Economy of germany 2016

1. Germany
by Dmytro Mykulo

2. Germany is the largest national economy in Europe, the fourth-
largest by nominal GDP in the world, and fifth by GDP (PPP). The
country is a founding member of the European Union and
the Eurozone. The economic model of Germany is based on the
concept of the social market economy.
In 2016, Germany recorded the highest trade surplus in the
world worth $310 billion, making it the biggest capital exporter
globally. Germany is the third largest exporter in the world with 1.21
trillion euros ($1.27 trillion) in goods and services exported in 2016.c
Economy of Germany

3. 1. Quantitate indicators
1.1 Export (tr $)
1.328
1.498
1.410
2015 2014 2013

4. 1.2 Import (tr $)
1.057
1.214
1.161
2015 2014 2013

5. 1.3 International trade turnover (bln $)
201,09
210,76
2.571
2015 2014 2013

6. 1.5 Real volume of international trade
Аssessment of export or import of goods in constant prices
one period (usually a year) for information on commodity
mass movement without the influence of price
fluctuations.

7. 2. Resultant indicators
2.1 Trade balance (bln $)
271.37
284.29
249.42
2015 2014 2013

8. 2.2 Service balance (bln $)
252.199
277.731
266.647
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
2015 2014 2013

9. 2.3 The balance of current operations (bln $)
279.968 281.301
253.483
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
2015 2014 2013

10. 2.4 The index of “Terms of trade”
Terms of trade, or TOT, is a term that represents the value
of the exports of a country, relative to the value of its imports;
the value is calculated by dividing the value of the exports by the
imports, with the result then being multiplied by 100. When a
country’s TOT is less than 100%, more capital is going out than
coming in. When the TOT is greater than 100%, the country
is accumulating more money from exports than it is spending.

11. 2.4 The index of “Terms of trade”
Terms of Trade (TOT) = Index of Export Prices ÷ Index of Import Prices × 100
TOT2015 = 104,8/100,9 * 100 = 103,87%
TOT2014 = 104/103,6 * 100 = 100,39%
TOT2013 = 104,3/105,9 * 100 = 98,49%

12. Export diversification is held to be important for developing
countries because many developing countries are often highly
dependent on relatively few primary commodities for their export
earnings. Unstable prices for these commodities may subject a
developing country exporter to serious terms of trade shocks. The
strongest positive effects are normally associated with diversification
into manufactured goods, and its benefits include higher and more
stable export earnings, job creation and learning effects, and the
development of new skills and infrastructure that would facilitate the
development of even newer export products.
2.5 The index of export concentration

13. СR52015 = 18,21 + 16,87 + 9,9 + 5,7 + 4,7 = 55,38%
СR52014 = 17,32 + 17,38 + 9,86 + 5,31 + 4,64 = 54,51%
СR52013 = 17,57 + 17,26 + 9,84 + 5,34 + 4,59 = 54,6%
CR5 – Top 5 export goods
2.5 The index of export concentration

14. 2.6 The coefficient of import dependency of
the country
ID =
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠
× 100
ID2015 =
46,728
6,033,164 +46,728 −154,378
× 100 = 0,78%
ID2014 =
47,336
5,907,548+47,336 −163,436
× 100 = 0,81%
ID2013 =
41,763
5,718,222+ 41,763 −152,227
× 100 = 0,74%

15. 2.6 The coefficient of import dependency of
the country
I found formula, but didn’t found “volume of import consumption” in Germany
ID =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

16. 2.7 Index of pure trade
Shows for each of the goods (or commodity group)
the level of excess of exports over imports (with a
positive value of the index) or the level of excess of
imports over exports (with a negative value of the
index).

17. 2.7 Index of pure trade
𝑁𝑇 =
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 − 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 + 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
;
NT2015 =
1,328,549,134 − 1,057,616,386
1,328,549,134 + 1,057,616,386
= 0,11354314
NT2014 =
1,498,157,800 − 1,214,955,700
1,498,157,800 + 1,214,955,700
= 0,104382695
NT2013 =
1,450,950,900 − 1,187,314,600
1,450,950,900 + 1,187,314,600
= 0,099927888

18. 3. Structural indicators.
3.1 Goods structure of export (2015)

19. 3.1 Goods structure of import (2015)

20. 3.2 The index of export of diversification
The export diversity index, which is
close to zero, indicates minimal
diversity or its absence in the
export market of the country. The
export diversity index, which is
closer to 1, indicates the availability
of a wide variety of products for
exporting the country. In Germany,
this index has been growing over
the past few years, but the variety
of products is still small.
0.38
0.36
0.35
0.335
0.34
0.345
0.35
0.355
0.36
0.365
0.37
0.375
0.38
0.385
2015 2014 2013

21. 3.3 Regional structure of export (2015)

22. 3.3 Regional structure of export (2015)

23. 4. Intensity indicators
4.1 The volume of export, import, international
trade per capita
1913.26
2026.58
1889.47
576.11 586.95 518.37
2492.24
2613.42
2407.86
2015 2014 2013
Export Import International trade

24. 4.2 Quotas
Export
There is no quota for the export
of EU members. There are
special regulations for some
items, but not working as
quota.
Import
Goods imported from non-EU
states are subject to an import
turnover tax. The import
turnover tax rate equals the
value-added tax rates of 19
percent levied on domestic
products, and has to be paid to
the customs authority.

25. 4.3 The intensity and level of inter industry change
The Grubel–Lloyd index measures intra-industry trade of a
particular product. It was introduced by Herb Grubel and Peter Lloyd in
1971.
If GLi = 1, there is only intra-industry trade, no inter-industry
trade. This means for example the Country in consideration Exports the
same quantity of good i as much at it Imports. Conversely, if GLi = 0,
there is no intra-industry trade, only inter-industry trade. This would
mean that the Country in consideration only either Exports or only
Imports good i.

26. 4.3 The intensity and level of inter industry change
𝐺𝑟𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑙– 𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 + 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 − 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 + 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
;
𝐺𝐿2015 =
1,328,549,134 + 1,057,616,386 − 1,328,549,134 − 1,057,616,386
1,328,549,134 + 1,057,616,386
= 0,886456851
𝐺𝐿2014 =
1,498,157,800 + 1,214,955,700 − 1,498,157,800 − 1,214,955,700
1,498,157,800 + 1,214,955,700
= 0,895617305
𝐺𝐿2013 =
1,450,950,900 + 1,187,314,60 − 1,450,950,900 − 1,187,314,60
1,450,950,900 + 1,187,314,600
= 0,900072112