK which was US $
7307.8 million in the year 2010-11 and increases to US $
8737.6 million in the year 2019-20. In the period of 10
years export increases by 1.19 times. The annual growth
rate was highest in the year 2011-12 by 17.99% and
marginally increases to .34% in the year 2012-13, and
increases to 13.61% in the year 2013-14 and there
negative growth rate in the year 2014-15, 2016-17, 2018-
19 and 2019-20. The UK have to leave EU on 23rd
June
2016, despite the challenges and uncertainty by
containing Brexit process the UK remain a critical
market for export. The share in total export in the year
2010-11 was 2.90% which decreases to 2.79% in the
year 2019-20. In the period of study the annual growth
rate was fixed between 2 to 3%. The import which was
US $ 5390.8 million in the year 2010-11 increases to US
$ 6712.6 million in the year 2019-20. In the period
import increases by 1.27 times. Annual growth rate was
41.76% in the year 2011-12 and become negative by
29.49% in the year 2016-17 and after it was positive
growth rate by 31.15% and 57.31% in the year 2017-18
and 2018-19 and in the year 2019-20 negative growth
rate by 11.23%. The fluctuation was due to Brexit
process. The share in total import was 1.45% in the year
2010-11 and marginally decreases to 1.41% in the year
2019-20. The compound annual growth rate was 1.8%
and 2.21% of export and import respectively during the
study period.

4. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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Direction of Foreign Trade (Export) during the period from 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year
Germany U.K. U.S.A. Saudi Arabia U.A.E. P.R. China Hong Kong
Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR
2010-11
6745.3 7307.8 25286.6 4674.1 33770.3 15454.3 10323.9
2011-12
7925.6
17.4981
8623.0
17.9972
34737.9
37.3767
5677.5
21.4672
35947.0
6.4456
18293.8
18.3735
12911.8
25.0671
2012-13
7250.0
-8.5243
8652.5
0.34211
36164.6
4.10704
9785.9
72.3628
36359.6
1.1478
13558.7
-25.884
12295.2
-4.7755
2013-14
7530.6
3.87034
9830.7
13.6169
39120.5
8.17346
12208.5
24.756
30541.0
-16.003
15011.0
10.7112
12766.7
3.83483
2014-15
7535.8
0.06905
9351.7
-4.8725
42444.8
8.49759
11127.3
-8.8561
33012.9 8.0937
1
11966.7
-20.28
13594.0
6.48014
2015-16
7092.9
-5.8773
8828.5
-5.5947
40336.0
-4.9683
6381.5
-42.65
30316.5
-8.1677
9011.4
-24.696
12092.3
-11.047
2016-17
7181.6
1.25055
8530.1
-3.38
42212.3
4.65168
5110.3
-19.92
31175.5 2.8334
4
10171.9
12.8781
14047.2
16.1665
2017-18
8687.8
20.973
9691.1
13.6106
47878.5
13.4231
5410.7
5.87832
28146.1
-9.7172
13333.5
31.0817
14690.3
4.57814
2018-19
8902.4
2.47013
9309.3
-3.9397
52406.3
9.45685
5561.7
2.79077
30126.7 7.0368
5
16752.2
25.6399
13002.0
-11.493
2019-20
8290.7
-6.8712
8737.6
-6.1412
53084.0
1.29317
6236.9
12.1402
28853.5
-4.2262
16607.2
-0.8656
10967.0
-15.651
3. USA- The export to USA was US $ 25286.6 million
in the year 2010-11 and increases to US $ 53084 million
in the year 2019-20. In the period of 10 year export
increases by 2.09 times. The export double during the
period. The annual growth rate was positive in the year
2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 2014-15, 2016-17, 2017-18,
2018-19, 2019-20 and it was negative during the
remaining period. In the year 2015-16 export decreases
from US $ 42444.8 million to US $ 40336.00 million
due to fragile global demand and low commodity price.
The annual growth rate was 9.45% in the year 2018-19
and decreases to 1.29% in the year 2019-20 due to
termination of GSP (generalised system of preference )
in June 2019 consequently special duty treatment of
export to USA was removed which affected Indian’s
export oriented sector such as pharmaceuticals, textiles,
Agricultural product and Automobile parts. The share in
total export which was 10.06% in the year 2010-11in
increases to 16.93% in the year 2019-20, which show
that USA is a major trading partners in the terms of
export. The import from USA was US $ 20051.2 million
in the year 2010-11 increases to US $ 35662.5 million in
the year 2019-20. In the period import increases by 1.77
times. The annual growth rate was 22.06% in the year
2011-12 and 3.05% in the year 2012-13 and after that it
become negative for there years and after that there is
positive growth rate in the year 2016-17, 2017-18 and in
the year 2018-19 it increases 33.58% and in the year
2019-20 increase only by .31%. The share in total import
which was 3.42% in the year 2010-11 increases to 7.52%
in the year 2019-20. The compound annual growth rate
was 7.69% and 5.92% for export and import respectively
during the period.
Direction of Foreign Trade (Percentage of Share in Total Export) during the period from 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year
Germany U.K. U.S.A. Saudi Arabia U.A.E. P.R. China Hong Kong Total
Export
Value
Per.(
%)
Value
Per.(
%)
Value
Per.(
%)
Value
Per.(
%)
Value
Per.(
%)
Value
Per.(
%)
Value Per.( %)
2010-11
6745.3
2.68591
7307.8
2.9099
25286.6
10.0689
4674.1
1.86118
33770.3
13.447
15454.3
6.15375
10323.9
4.11088 251136.2
2011-12
7925.6
2.59037
8623.0
2.81831
34737.9
11.3536
5677.5
1.85561
35947.0
11.7488
18293.8
5.97907
12911.8
4.22004 305963.9
2012-13
7250.0
2.41344
8652.5
2.88032
36164.6
12.0388
9785.9
3.25762
36359.6
12.1037
13558.7
4.51354
12295.2
4.09293 300400.6
2013-14
7530.6
2.39511
9830.7
3.12666
39120.5
12.4423
12208.5
3.88292
30541.0
9.71357
15011.0
4.77425
12766.7
4.06045 314415.7
2014-15
7535.8
2.42815
9351.7
3.01326
42444.8
13.6763
11127.3
3.58538
33012.9
10.6372
11966.7
3.85585
13594.0
4.38019 310352.0
2015-16
7092.9
2.70421
8828.5
3.36592
40336.0
15.3783
6381.5
2.43298
30316.5
11.5583
9011.4
3.43565
12092.3
4.61026 262291.1
2016-17
7181.6
2.60342
8530.1
3.09227
42212.3
15.3025
5110.3
1.85255
31175.5
11.3015
10171.9
3.68744
14047.2
5.09229 275852.4
2017-18
8687.8
2.86229
9691.1
3.19284
47878.5
15.7741
5410.7
1.78261
28146.1
9.27304
13333.5
4.39287
14690.3
4.83988 303526.2
2018-19
8902.4
2.69706
9309.3
2.82033
52406.3
15.8769
5561.7
1.68496
30126.7
9.12714
16752.2
5.07522
13002.0
3.93907 330078.1
2019-20
8290.7
2.64761
8737.6
2.79033
53084.0
16.9522
6236.9
1.99174
28853.5
9.21429
16607.2
5.30347
10967.0
3.50228 313138.5

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4. Saudi Arbia- The total export to Saudi Arbia which
was US $ 4674.10 million in the year 2010-11 increases
to US $ 6236.9 million. In the year 2019-20. In the
period the export increases by 1.33 times. The annual
growth rate was 21.46% in the year 2011-12 and 72.36%
in the year 2013-14 and 24.75% in the year 2013-14 and
after that it became negative for counting three years and
become positive annual growth for the year 2017-18,
2018-19 and 2019-20 by 5.87% ,2.79% and 12.14%
respectively. Saudi Arbia ban has been imposed in May
2015 on import of green chill which decreases export. In
the study period the share in total export was between
1.5% to 4%. The import from Saudi Arbia was US $
20379.6 million in the year 2010-11, which in increase
to US $ 26857.4 million in the year 2019-20. In the
period import increases by 1.31 times. India has cut
crude oil import from Saudi Arbia which decrease the
import in the year 2014-15 and 2015-16 respectively. In
the year 2019-20 India cut the import of crude oil to get
higher discount which decreases the import.
5. UAE- The total export to UAE which was US $
33770.3 million in the year 2010-11 decrease to US $
28853.5 million in the year 2019-20. The share in total
export which was 13.44% in the year 2010-11 decreases
to 9.21% in the year 2019-20. The import from UAE
which was US $ 32729.3 million in the year 2010-11
was decreases to US $ 30285.6 million in the year 2019-
20. The fall in trade due to global slowdown, which
reflect in the year 2014 to 2016 in the year between
2016-17 to 2019-20 the annual growth rate was positive
for two year and negative for two year but Infront of
import there is a positive growth rate.
Direction of Foreign Trade (Import) during the period from 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year
Germany U.K. U.S.A. Saudi Arabia U.A.E. P.R. China Hong Kong
Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR Value AGR
2010-11
11881.7 5390.8 20051.2 20379.6 32729.3 43474.1 9399.2
2011-12
16296.0
37.1521
7642.1
41.7619
24475.4
22.0645
31164.6
52.9206
35708.7
9.10316
57592.2
32.4747
10583.2
12.5968
2012-13
14323.4
-12.105
6291.4
-17.674
25223.1
3.0549
33943.3
8.91621
39133.2
9.5901
52267.1
-9.2462
7908.5
-25.273
2013-14
12926.8
-9.7505
5957.3
-5.3104
22414.7
-11.134
36447.7
7.37819
28780.4
-26.455
51111.6
-2.2108
7290.2
-7.8182
2014-15
12786.0
-1.0892
5026.0
-15.633
21820.0
-2.6532
28003.0
-23.169
26106.0
-9.2924
60442.0
18.255
5575.0
-23.527
2015-16
12088.4
-5.456
5192.5
3.31277
21781.4
-0.1769
20321.3
-27.432
19445.7
-25.513
61708.0
2.09457
6051.7
8.55067
2016-17
11583.7
-4.1751
3665.0
-29.417
22307.4
2.4149
19972.4
-1.7169
21509.8
10.6147
61283.0
-0.6887
8204.2
35.5685
2017-18
13295.7
14.7794
4806.8
31.1542
26611.0
19.2923
22070.0
10.5025
21739.1
1.06603
76380.7
24.636
10676.0
30.1285
2018-19
15161.1
14.0301
7561.9
57.3167
35549.5
33.5895
28479.2
29.0403
29785.3
37.0126
70319.6
-7.9354
17987.0
68.4807
2019-20
13351.3
-11.937
6712.6
-11.231
35662.5
0.31787
26857.4
-5.6947
30255.6
1.57897
65259.4
-7.196
16935.3
-5.847
6. P.R. China- The export to China which was US $
15454.3 million in the year 2010-11 increases to US $
16607.2 million in the year 2019-20. In this period
export increases by 1.07 times. The share in total export
which 6.15% in the year 2010-11 decreases to 5.30% in
the year 2019-20. Import from China which was US $
43474.10 million in the year 2010-11 increases to US $
5259.4 million in the year 2019-20. In the period import
increases by 1.50 times. The share in total import which
was 11.75% in the year 2010-11 increases to 13.76% in
the year 2019-20. There is a mixed trend in Annual
growth of export in increases by 18.37% in the

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beginning after that decreases by 25.88%, 20.28%, and
decreases by .86%. In import increases by 32.47% in the
beginning and after that there is a negative trend and at
the end 2019-20 it decrease by 7.19%. The compound
annual growth rate was .72% and 4.44% for export and
import during the study period.
Direction of Foreign Trade (Percentage of Share in Total Import) during the period from 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year
Germany U.K. U.S.A. Saudi Arabia U.A.E. P.R. China Hong Kong Total
Import
Value Per.( %) Value Per.( %) Value Per.( %) Value Per.( %) Value Per.( %) Value Per.( %) Value Per.( %)
2010-11
11881.7
3.21328
5390.8
1.45788
20051.2
5.42263
20379.6
5.51144
32729.3
8.85128
43474.1
11.7571
9399.2
2.54191 369769.1
2011-12
16296.0
3.33034
7642.1
1.56178
24475.4
5.00193
31164.6
6.36897
35708.7
7.29762
57592.2
11.7699
10583.2
2.16284 489319.5
2012-13
14323.4
2.91876
6291.4
1.28203
25223.1
5.13984
33943.3
6.91681
39133.2
7.97438
52267.1
10.6507
7908.5
1.61156 490736.6
2013-14
12926.8
2.87126
5957.3
1.32322
22414.7
4.97868
36447.7
8.09565
28780.4
6.39261
51111.6
11.3527
7290.2
1.61928 450213.6
2014-15
12786.0
2.85381
5026.0
1.12179
21820.0
4.87017
28003.0
6.2502
26106.0
5.8268
60442.0
13.4905
5575.0
1.24433 448033.4
2015-16
12088.4
3.17274
5192.5
1.36283
21781.4
5.71679
20321.3
5.33357
19445.7
5.10375
61708.0
16.196
6051.7
1.58834 381007.8
2016-17
11583.7
3.01379
3665.0
0.95354
22307.4
5.80382
19972.4
5.19631
21509.8
5.59631
61283.0
15.9443
8204.2
2.13453 384357.0
2017-18
13295.7
2.85572
4806.8
1.03243
26611.0
5.71565
22070.0
4.74031
21739.1
4.66924
76380.7
16.4055
10676.0
2.29305 465581.0
2018-19
15161.1
2.94918
7561.9
1.47096
35549.5
6.91519
28479.2
5.53986
29785.3
5.79392
70319.6
13.6788
17987.0
3.49888 514078.4
2019-20
13351.3
2.81676
6712.6
1.41617
35662.5
7.52381
26857.4
5.66618
30255.6
6.3831
65259.4
13.7679
16935.3
3.57288 473995.2
7. Hongkong- Export to Hongkong which was US $
10329.9 million in the year 2010-11 increases to US $
10967 million in the year 2019-20. The share in total
export which was 4.11% in the year 2010-11 decreases
to 3.50% in the year 2019-20. The import which was US
$ 9329.2 million in the year 2010-11 increases to US $
16935.3 million in the year 2019-20. The share in total
import which was 2.54% in the year 2010-11 increases
to 3.57% in the year 2019-20.
VII. COMPOSITION OF FOREIGN
TRADE
Composition of trade means a study of goods of
export and import of a country. It about the commodities
of different categories of export and import like primary
product, manufactured goods etc. but now it has been
change in 31 major categories, for conveniences purpose
only that commodities has been taken which share 5% or
more in total export.
Gems and Jewellery- Total export of gem’s
and jewellery in the year 2010-11 was US $ 42314.3
million and in the year 2019-20 it decreases to US $
35891.7 million. In the year 2011-12 it increases to US $
46314.1 million by growth rate of 9.45%, after that there
is a negative trend continuously till the end of 2019-20.
The dealing trend was due to global economic
slowdown. The compound annual growth rate was
negative by 1.63% during the period.

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Composition of major export during the period from FY 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year
Gems & Jewellery
Drugs &
Pharmaceuticals
Organic & Inorganic
Chemicals
Engineering Goods Cotton Yarn etc. RMG of all Textiles Petroleum Prod.
Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG
2010-
11
42314.3 10460.8 8212.4 50278.9 7609.8
11614.
8
41480.
0
2011-
12
46314.1
9.452596
13150.5
25.7121826
11396.
4
38.77063952
59923.3
19.1818039
8987.9
18.10954296
13710.
7
18.04508041
56038.
5
35.09763742
2012-
13
43045.1 -
7.058326
14425.4
9.69468841
11477.
3
0.709873293
59165.5 -
1.264616602
9657.0
7.444453098
12948.
9
-
5.556244393
60865.
1
8.613007129
2013-
14
41379.4 -
3.869662
14944.2
3.59643407
12309.
9
7.254319396
64078.5
8.303825709
11090.4
14.84311898
14994.
2
15.79516407
63179.
4
3.802343215
2014-
15
41248.4 -
0.316583
15430.9
3.2567819
12472.
1
1.317638649
73114.6
14.10160974
10779.6 -
2.802423718
16836.
3
12.28541703
57042.
3
-
9.713767462
2015-
16
39284.3 -
4.761639
16909.5
9.58207234
11731.
3
-
5.939657315
61949.5 -
15.27068465
10119.4 -
6.124531523
16964.
4
0.760856008
30582.
6
-
46.38610294
2016-
17
43412.8
10.50929
16785.0
-0.7362725
12336.
1
5.155438869
67216.1
8.50144069
9862.2 -
2.541652667
17368.
2
2.380278701
31545.
3
3.147868396
2017-
18
41544.4
-4.3038
17282.8
2.96574322
15949.
5
29.29126709
78695.7
17.07864634
10260.4
4.037638661
16706.
9
-
3.807533308
37465.
1
18.76602854
2018-
19
40251.0 -
3.113296
19146.6
10.7841322
19222.
7
20.52227343
83621.6
6.259427135
11215.1
9.30470547
16138.
3
-3.40338423
46553.
6
24.25857665
2019-
20
35891.7 -
10.83029
20702.7
8.12729153
18723.
6
-
2.596409453
78688.4 -
5.899432682
10026.0 -
10.60266962
15487.
7
-
4.031403556
41163.
8
-
11.57762235
Drugs and Pharma- The export which was US
$ 10460.8 million in the year 2010-11 increases to US $
20702.2 million in the year 2019-20. The annual growth
rate 25.71% in the year 2011-12 and in the year 2012-13
it was 9.69% and in the year 2018-19 by 10.78% and in
the year 2019-20 by 8.12%. India mainly exports
drugs and pharmaceutical to United states, United
Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Brazil, Nederland, China,
UAE, Italy and Hongkong. The compound annual
growth rate was 7.06% during the period.
Organic and Inorganic Chemicals- The
export which was US $ 8212.4 million in the year 2010-
11 increases to 18723.6 million in the year 2019-20. In
this period it increases by 2.27 times. The annual growth
rate has increasing trend in different year but it become
negative in the year 2015-16, and after there is a
increasing trend of growth by 29.29% and 20.52% in the
year 2017-18 and 2018-19 and in the year 2019-20 it
declined by 2.5%. The compound annual growth rate
was 8.59% during the period.
Engineering Goods- The export of engineering
goods which was US $ 50278.9 million in the year 2010-
11 increases to US $ 78688.4 million in the year 2019-20
in this period increases by 1.56 times. In the period the
annual growth rate quite flaunting it increases by 19.18%
in the year 2011-12 but decrease by 15.27% in the year
2015-16 and at the end of 2019-20 it decrease by 5.89%
export of engineering goods from India declined in the
financial year 2019-20 due to global trade war between
China and USA and spread of global epidemic [Corona
Virus]also had a great impact on the export.
Cotton Yarn etc.- The export of cotton yearn
which was US $ 7609.8 million in the year 2010-11
increases to US $ 10026 million in the year 2019-20
which increases to 1.31 times during the period. Cotton
yarn export reached at peak in the year 2013-14 after
which it sharply declined. In the year 2019-20 it
decreases by 10.60% because of absence of incentives
which were given to the sector earlier. India also faced
duty challenges in export market Pakistan and
Bangladesh levy higher rate of duty on Indian yarn
which they enjoy duty free or concession duty asses in
India. India is lagging in cotton export to major market
due to a duty disadvantage vis-à-vis Bangladesh,
Vietnam and Pakistan. Countries like Bangladesh and
Vietnam enjoy duty free asses in world in largest cotton
yarn market such as China while Indian exporter have to
pay duty.
RMG of the Textiles – The export of RMG of
all textiles which was US $ 11614.8 million in the year
2010-11. Increases to 15487.7 million in the year 2019-
20. In the period the export increases by 1.33 times. The
annual growth rate having of fluctuation trend and
increases by 18.04%, 15.15%, 12.28% in the year 2011-
12, 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively and decreases by
3.80%, 3.40% and 4.03% in the .
Petroleum Product- The export which was US
$ 41180 million in the year 2010-11 decrease to US $
41163.8 million in the year 2019-20 largest export
destination for India’s petroleum product include
Singapore, UAE, Netherland, Malysia, USA, Israel and
Nepal. In the year 2015-16 export decrees by 46.38%
due to global demand slowdown and fall in the crude oil

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price. In the year 2019-20 export decrease by 11.57%
due to rise to domestic demand coupled with a mega-
militance-led refinery slowdown slated for 2019.
VIII. COMPOSITION OF IMPORT
Table include 12 major items out of 31 import
items but for convenience purpose we taken 12 items
which has major contribution in total import.
Vegetable Oil- The import almost double during the
period which was US$ 5688.9 million in the year 2010-
11 increases to US $ 9672.9 million is the financial year
2019-20. The countries need 95 million tonnes of edible
oil to meet its requirements but India produced 10.50
million tonnes and import remain requirements. At
present crude palm is freely imported which refined
palm oil and palm alien have been put under the
restricted category for import since 8th
January 2020.
Which declined the import of vegetable oil in the year
2019-20 by 2.19%.
Coal and Coke of Briquette etc.- The Coal,
Coke and briquette etc which was US $ 980.4% million
in the year 2010-11 increases to 22455.10 million in the
year 2019-20. In the period import increases by 2.5
times. The annual growth rate was 45.31 in the year
2017-18 by importing US $ 22901.2 million value of
coal, coke and in the year 2018-19 increase by 14.30%
and decreases by 14.22% in the year 2019-20. The sharp
declined in the import volume was due to significant fall
in thermal coal import amid firm prices and higher
freight rates in the international market.
Composition of major Import during the period from FY 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year
Vagetable Oil
Coal, Coke
&Briquetters, etc.
Petroleum, Crude &
Products
Organic & Inorganic
Chemicals
Chemical Material &
Products
Pearls, Precious & Semi-
precious Stones
Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG
2010-11
5688.8 9804.1
105964.
4
13464.
1
3823.
5
33829.
7
2011-12
8119.1
42.72078
17443.
9 77.9245418
154967.
6 46.24496529
16717.
5 24.16351631
4549.
4 18.98522296
28039.
6 -17.11543407
2012-13
9844.1
21.2462
17007.
7 -2.5005876
164040.
6 5.854772223
16787.
0 0.415732017
4861.
5 6.860245307
22637.
1 -19.26739326
2013-14
7278.8
-26.05926
16384.
8 -3.6624588
164770.
3 0.444828902
17464.
5 4.035861083
4877.
9 0.337344441
23849.
3 5.354926205
2014-15
10613.3
45.81112
17811.
6 8.70807089
138324.
7 -16.04997988
18561.
0 6.278450571
5303.
1 8.716865864
22564.
6 -5.386740911
2015-16
10492.1
-1.141963
13667.
6 -23.265737
82944.5
-40.03637817
16586.
4 -10.63843543
5151.
8 -2.853048217
20069.
9 -11.05581309
2016-17
10892.7
3.818111
15759.
9 15.3084667
86963.8
4.845770365
16598.
4 0.07234843
5375.
1 4.334407392
23808.
6 18.62839376
2017-18
11637.5
6.837607
22901.
2 45.3131048
108658.
7 24.94704693
20631.
5 24.29812512
6663.
4 23.96792618
34278.
9 43.97696631
2018-19
9890.3
-15.01353
26177.
8 14.3075472
140920.
6 29.69104177
23827.
7 15.49184499
7707.
6 15.67067863
27075.
7 -21.01350977
2019-20
9672.9
-2.198113
22455.
1 -14.220828
130531.
9 -7.372023679
20617.
2 -13.47381409
7643.
2 -0.835538949
22458.
8 -17.05182137
Composition of major Import during the period from FY 2010-11 to 2019-20
(US $ million)
Year
Iron & Steel Non-ferrous metals
Machinery, electrical &
non-electrical
Transport equipment Electronic Goods Gold
Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG Value AG
2010-11
14598.8 6539.3 26128.8 14900.7 27939.1 40546.9
2011-12
18254.7
25.04247
8407.2
28.5642194
33099.2
26.67707664
18724.7
25.66322388
34081.1
21.98352846
56319.8
38.90038449
2012-13
17700.8
-3.034287
9038.1
7.50428204
30764.5
-7.053644801
21288.9
13.69421139
32906.2
-3.447365255
53694.8
-4.660883029
2013-14
12658.6
-28.48572
8856.8
-2.0059526
27091.4
-11.93941068
19323.9
-9.230162197
32378.4
-1.603953054
28704.7
-46.54100583
2014-15
16314.5
28.88076
10748.2
21.3553428
28004.7
3.371180522
18402.7
-4.767153628
36872.0
13.87838806
34407.2
19.86608465
2015-16
14977.5
-8.195164
9726.1
-9.5094993
29436.1
5.111284891
18227.8
-0.950404017
40021.9
8.542796702
31770.7
-7.662640378
2016-17
11683.0
-21.99633
9868.8
1.46718623
28445.8
-3.364236431
22687.7
24.46757151
41930.4
4.76863917
27518.0
-13.38560372
2017-18
14617.6
25.11855
12811.7
29.8202416
34258.8
20.43535425
22732.5
0.197463824
51540.9
22.92012478
33657.2
22.30976088
2018-19
17656.7
20.79069
14733.0
14.9964486
39758.7
16.05397737
24775.8
8.988452656
55471.0
7.625206389
32910.1
-2.219733073
2019-20
15369.5
-12.95372
13138.7
-10.821286
39568.2
-0.479140415
24568.9
-0.835089079
52526.7
-5.3078185
28229.7
-14.22177386
Petroleum, Crude & Products- The import in
the financial year 2010-11 was US $ 105964.4 million
which was increased to US $ 130531.9 million in the
year 2019-20. In the year 2015-16 import declined by
40.03% because of global oil price slumped to multi year
low. India presently import 89.2% of there domestic

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requirements. In the year 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18
and 2018-19 it increases because of increasing in
domestic requirements. In the year 2019-20 it sharply
decreases by 7.3% because collapse of global oil price
in the last quarter of 2019-20, helped country reduce its
oil import bill.
Organic and Inorganic Chemical- The import
which was 13464.10 million in the year 2010-11.
Increases to US $ 20617.2 million in the year 2019-20 in
the period import increases by 1.53 times. The import
increases to 23827.7 million in the year 2018-19 by
annual growth of 15.49% after trend in the year 2019-20
decreases to 20617.2 by declining 13.47%.
Chemical Material and Product- The import
was US$ 3823.5 million in the year 2010-11 increases to
US $ 7643.2 million in the year 2019-20. In the period
import increases by 1.99 times. The import increases by
23.96% and 15.67% in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19
and decreases by .83% in the year 2019-20. China alone
account 2/5 of India’s chemical product import which
are mostly used in making finished product for both
domestic consumption and expert. Due to tension with
China, import marginally decrease in the year 2019-20.
Pearls, Preiss and Precious Stone-The import which
was US $ 33829.7 million in the year 2010-11 decreases
to US $ 22458.8 million in the year 2019-20. The import
continuously decreases for year and increases to 34278.1
million in the year 2017-18 after it decreases by 21.10%
and 17.04% in the year 2018-19 and 2019-20. The
import increases because of rising demand for Pearls and
precious stone even the gold.
Iron and Steel- The import which was 14598.8
million in the year 2010-11 increases to US $ 15369.9
million in the year 2019-20. Import increases by 25.11%
in the year 2017-18 and by 20.79% in the year 2018-19
and decrease by 12.95% in the year 2019-20.
Non Ferrous metal- The import which was US
$ 6539.3 million in the year 2010-11 increase to US $
13138.7 million in the year 2019-20. The import double
during the period. The import increases in the year 2017-
18 and 2018-19 by annual growth of 29.82% and 14.99
respectively and in the year 2019-20 it decreases by
10.82%.
Machinery, Electrical and Non-Electrical-
The import which was 26128.8 million in the year 2010-
11 increase to 39568.2 million in the year 2019-20. In
the period import increase by 1.51 times. The growth
was tremendous during the period 2017-18 and 2018-19
by 20.43% and 16.05% respectively and slightly in the
year 2019-20 by .479%.
Transport Equipment- The import which was
US $ 14900.7 million in the year 2010-11 increase to
24568.9 million in the year 2019-20. In the period
import increase by 1.54 times. The import was in peak in
the year 2018-19 by importing 24775.8 million value
and slightly decreases by .80% in the year 2019-20.
Electronic Goods- The import which was US $
27939.10 million in the year 2010-11 increase to
52526.9 million in the year 2019-20. In the period
import increase by 1.88 times. The import was
continuously increase from 2014-15 to 2018-19, by
annual growth rate of 13.87%, 8.54%, 4.76% 22.92%
and 7.62% respectively, but in the year 2019-20 it
decrease by 3.30% due to Corona pandemic.
Gold- The import which was US $ 40546.9
million in the year 2010-11 decrease to 28279.10 million
in the year 2019-20 is import continuously decrease in
the period except in the year 2017-18, where it was
increase by 22.30% and after it decrease by 2.21% and
14.22% in the year 2018-19 and 2019-20, consumption
in India stumbled as received high local price curbed
demand and lockdown to control the virus fever threat
due to virus related curbs also kept a lid on import.
IX. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
India used to be protealjotional state for a long
tire but the country has become progressively more open
to international trade. The value of export decrease by
5.13% in the year 2019-20 way the import decrease by
7.7% in the year 2019-20. The unpresented fall in value
of import and export in 2020 due to global economic
crisis following the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic.
The Indian export mainly depend upon USA, UA, Saudi
Ariba, China and Hongkong. The country has recently
signed free trade agreement with South Koria and Asian
and has entered agreement with several parts, which
boost the export in near future. Indian mainly export
petroleum product, Jems and Jewllery, engireing goods,
cotton yearn etc and import vegetable oil, crude oil, Iron
and steel, machinery, Transport Equipment etc. India can
increase the export by understanding of dynamic global
trend and little investment in market research and
product development. Exporter should focus their
attention on leveraging the provision of free trade
agreement and most importantly seize opportunities
which are present in the market.
REFRENCES
[1] Dr. Suchi Gupta. (2019). An analysis of Indian
foreign trade in present era. International Journal of
Engineering and Management Research, 9(2), 1-8.
[2] PHD Chamber. (2014). Structural changes in
Indian’s direction of foreign trade. Available at:
https://www.phdcci.in/wp-
content/uploads/2018/11/Structural-Changes-in-Indias-
Direction-of-Foreign-Trade.pdf.
[3] Different Issue of Indian Economic and Political
Overview.
[4] Reserve Bank of India Statistics.
[5] The Ministry of Finance, Government of India Union
Budget and Economic Survey 2020.
[6] Foreign Trade Policy. (01/04/2015 – 31/03/2020)
Government of India Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Department of Commerce.