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By Dima M Depp
‫مخطط‬‫العرض‬
‫الحيوية‬ ‫الصادات‬
‫الحيوية‬ ‫الصادات‬ ‫مقاومة‬
‫الذهبية‬ ‫العنقودية‬
‫الكتام‬ ‫البيتا‬ ‫صادات‬
‫للمثسيللين‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫الذهبية‬ ‫العنقودية‬
‫ال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العالقة‬ALLOSTRIC SITE‫الفعال‬ ‫والموقع‬
•‫وصول‬‫الركيزة‬‫للموقع‬‫الفعال‬
•‫تداخالت‬SALT-BRIDGES‫واإلشارات‬‫التفارغية‬
•‫تحديد‬ALLOSTRIC “HOT-SPOTS”‫باستخدام‬‫الحاسوب‬
•‫تخفيز‬CELL WALL CROSS-LINKING
‫الخالصة‬
‫الحيوية‬ ‫الصادات‬
‫الجراثيم‬ ‫لنمو‬ ‫مثبطة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫قاتلة‬
‫متعددة‬ ‫كيميائية‬ ‫زمر‬
‫حدين‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫سالح‬(‫للصادات‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫الجراثيم‬)
‫الحيوية‬ ‫الصادات‬ ‫مقاومة‬
‫الحيوية‬ ‫للصادات‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫الجراثيم‬
‫البنسلين‬ ‫مقاومة‬(‫حوالي‬1970)
‫الخصوص‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫على‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫الجراثيم‬ ‫معضلة‬ ‫تشمل‬
•‫للبنسلين‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫الرئوية‬ ‫العقدية‬(PRSP)
•‫للمثيسيللين‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫الذهبية‬ ‫العنقودية‬(MRSA)
•‫للفانكومايسين‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫المعوية‬ ‫المكورات‬(VRE)
‫الذهبية‬ ‫العنقودية‬S. aureus
‫الغرام‬ ‫إيجابية‬ ‫مكورات‬(G+)
‫كبيرة‬ ‫صفراء‬ ‫مستعمرات‬
‫عنقود‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫تتجمع‬
‫ّرة‬‫ي‬‫خ‬ُ‫م‬ ‫الهوائية‬
‫واألغشية‬ ‫الجلد‬ ‫على‬ ‫توجد‬
‫المخاطية‬(‫األنف‬)‫جزءا‬ ‫مشكلة‬
‫الطبيعية‬ ‫الميكروفلورا‬ ‫من‬
‫العنقودية‬ ‫إمراضية‬
‫الذهبية‬
‫ذات‬‫رئة‬
‫جلدية‬ ‫آفات‬
‫سحايا‬ ‫التهاب‬
‫قلب‬ ‫شغاف‬ ‫التهاب‬
‫غذائي‬ ‫تسمم‬
(Enterotoxins)
‫الجرثومي‬ ‫الخلوي‬ ‫الجدار‬
‫الخلية‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫يحدد‬
‫من‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫من‬ ‫يتألف‬
Peptidoglycane
‫للبنسي‬ ‫الرابطة‬ ‫البروتينات‬‫لين‬
(PBPs)
•‫أنزيمات‬
•‫أنواع‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫لها‬(1,2,3,4)
•‫من‬ ‫األخيرة‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تشارك‬
‫الخلوي‬ ‫الجدار‬ ‫اصطناع‬
β-lactam antibiotics
‫ترتبط‬‫الرابطة‬ ‫البروتينات‬ ‫مع‬‫للب‬‫نسيلين‬
(‫ل‬ ‫الناقل‬ ‫للموقع‬ ‫عكوسة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫أستلة‬‫لببتيد‬)
‫الخلوي‬ ‫الجدار‬ ‫اصطناع‬ ‫تثبط‬
‫للجراثيم‬ ‫قاتلة‬
‫أفرادها‬ ‫أهم‬
•‫البنسلينات‬
•‫السيفالوسبورينات‬(5‫أجيال‬)
•‫كاربابينيم‬(Imipenem)
•‫مونوباكتام‬(Azetronam)
‫للميثيسيللين‬ ‫المقاومة‬ ‫الذهبية‬ ‫العنقودية‬
MRSA
‫المقاومة‬ ‫آلية‬
‫جديدة‬ ‫للبنسلين‬ ‫رابطة‬ ‫بروتينات‬
(PBP2a)
‫السيرين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعديل‬(‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬)‫يحافظ‬‫على‬
‫الركيزة‬ ‫تجاه‬ ‫الفعالية‬
‫ي‬ ‫الفعال‬ ‫للموقع‬ ‫الحارس‬ ‫البروتيني‬ ‫التحلق‬‫بعد‬
‫المثبطات‬(‫تفارغي‬ ‫موقع‬allostric site)
•‫ال‬ ‫لصادات‬ ‫ضعيفة‬ ‫ألفة‬β-Lactam
•‫منخفض‬ ‫أستلة‬ ‫معدل‬
‫التفارغي‬ ‫الموقع‬Allostric site
‫األنزيم‬ ‫على‬ ‫موقع‬
‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫يختلف‬
‫األصلية‬ ‫الركيزة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫جزيئة‬ ‫به‬ ‫ترتبط‬
‫األنزيم‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫على‬ ‫يؤثر‬ ‫بالشكل‬ ‫تعديل‬ ‫يحدث‬
Penicillin-Binding protein 2a
PBP2a allosteric site
‫الب‬ ‫التحلق‬ ‫في‬ ‫الشكلي‬ ‫التحول‬ ‫تنظم‬‫روتيني‬
‫ار‬ ‫على‬ ‫ولكنها‬ ‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫بعيدة‬‫تباط‬
‫به‬ ‫وثيق‬
‫فقط‬ ‫يفتح‬ ‫البروتيني‬ ‫التحلق‬ ّ‫أن‬ ‫يعتقد‬‫ال‬ ‫تشغل‬ ‫عندما‬
allostric site‫مجاور‬ ‫ببتيدوغليكان‬ ‫بجزيئة‬‫ة‬
‫وال‬ ‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العالقة‬allosteric site
‫الفعال‬ ‫للموقع‬ ‫الركيزة‬ ‫وصول‬
‫تداخالت‬SALT-BRIDGES‫التفارغية‬ ‫واإلشارات‬
‫على‬ ‫التعرف‬ALLOSTRIC “HOT-SPOTS”‫باستخدام‬
‫الحاسوب‬
‫ال‬ ‫تحفيز‬CELL WALL CROSS-LINKING
‫للموقع‬ ‫الركيزة‬ ‫وصول‬‫الفعال‬
‫بال‬ ‫االرتباط‬ ‫يؤدي‬allosteric site(‫ببتيدوغليكان‬ ‫أو‬ ‫حيوي‬ ‫صاد‬ ‫سواء‬)‫إلى‬
‫أفضل‬ ‫الفعال‬ ‫للموقع‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫البروتين‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫تعديل‬
‫ال‬ ‫صادات‬β-Lactam
o‫الببتيدوغليكان‬ ‫في‬ ‫الببتيدي‬ ‫الذراع‬ ‫بنية‬ ‫تحاكي‬(‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫في‬)
o‫لل‬ ‫ضعيفة‬ ‫ألفة‬allosteric site
o‫ال‬ ‫شغل‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرة‬allosteric site
‫للموقع‬ ‫الركيزة‬ ‫وصول‬‫الفعال‬
‫نقع‬‫بلورات‬PBP2a‫مع‬3‫صادات‬β-
Lactam
‫بنية‬‫بلورية‬‫مغلقة‬‫لل‬apo-PBP2a
‫جميع‬‫الصادات‬‫شغلت‬‫ال‬allosteric site
‫بشكل‬‫جزئي‬
‫لم‬‫يصل‬‫أي‬‫صاد‬‫للموقع‬‫الفعال‬
‫لم‬‫تتم‬‫أستلة‬‫الموقع‬‫الفعال‬
‫التفسير‬
‫بنية‬‫غير‬‫مناسبة‬‫لالرتباط‬
‫تركيز‬‫غير‬‫كافي‬
‫الفعال‬ ‫للموقع‬ ‫الركيزة‬ ‫وصول‬
‫الفعال‬ ‫للموقع‬ ‫الركيزة‬ ‫وصول‬
‫آلية‬‫فتح‬‫الموقع‬‫الفعال‬
‫استخدام‬TMD (targeted molecular
dynamic)‫مع‬PBP2a‫مؤستل‬‫بال‬Ceftaroline
‫ثم‬‫تم‬‫حذف‬‫ذرات‬‫ال‬Ceftaroline
‫النتائج‬
o‫خضعت‬5%‫من‬‫الثماالت‬‫لحركة‬
o‫ثماالت‬‫التحلق‬β3-β4‫كانت‬‫بارزة‬
o‫تغير‬‫التداخالت‬‫الكهربائية‬‫الساكنة‬
o‫وصول‬‫كامل‬‫للموقع‬‫الفعال‬
‫تداخالت‬salt-bridge‫واإلشارات‬‫التفارغية‬
salt-bridge interactions
‫ارتباط‬‫غير‬‫تساهمي‬‫بين‬‫موقعين‬‫متأيين‬
•‫رابطة‬‫هيدروجينية‬
•‫تداخل‬‫كهربائي‬‫ساكن‬
‫يساهم‬‫في‬‫ثباتية‬‫البنية‬‫البروتين‬(‫التأثير‬‫يعتمد‬‫على‬‫البيئة‬‫المحيطة‬)
‫ي‬‫ساهم‬‫في‬‫التحول‬‫الشكلي‬‫النوعي‬
‫يساهم‬‫في‬‫توضع‬‫المجموعات‬‫الفعالة‬‫الهامة‬
‫تداخالت‬salt-bridge‫التفارغية‬ ‫واإلشارات‬
‫دراسة‬‫البنية‬‫المفتوحة‬‫والمغلقة‬‫للبروتين‬(TMD stimulation)
‫النتائج‬
3‫ثماالت‬‫كل‬‫منها‬‫يشارك‬‫ب‬3salt-bridges(‫ارتباطات‬
‫الكترونية‬‫ساكنة‬‫معقدة‬)
‫العديد‬‫من‬‫الجسور‬‫كانت‬‫فقط‬‫في‬‫البنية‬‫المفتوحة‬
‫اإلغ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفتح‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ما‬ ‫التحول‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الجسور‬ ‫تتشكل‬‫الق‬
Allostric site
‫على‬ ‫التعرف‬allostric “hot-spots”
‫الحاسوب‬ ‫باستخدام‬
‫برنامج‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تم‬STRESS(STRucturally identification
(ESSential residues
o‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫المشاركة‬ ‫األمينية‬ ‫الحموض‬ ‫يتوقع‬Allostric site
‫النتائج‬
‫ثمالتين‬S376, S191‫مهمتين‬(‫بين‬ ‫اتصال‬ ‫قناة‬
‫المناطق‬)
4‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫ثماالت‬allostric site
4‫مابين‬ ‫داخلي‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫ثماالت‬
‫وال‬ ‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬allostric site
‫ال‬ ‫تحفيز‬Cell wall cross-linking
‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحفيزية‬ ‫الحلقة‬ ‫التفاف‬ ‫يحدث‬PBP2a‫خطوة‬
‫بخطوة‬
.1‫فتح‬‫طرف‬‫واحد‬‫من‬‫الموقع‬‫الفعال‬
.2‫انفتاح‬‫الطرف‬‫اآلخر‬‫للموقع‬‫الفعال‬‫التالي‬‫الرت‬‫باط‬‫مع‬
‫ال‬allostric site
.3‫هنا‬‫يتدخل‬‫أنزيم‬Acyl-transfer‫ويحرر‬‫الموقع‬
‫الفعال‬
‫الموق‬ ‫لتحصين‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫تظهر‬ ‫اآللية‬ ‫هذه‬‫ع‬
‫الفعال‬
‫الخالصة‬
‫لل‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫القيمة‬ALLOSTRIC SITE‫ال‬ ‫في‬PBP 2A
‫مغلق‬ ‫يبقى‬ ‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬
‫صادات‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫محمي‬ ‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬β-Lactam
‫ارتباط‬ ‫عند‬β-Lactam‫قوي‬(Ceftaroline‫للذراع‬ ‫الكبيرة‬ ‫المحاكاة‬ ‫نتيجة‬
‫الببتيدي‬)
‫الفعال‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫يشغل‬
‫يبقي‬‫ال‬PBP2a‫دائم‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫محصنة‬ ‫وغير‬ ‫مفتوحة‬
‫الببتيدوغليكان‬ ‫سالسل‬ ‫بين‬ ‫التشابك‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ‫من‬ ‫يمنعها‬
THANK YOU

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Penicillin Binding protein of MRSA