LITERATURE REVIEW RESOURCES 1
LITERATURE REVIEW RESOURCES 10
Literature Review Resources
Student A. Sample
Grand Canyon University: RES-811
<Date>
<Note: Even though APA does not require the
date on a title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.>
PSY-830 Literature Review Resources
Number
Article Information
Added to RefWorks? (Y or N)
1.
Reference Information
Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Understanding the Workplace
Y
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswss&AN=000347729700002&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation
Morris, S. B., Daisley, R. L., Wheeler, M., & Boyer, P. (2015). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Individual Assessments and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 5-20. doi: 10.1037/a0036938.
In this examined scholarly journal research article, the authors Morris, S. B., Daisley, R. L., Wheeler, M., & Boyer, P.; analyzes the related validity criterion used in individual assessment. They defined individual assessments as a process used in selecting employees, and involving the utilization of different assessment methods, administered on each candidate interviewed, and using such assessment to evaluate, judge, and determine a candidate’s overall suitability for a position. The authors determined that the recommendations of the assessor are reliable enough to predict work performances; however, they mutually agree that the results must be characterized, explained and interpreted in a cautious manner, due to the fact that a relative small number of studies have been conducted and to take into consideration the possibilities of publication biases.
2.
Reference Information
In Support of Personality Assessment in Organizational Settings
Y
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2007-18089-008&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation
Ones, D. S., Dilchert, S., Viswesvaran, C., & Judge, T. A. (2007). In support of personality assessment in organizational settings. Personnel Psychology, 60(4), 995-1027. 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00099.x
The authors, Ones, D. S., Dilchert, S., Viswesvaran, C., & Judge, T. A. in this scholarly journal research article examined the idea of using personality tests for employees’ selection purposes. They used various meta-analyses including those used by Morgeson et al. (2007), such as the optimum and unit-weighted different correlations among the Big Five personality dimensions and behaviors in organizations, including job performance; (b) generalized variable relationships of Conscientiousness and its surfaces such as dependability and cautiousness achievement orientation; (c) the validity of compound personality measures; and (d) the validity of incremental personality measures versus cognitive ...
1. LITERATURE REVIEW RESOURCES
1
LITERATURE REVIEW RESOURCES 10
Literature Review Resources
Student A. Sample
Grand Canyon University: RES-811
<Date>
<Note: Even though APA does not require the
date on a title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.>
PSY-830 Literature Review Resources
Number
Article Information
Added to RefWorks? (Y or N)
1.
2. Reference Information
Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Understanding the
Workplace
Y
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswss&AN=00
0347729700002&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation
Morris, S. B., Daisley, R. L., Wheeler, M., & Boyer, P.
(2015). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between
Individual Assessments and Job Performance. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 100(1), 5-20. doi: 10.1037/a0036938.
In this examined scholarly journal research article, the authors
Morris, S. B., Daisley, R. L., Wheeler, M., & Boyer, P.;
analyzes the related validity criterion used in individual
assessment. They defined individual assessments as a process
used in selecting employees, and involving the utilization of
different assessment methods, administered on each candidate
interviewed, and using such assessment to evaluate, judge, and
determine a candidate’s overall suitability for a position. The
authors determined that the recommendations of the assessor are
reliable enough to predict work performances; however, they
mutually agree that the results must be characterized, explained
and interpreted in a cautious manner, due to the fact that a
relative small number of studies have been conducted and to
take into consideration the possibilities of publication biases.
2.
Reference Information
In Support of Personality Assessment in Organizational Settings
Y
3. Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2007
-18089-008&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation
Ones, D. S., Dilchert, S., Viswesvaran, C., & Judge, T. A.
(2007). In support of personality assessment in organizational
settings. Personnel Psychology, 60(4), 995-1027.
10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00099.x
The authors, Ones, D. S., Dilchert, S., Viswesvaran, C., &
Judge, T. A. in this scholarly journal research article examined
the idea of using personality tests for employees’ selection
purposes. They used various meta-analyses including those used
by Morgeson et al. (2007), such as the optimum and unit-
weighted different correlations among the Big Five personality
dimensions and behaviors in organizations, including job
performance; (b) generalized variable relationships of
Conscientiousness and its surfaces such as dependability and
cautiousness achievement orientation; (c) the validity of
compound personality measures; and (d) the validity of
incremental personality measures versus cognitive ability. The
authors concluded that it is counterproductive to write off all
the areas of expertise of individual differences as it relates to
personality with reference to staff selection and organizational
decision making for the science and practice of I-O psychology.
3.
Reference Information
Standards for Organizational Consultation Assessment and
Evaluation Instruments
Y
4. Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hch&AN=93081
77189&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation
Cooper, S. E., & O'Connor Jr., R. (1993). Standards for
organizational consultation assessment and evaluation
instruments. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(6), 651-
660.
The authors addressed the major quantitative and qualitative
psychometric guidelines for managerial/directio nal and
organizational deliberation and consultation assessment as well
as evaluation instruments. They also reviewed a framework of
several current sampling questions as well as possible
implications of the instrument used by practitioners and
suggested that further research and assessments that focuses on
compliance, performance, design, adequacy, efficiency,
management, intervention, and impact should be conducted.
4.
Reference Information
Do you understand why stars twinkle? Would you rather read
than watch TV? Do you trust data more than your instincts?
N
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=103175128&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Annotation
5. Gray, E., & Nathan, G. (2015). Do you understand why stars
twinkle? would you rather read than watch TV? do you trust
data more than your instincts? (cover story). Time, 185(23), 40-
46.
In this article, Gray, E., & Nathan, G. (2015), discusses
personality tests and various similar questions relating to job
applicants’ requirements of answers so as to get selected in the
2015 era of increased hiring. They also analyzed employment
qualifications and interview criteria, in addition to efforts of
combating the staff turnover rates and efforts at increasing labor
productivity in the US. The authors made references to Hogan
Personality Inventory test and the Prophecy Behavioral
Personality Assessment in addition to executive Andy Biga and
the monitoring of workers' temperaments.
5.
Reference Information
Employability and Career Success: Bridging the Gap Between
Theory and Reality.
Y
Link
http://www.drtomascp.com/uploads/PIOP_final_employability.p
df
Annotation
Hogan, R., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Kaiser, R. B. (2013).
Employability and career success: Bridging the gap between
theory and reality. Industrial & Organizational Psychology,
6(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1111/iops.12001.
These authors of this article review the prevalence in the
commonly accepted research mental outlook towards
employability, and the study towards career achievement,
6. wherein the believes of psychologist is driven by cognitive
potentials, personality, and educational success. In addition, the
article examines the needs of employees’ in their workplaces,
which features the major gains in social skills that supports the
drives in determining the level of employability. They also
analyzed the rationale behind unemployment and came to the
conclusion that financial instability and other associated mental
characteristics in conjunction with employability are essential
parts of the difficulty that leads joblessness. The authors
establish that industrial-organizational psychologist must be
independently paired so as to contribute to preparation of
explanations that supports employability.
6.
Reference Information
The Importance of Ability and Effort in Recruiters' Hirability
Decisions: An Empirical Examination of Attribution Theory
N
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db =a9h&AN=83512
570&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation
Carless, S., & Waterworth, R. (2012). The importance of ability
and effort in recruiters' hirability decisions: An empirical
examination of attribution theory. Australian Psychologist,
47(4), 232-237. 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011. 00038.x
These authors analyzed Weiner's attribution theory in
determining the attributions that recruiters utilize during
interviews and selection processes as well as final hiring
decisions. They used a quasi-experimental design to determine
at which level of ability (either high or low) as well as effort
(high or low) was manipulated. They analyzed the extent at
7. which there were manipulations using three outcomes that
includes: (1) beliefs and predictions of employees’ future job
performances, (2) anticipated level of employees’ responsibility
for lack of success and deficiencies, and (3) hiring
recommendations. Their findings compatible to that of the
attribution theory wherein recruiters discovered the
dissimilarities in the element and explanations of prior work
outcomes provided by job applicants that later affected their
expectations of future performances on the job, responsibility in
lack of success, and recommendations to hire.
7.
Reference Information
The Structured Employment Interview: Narrative and
Quantitative Review of the Research Literature.
Y
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=94280024&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Annotation
Levashina, J., Hartwell, C., Morgeson, F., & Campion, M.
(2014). The structured employment interview: Narrative and
quantitative review of the research literature. Personnel
Psychology, 67, 241-293. doi: 10.1111/peps.12052
This article investigated the common argument
regarding employment structure that has grown for over two
decades. It analyzed a complied and well-structured devised
plan of empirical research. The authors Levashina, J., Hartwell,
C., Morgeson, F., & Campion, M. (2014) focus their attention
and argument on a few major subjects that have been the f focal
8. point on (a) the characterization of structure; (b) decreasing
team disparities in dialogue ratings via structure; (c) impact
organization in thoughtful reflection dialogues; (d) measurable
personality through designed interviews; (e) contradicting
situational analysis as opposing to past-behavior questions; (f)
developing rating scales; (g) follow-up, and explanation on
question; and (h) responses to structure. Each of this topic was
used to evaluate and augment methods of meta-analysis, content
analysis, and primary studies. In particular, the authors
concluded that interviewees used multiple unwritten approaches
such as assertive tactics to vigorously communicate positive
images.
8.
Reference Information
Increasing Performance Appraisal Effectiveness: Matching Task
Types, Appraisal Process, and Rater Training
Y
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4278235&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Annotation
Lee, C. (1985). Increasing performance appraisal effectiveness:
Matching task types, appraisal process, and rater
training. Academy of Management Review, 10, 322-331.
This research study proposes a performance appraisal technique
that focuses on fitting ratee task characteristics. The author’s
approach comprises of systems that are designed with dealing
with tasks that consists of both suitability of predictable and
genuine performance measures and knowledge of the change
management process, either high or low, but designed to boost
9. and develop the connection between accuracy in observations
and accuracy in performance ratings as well as improving
ratees' future performances. The author also examine types of
task and performance appraisal techniques, including strategies
used in training raters to expand observational accuracy.
9.
Reference Information
Overlooking Overkill? Beyond the 1-to-5 Rating Scale
Y
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=18585626&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Annotation
Kaiser, R. B., & Kaplan, R. (2005). Overlooking overkill?
Beyond the 1-to-5 rating scale. Human Resource Planning,
28(3), 7-11.
The authors of this scholarly article discuss the techniques used
for measuring performance in organizations. Their selected
choice is the behavioral rating scale, and the commonly used
one is the frequency type of response scale. This format
requires that raters demonstrate how frequent a manager or
leader exhibits specific type of behavior. Another type of
response scale that is used is the evaluation type, wherein the
rater is asked to determine the effectiveness of the manager’s
performance including his or her behavior, role, or function as
described in the survey item. The authors concluded that the
major difference between frequency and evaluation response
scales is that frequency engages raters to describe performance
while evaluation response requires that raters determine the
10. quality of performance.
10.
Reference Information
The Relative Importance of Task and Contextual Performance
Dimensions to Supervisor Judgments of Overall Performance
N
Link
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=12128489&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Annotation
Johnson, J. W. (2001). The relative importance of task and
contextual performance dimensions to supervisor judgments of
overall performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 984-
996.
In this article, the author argues that while evidence backs and
upholds the exclusive inputs of task and contextual
performances to overall evaluations, there is however, limited
information available on the contributions that unique
dimensions of contextual performance make to the general
performance judgments. The article also analyzed and evaluated
the scope and length that supervisors will go to determine task
and contextual performances through the use of relative weights
to statistically interpret the comparative significance of di stinct
dimensions of all the types of performance to the general
performance ratings.
11. References
Carless, S., & Waterworth, R. (2012). The importance of ability
and effort in recruiters' hirability decisions: An empirical
examination of attribution theory. Australian Psychologist,
47(4), 232-237. 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011. 00038.x Retrieved
from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=83512
570&site=eds-live&scope=site
Cooper, S. E., & O'Connor Jr., R. (1993). Standards for
organizational consultation assessment and evaluation
instruments. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(6), 651-
660. Retrieved from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hch&AN=93081
77189&site=eds-live&scope=site
Gray, E., & Nathan, G. (2015). Do you understand why stars
twinkle? would you rather read than watch TV? do you trust
data more than your instincts? (cover story). Time, 185(23), 40-
46. Retrieved from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=103175128&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Hogan, R., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Kaiser, R. B. (2013).
Employability and career success: Bridging the gap between
theory and reality. Industrial & Organizational Psychology,
6(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1111/iops.12001. Retrieved from
http://www.drtomascp.com/uploads/PIOP_final_employability.p
df
Johnson, J. W. (2001). The relative importance of task and
contextual performance dimensions to supervisor judgments of
overall performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 984-
996. Retrieved from
12. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=12128489&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Kaiser, R. B., & Kaplan, R. (2005). Overlooking overkill?
Beyond the 1-to-5 rating scale. Human Resource Planning,
28(3), 7-11. Retrieved from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=18585626&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Lee, C. (1985). Increasing performance appraisal effectiveness:
Matching task types, appraisal process, and rater training.
Academy of Management Review, 10, 322-331. Retrieved from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4278235&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Levashina, J., Hartwell, C., Morgeson, F., & Campion, M.
(2014). The structured employment interview: Narrative and
quantitative review of the research literature. Personnel
Psychology, 67, 241-293. doi: 10.1111/peps.12052. Retrieved
from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=94280024&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Morris, S. B., Daisley, R. L., Wheeler, M., & Boyer, P.
(2015). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between
Individual Assessments and Job Performance. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 100(1), 5-20. doi: 10.1037/a0036938.
Retrieved
fromhttps://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost
.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswss&A
N=000347729700002&site=eds-live&scope=site
Ones, D. S., Dilchert, S., Viswesvaran, C., & Judge, T. A.
(2007). In support of personality assessment in organizational
settings. Personnel Psychology, 60(4), 995-1027.
10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00099.x Retrieved
fromhttps://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost
16. Job-related
Stress
Puzzle questions
7-5
4-
In unstructured (or nondirective) interviews, the manager
follows no set format. In structured (or directive) interviews,
the employer lists the questions ahead of time. He or she also
may even list and score possible answers for appropriateness.
Structured interviews are generally superior. In structured
interviews, all interviewers generally ask all applicants the
same questions. It’s clear the courts will look at whether the
interview process is structured and consistently applied.
In a situational interview, you ask the candidate what his or her
behavior would be in a given situation. Behavioral interviews
ask applicants to describe how they reacted to actual situations
in the past. In a job-related interview, the applicants answer
questions about relevant past experiences. In stress interviews,
the applicant is made uncomfortable by a series of often rude
questions. This technique helps identify hypersensitive
applicants and those with low or high stress tolerance. Puzzle
questions are popular. Recruiters like to use them to see how
candidates think under pressure.
22. Perhaps the most consistent finding is that interviewers tend to
jump to conclusions—make snap during the first few minutes of
the interview. Sometimes this occurs before the interview starts,
based on test scores or résumé data.
Interviewers may not have an accurate picture of the job
requirements and what sort of candidate is best suited for it. If
that’s the case, they may make their decisions based on
incorrect impressions or stereotypes of what a good applicant is.
Candidate-order error means the order in which you see
applicants affects how you rate them. There is some indication
that the effects of primacy (who you interviewed first) or
recency (most recently interviewed) can impact your decisions.
The applicant’s nonverbal behavior can also have a surprisingly
large impact on his or her rating. Interviewers infer your
personality from your nonverbal behaviors in the interview.
Clever candidates capitalize on non-verbal behavior and
impression management. One study found that some used
ingratiation to persuade interviewers to like them. Psychologists
call using techniques like ingratiation and self-promotion
“impression management.”
Unfortunately, physical attributes such as applicants’
attractiveness, gender, disability, or race also may distort an
interviewer’s assessments.
Interviewers may make numerous mistakes such as:
Having favorable pre-interview impressions
Playing district attorney or amateur psychologist
27. How to Conduct an Effective Interview
Know the job
Structure the interview
Get organized
Establish rapport
Ask questions
Take brief notes
Close the interview
Review the interview
7-17
4-
Step 1: First, make sure you know the job. Do not start the
interview unless you understand the
job’s duties and what human skills you’re looking for. Study the
job description.
Step 2: Structure the interview. Any structuring is better than
none. If pressed for time, you can
still do several things to ask more consistent and job-relevant
questions, without developing
a full-blown structured interview. They include:
• Base questions on actual job duties. This will minimize
irrelevant questions.
• Use job knowledge, situational, or behavioral questions, and
28. know enough about the
job to be able to evaluate the interviewee’s answers. Questions
that simply ask for
opinions and attitudes, goals and aspirations, and self-
descriptions and self-evaluations
allow candidates to present themselves in an overly favorable
manner or avoid revealing
weaknesses. Figure 7-2 illustrates structured questions.
• Use the same questions with all candidates. This improves
reliability. It also reduces bias
by giving all candidates the same opportunity.
• Perhaps use descriptive rating scales (excellent, fair, poor) to
rate answers. For each
question, if possible, have several ideal answers and a score for
each. Then rate each
candidate’s answers against this scale.
• If possible, use a standardized interview form.
Step 3: Get organized. Hold the interview in a private room to
minimize interruptions (including
text messages). Prior to the interview, review the candidate’s
application and résumé. Note
any areas that are vague or that may indicate strengths or
weaknesses.
Step 4: Establish rapport. The main reason for the interview is
to find out about the applicant.
Start by putting the person at ease. Greet the candidate and start
the interview by asking a
noncontroversial question, perhaps about the weather that day.
Step 5: Ask questions. Try to follow the situational, behavioral,
and job knowledge questions
29. you wrote out ahead of time. You’ll find a sampling of other
technical questions (such as
“What did you most enjoy about your last job?”) in Figure 7-3.
As a rule,
Don’t telegraph the desired answer.
Don’t interrogate the applicant as if the person is on trial.
Don’t monopolize the interview, nor let the applicant do so.
Do ask open-ended questions.
Do encourage the applicant to express thoughts fully.
Do draw out the applicant’s opinions and feelings by repeating
the person’s last comment
as a question (e.g., “You didn’t like your last job?”).
Do ask for examples.
Do ask, “If I were to arrange for an interview with your boss,
what would he or she say
are your strengths, weaker points, and overall performance?
Step 6: Take brief, unobtrusive notes during the interview.
Doing so may help avoid
Making a snap decision early in the interview, and may also
help jog your memory once
the interview is complete. Take notes, jotting down just the key
points of what the
Interviewee says.
Step 7: Close the interview. Leave time to answer any questions
the candidate may have and,
if appropriate, to advocate your firm to the candidate.
Try to end the interview on a positive note. Tell the applicant
whether there is any interest
and, if so, what the next step will be. Make rejections
diplomatically—“Although your
background is impressive, there are other candidates whose
experience is closer to our
requirements.” Remember, as one recruiter says, “An interview
34. Issues to Consider with the Written Offer
A job offer letter has the:
Welcome sentence
Pay information
Benefits information
Paid leave information
Terms of employment
7-22
4-
There are several issues to consider with the written offer.
Perhaps most important, understand
the difference between a job offer letter and a contract. In a job
offer letter, the employer
lists the offer’s basic information. This typically starts with a
welcome sentence. It then includes
job-specific information (such as details on salary and pay),
benefits information, paid leave
information, and terms of employment (including, for instance,
successful completion of job
testing and physical exams).
There should be a strong statement that the employment
relationship is “at will.” There is then
a closing statement. This again welcomes the employee,
mentions who the employer’s point
person is if any questions arise, and instructs the candidate to
sign the letter of offer if it is
Acceptable.
22
37. The New Interviewing Program
The Hotel Paris’s competitive strategy is “To use superior guest
service to differentiate the Hotel Paris properties, and to
thereby increase the length of stay and return rate of guests, and
thus boost revenues and profitability.” HR manager Lisa Cruz
must now formulate functional policies and activities that
support this competitive strategy, by eliciting the required
employee behaviors and competencies.
Lisa receives budgetary approval to design a new employee
interview system. She and her team start by reviewing the job
descriptions and job specifications for the positions of front-
desk clerk, assistant manager, security guard, car hop/door
person, and housekeeper. Focusing on developing structured
interviews for each position, the team sets about devising
interview questions.
For example, for the front-desk clerk and assistant manager,
they formulate several behavioral questions, including, “Tell me
about a time when you had to deal with an irate person, and
what you did.” And, “Tell me about a time when you had to deal
with several conflicting demands at once, such as having to
study for several final exams at the same time, while working.
How did you handle the situation?”
They also developed a number of situational questions,
including “Suppose you have a very pushy incoming guest who
insists on being checked in at once, while at the same time
you’re trying to process the check-out for another guest who
must be at the airport in 10 minutes. How would you handle the
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50. 4-
The Training Program That Turned Macy’s Around
For about 6 years after buying May Department Stores Co.,
Macy’s Inc. was in a consolidation/cost-cutting mode. During
these years, Macy’s customer service suffered. Many sales
associates weren’t providing the level of service that customers
wanted. The question was, what should Macy’s do about it now?
Macy’s top management turned to a new strategy. As its CEO
said, “We are [now] talking about a cultural shift . . . becoming
more of a growth company.”
However, Macy’s top management knew that growth would not
occur without a big improvement in how its sales associates
treated customers. To produce the improved customer service
Macy’s needed to achieve its new strategy, Macy’s installed a
new training program. Rather than just watching a 90-minute
interactive video as they previously did, sales associates now
attended 3 ½-hour training sessions aimed at cultivating higher
levels of customer service.
Macy’s management believed the training program and resulting
customer service improvement would be the biggest factor in
driving their company’s sales growth. And indeed, same store
sales rose 5.3% in 2011, 3.7% in 2012, and about 3.5% in 2013,
well above many competitors’.
Discussion Question: Show in outline form the strategy map
steps that you think would explain how training produced
53. 4-
Performance analysis is the process of verifying that there is a
performance deficiency and determining whether the employer
should correct such deficiencies. This can be done by comparing
the person’s actual performance to what it should be.
Most training is focused on improving current performance.
Analyzing current employee needs is more complex than the
new employee needs. You also must decide whether training is
the solution to the underlying problem or is it just convenient to
refer the employee to a program.
A task analysis can be used to determine the training needs of
new employees. A task analysis record form also can be used
for tracking purposes.
Best talent management practice suggests using the same set of
job-related competencies for training the employee as for
recruiting, selecting, appraising, and paying him or her. We saw
that doing so often begins with summarizing the job’s required
human competencies (required skills, knowledge, and behaviors
such as leadership) in a competency model. The biggest issue is
to figure out what is causing reduced performance. Can the
person perform or are they unwilling to do so? If the problem is
employee motivation then training is unlikely to fix this.
For underperforming current employees, you can’t assume that
training is the solution. In other words, is it lack of training, or
something else? Performance analysis is the process of
66. Vestibule training
8-29
4-
Many jobs (or parts of jobs) consist of a sequence of steps that
one best learns step-by-step. Such step-by-step training is called
job instruction training.
Lecturing is a quick and simple way to present knowledge to
large groups of trainees, as when the sales force needs to learn a
new product’s features.
Whether the medium is a textbook, PC, or the Internet,
programmed learning is a step-by-step, self-learning method. It
consists of three parts:
1. Presenting questions, facts, or problems to the learner
2. Allowing the person to respond
3. Providing feedback on the accuracy of answers, with
instructions on what to do next
Behavior modeling involves (1) showing trainees the right (or
“model”) way of doing something, (2) letting trainees practice
that way, and then (3) giving feedback on the trainees’
performance.
Behavior modeling training is one of the most widely used,
well-researched, and highly regarded psychologically based
training interventions.
70. By one estimate, about 39 million people in the United States
have learning disabilities. Employers often turn to private firms
to provide the requisite education.
Teamwork is not something that always comes naturally.
Companies therefore devote many hours to training new
employees to listen to each other and cooperate.
Trainers increasingly employ Internet-based learning to deliver
programs. There are two basic ways to offer online courses to
employees. First, the employer can arrange for its employees
take relevant online courses from either its own online offerings
or from online training vendors on the Web. The second
approach is to arrange with an online training vendor to make
its courses available via the employer’s intranet-based learning
portal.
Learning management systems (LMS) are special software tools
that support Internet training by helping employers identify
training needs. An LMS also can help in scheduling, delivering,
assessing, and managing the online training itself.
A virtual classroom uses special collaboration software to
enable multiple remote learners to participate in live
discussions, communicate via written text, and learn via content
such as PowerPoint slides.
Mobile learning (or “on-demand learning”) means delivering
learning content on demand via mobile devices like cell phones,
laptops, and iPads,.
Employers also are moving from textbook and classroom-based
learning to interactive learning.
32
78. General Electric is known for its success in developing its
executive talent. Their current mix of executive development
programs illustrate what they offer:
Leadership programs: These multiyear training programs rotate
about 3,000 employees per
year through various functions with the aim of enabling people
to run a large GE business.
Session C: This is GE’s intense multi-level performance
appraisal process. The CEO personally
reviews GE’s top 625 officers every year.
Crotonville: This is GE’s corporate training campus in New
York and offers a mix of conventional
classroom learning and team-based training and cultural trips.
Boca Raton: At this annual meeting of GE’s top 625 officers,
they network, share their best
ideas, and get to understand the company’s strategy for the
coming year.
The next big thing: Whether it’s productivity and quality
improvement through “Six Sigma”
or “innovation,” GE focuses its employees on central themes or
initiatives.
Monthly dinners: Jeffrey Immelt, GE’s CEO, meets periodically
at dinners and breakfasts to
learn more about his top executives and to “strengthen his
connections with his top team.”
Probably the most distinctive talent management best practice is
to actively manage employees. Employers
84. Characteristics
Human processes
Technostructural
HR management
Strategic OD
Evaluating
8-45
4-
Organizational development (OD) is a change process through
which employees formulate the change that’s required then
implement it.
OD has several distinguishing characteristics:
It usually involves action research, which means collecting
data, and feeding the information back to employees. Employees
then analyze it and develop hypotheses about the problems and
possible solutions.
It applies behavioral science knowledge to improve the
organization’s effectiveness.
And, it changes the organization in a particular direction such
as toward empowerment or improved problem solving,.
HUMAN PROCESS APPLICATIONS
The goal of human process OD techniques is to give employees
the insight and skills required to analyze behavior more
effectively. They can then solve interpersonal and intergroup
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Angelo’s Pizza Case Notes:
Angleo’s Pizza explores the importance of establishing human
resource (HR) practices
as an organization expands. After success with one store,
Angelo opens two new
stores and is considering opening more stores or franchising.
However, the case
shares some of the HR challenges including high turnover and
other staffing problems.
The case explores the need for structured orientation and
training programs, as well as
better recruitment and selection practices.
Questions:
B-8. My strategy is to (hopefully) expand the number of stores
and eventually franchise,
94. while focusing on serving only high-quality fresh ingredients.
What are three specific
human resource management implications of my strategy
(including specific policies
and practices)?
There are several important HR implications of Angelo’s growth
plans. The three most
important include:
• Consistent recruiting and selection practices. Angelo needs to
establish new
sources of candidates such as employee referrals. He also needs
to implement
formal selection processes beyond informal interviews. An
assessment test to
identify specific skills and/or a structured interview process
will benefit Angelo’s
Pizza.
• A structured orientation and new hire training process. Much
of Angelo’s
turnover is caused by good workers who leave in frustration due
to lack of
training. Better training will lead to better quality pizza and
better retention of
staff.
• Established management practices and training to support
store managers.
Angelo needs some consistency to ensure each store is meeting
his
expectations in all aspects of hiring and managing workers. A
structured
management training program can help support this need.
95. B-9. Identify and briefly discuss five specific human resource
management errors that
I’m currently making.
There are several errors that Angelo is making, including:
• Failing to carefully evaluate applicants and basi cally hiring
anyone that applies.
The poor selection process leads to poor hires that don’t work
out for a variety of
reasons.
• Providing very little training to new hires. New hires either
will not do their work
properly, leading to poor quality products, or they will quit in
frustration because
they did not receive proper training.
• Not providing training to those that move into management
positions. Managers
are the key in opening new stores. Managers must be equipped
with training on
how to operate the stores and also how to manage people.
• Using generic human resource employment application forms
and no other forms
or procedures. Angelo needs to use forms that ask relevant
questions about
working at his stores such as schedule availability.
• Not providing feedback to employees about their performance.
Providing formal
feedback to employees is an important component in training
employees on
proper procedures to ensure quality.
96. B-10. Develop a structured interview form that we can use for
hiring (1) store managers,
(2) wait staff, and (3) counter people/pizza makers.
There are several interview questions that would be beneficial
to the hiring process of
each of these categories of workers. All interview questi ons
should be related to the
specific job and include questions that are based on job
knowledge, situational or
behavioral. Some sample questions for each category:
Store Managers
Store managers are responsible for hiring and training their own
staff. Some potential
questions for a store manager include:
- Tell me about a time you had to address an employee problem.
- How would you organize the training of your new employees?
Wait Staff
The wait staff needs to have strong customer service ski lls and
be able to manage in a
fast-paced environment. Some potential questions for the wait
staff include:
- Tell me about a time you had to deal with a difficult customer.
- Give me an example of a time you had to complete several
tasks at the same
time, how did you decide what to do first?
Counter People/Pizza Makers
These employees need to also be customer oriented and focused
on quality. Some
97. potential questions for counter people/pizza makers include:
- Tell me about a time when you found a problem with a
product, what did you do?
- If a customer returned a pizza and said it didn’t taste right,
what would you do?
B-11. Based on what you know about Angelo’s, and what you
know from having visited
pizza restaurants, write a one-page outline showing specifically
how you think
Angelo’s should go about selecting employees.
There are many different strategies that a student could
recommend. First, they should
identify several recruiting strategies. As Angelo notes, it is
important to cast a wide net
to yield better candidates. In addition to “Help Wanted” signs
at the stores to attract
local applicants, he may want to also consider advertising with
local high schools and
colleges. If he does have some valuable employees, he could
also provide bonus
payments for employee referrals.
Careful screening of the applicants is important. He first
should create a custom
employment application that asks relevant questions such as
scheduling availability. A
98. next step might include an assessment test to measure honesty
or integrity, or possibly
a personality test to assess ability to interact with customers.
One or more interviews
should be part of the process and they should use a structured
interview format.
Finally, he should outline a background check process that
includes verifying education,
past employment and speaking to references.
Case Application 2
1. Read the Case Facts
2. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, FOLLOW THE EXAMPLE
PROVIDED IN PDF FORM AND MAKE YOUR CASE
FINDINGS. YOUR PAPER HAS TO BE IN A SIMILAR FORM.
NO PLAGAIRISM!!!!!!!!!
Angelo’s Pizza Case Facts (Student Question Prompts are
Located after Case Facts)
Angelo Camero was brought up in the Bronx, New York, and
basically always wanted to be in the pizza store business. As a
youngster, he would sometimes spend hours at the local pizza
store, watching the owner knead the pizza dough, flatten it into
a large circular crust, fling it up, and then spread on tomato
sauce in larger and larger loops. After graduating from college
as a marketing major, he made a beeline back to the Bronx,
where he opened his first Angelo’s Pizza store, emphasizing its
clean, bright interior; its crisp green, red, and white sign; and
his all-natural, fresh ingredients. Within five years, Angelo’s
99. store was a success, and he had opened three other stores and
was considering franchising his concept.
Eager as he was to expand, his four years in business school had
taught him the difference between being an entrepreneur and
being a manager. As an entrepreneur/small business owner, he
knew he had the distinct advantage of being able to personally
run the whole operation himself. With just one store and a
handful of employees, he could make every decision and watch
the cash register, check in the new supplies, oversee the
takeout, and personally supervise the service.
When he expanded to three stores, things started getting
challenging. He hired managers for the two new stores (both of
whom had worked for him at his first store for several years)
and gave them only minimal “how to run a store”–type training,
on the assumption that, having worked with him for several
years, they already knew pretty much everything they needed to
know about running a store. However, he was already
experiencing human resource management problems, and he
knew there was no way he could expand the number of stores he
owned, or (certainly) contemplate franchising his idea, unless
he had a system in place that he could clone in each new store
to provide the managers (or the franchisees) with the necessary
management knowledge and expertise to run their stores.
Angelo had no training program in place for teaching his store
managers how to run their stores. He simply (erroneously, as it
turned out) assumed that by working with him they would learn
how to do things on the job. Since Angelo had no system in
place, the new managers were, in a way, starting off below zero
when it came to how to manage a store.
There were several issues that particularly concerned Angelo.
Finding and hiring good employees was number one. He’d read
the new National Small Business Poll from the National
Federation of Independent Business Education Foundation. It
found that 71% of small business owners believed that finding
qualified employees was “hard.” Furthermore, “the search for
qualified employees will grow more difficult as demographic
100. and education factors” continue to make it more difficult to find
employees. Similarly, reading the Kiplinger Letter one day, he
noticed that just about every type of business couldn’t find
enough good employees to hire. Small firms were particularly in
jeopardy; the Letter said that giant firms can outsource many
(particularly entry-level) jobs abroad, and larger companies can
also afford to pay better benefits and to train their employees.
Small firms rarely have the resources or the economies of scale
to allow outsourcing or to install the big training programs that
would enable them to take untrained new employees and turn
them into skilled ones.
Although finding enough employees was his biggest problem,
finding enough honest ones scared him even more. Angelo
recalled from one of his business school courses that companies
in the United States are losing a total of well over $400 billion
a year in employee theft. As a rough approximation, that works
out to about $9 per employee per day and about $12,000 lost
annually for a typical company. Furthermore, it was small
companies like Angelo’s that were particularly in the crosshairs,
because companies with fewer than 100 employees are
particularly prone to employee theft. Why are small firms
particularly vulnerable? Perhaps they lack experience dealing
with the problem. More importantly: Small firms are more
likely to have a single person doing several jobs, such as
ordering supplies and paying the delivery person. This
undercuts the checks and balances managers often strive for to
control theft. Furthermore, the risk of stealing goes up
dramatically when the business is largely based on cash. In a
pizza store, many people come in and buy just one or two slices
and a cola for lunch, and almost all pay with cash, not credit
cards.
And, Angelo was not just worried about someone stealing cash.
They can steal your whole business idea, something he learned
from painful experience. He had been planning to open a store
in what he thought would be a particularly good location and
was thinking of having one of his current employees manage the