both vector mediated and vector less or direct gene transfer technique is explained. Vector mediated involves pTi plasmid of "Agrobacterium tumefacians", which is used to transfer desired gene in to the host plant cell or protoplast. Vector less or direct transfer of gene to the host plant cell or protoplast are by few mwthods they are as follows: 1. Chemical mediated gene transfer 2. Microinjection 3. Electroporation 4. Particle gun/Particle bombardment 5. Lipofection all the above methods are explained in the presentation. Improved performances and productivity are also explained followed by advantage and disadvantages then to conclusion and references.

1. DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY
SHIVAGANGOTRI CAMPUS, SH 76, DAVANAGERE -577007.
DEPARTMENT OF P.G. STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY
SEMINAR ON:
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
Presenting By: Presenting Through:
Dhanush Rayapati G. Dr. Santhosh Kumar S. R.
II M.Sc. IV Semester. Assistant Professor
Dept. of Food Technology Dept. of Food Technology
Davangere University Davangere University

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
 VECTOR MIDEATED GENE TRANSFER
 VECTORLESS OR DIRECT GENE TRANSFER
 IMPROVED PEROFRMANCE
 IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Genetic variations are necessary in plant cells and tissues for the
production of improved crop varieties.
 This would be achieved by manipulating the gene and it is called Genetic
Engineering.
 This is carried out by Biotechnologists or Genetic Engineers.
 Definition:
 The plants obtained through genetic engineering contain a gene or
genes usually from unrelated organisms; such genes are called “Trans
Genes” and the plants containing the transgenes are known as
“Transgenic Plants”.
 Till date number of transgenic plant varieties have been developed.

4. HISTORY
 Humans are domesticated plants and animals since around12,000 BCE.
 1982 – 1st transgenic plant trail started by Herbert Boyer & Stanley Cohen.
 1983 – 1st transgenic plant was produced, a tobacco line expressing
kanamycin resistance was produced.
 1987 – “Plant Genetic System” 1st genetically engineered plant product
company started by Marc Van Montagu & Jeff Schell.
(Herbert Boyer & Stanley Cohen)

5. GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
 VECTOR MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
 pTi (Tumour inducing plasmid) of Agrobacterium tumeficians is used as a
vector in gene transfer.
 VECTORLESS OR DIRECT GENE TRANSFER
 The foreign gene of interest is delivered in to host plant cell without the help of
a vector.
 This method involves:
Chemical mediated gene transfer
Microinjection
Electroporation
Particle gun/Particle bombardment
Lipofection

6. VECTOR MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
 Among the various vectors, the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens has been widely used. This is
known as near “natural genetic engineer”.
 It is a pathogenic soil bacteria, infect plant cell near wounds and cause Crowngall disease.
 Bacterium naturally transfer its T-DNA into plant cell and caused unauthorised growth of
cell mass.

7. Ti plasmid
 Tumour inducing plasmid of the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used
to transfer the foreign gene in the place of unwanted sequence.
 The Ti plasmid has 3 important regions:
 T-DNA region
 Virulence region
 Opine catabolism

8. Plant transformation technique
using Agrobacterium:
 Major requirements of plant selected for
the gene transformation:
 It must produce Phenolic compounds
(eg, autosyringone) for activation of
virulence gene.
 Transformed cell or tissues should be
capable to regenerate into the whole
plant.

9. VECTORLESS OR DIRECT GENE TRANSFER
Chemical mediated gene transfer
Microinjection
Electroporation
Particle gun/Particle bombardment
Lipofection

10. Chemical mediated gene transfer
 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) & Dextran sulphate induce DNA
uptake into plant protoplast.
 Coprecipitate of calcium phosphate and DNA is prepared and
the cell take up this by a process called Phagocytosis.

11. Microinjection
 DNA is directly injected into plant protoplasts or cells using
fine tipped (0.5-1.0 micrometer diameter) glass needle or
micropipette.
 This method used to introduce DNA into large cells such as
oocytes, eggs &cells of early embryo.

12. Electroporation
 The pulse of high voltage is given to
make temporary pores in plasma
membrane to insert DNA.
 The cells kept in a solution
containing DNA.
 The foreign DNA fragments enter
through the holes into the
cytoplasm then to nucleus.

13. Particle gun/Particle bombardment
 The foreign gene is coated on minute particle of gold or tungsten (1-3
micrometer).
 Using particle gun it is bombarded onto target cell or tissue.
 This gun contains cylinder filled with Helium gas, accelerates shots.
 Also called as gene gun, shot gun, microprojectile gun.

14. Lipofection
 Liposomes are circular lipid molecules
with an aqueous interior that can carry
nucleic acid (DNA).
 Liposomes carrying gene of interest is
adhered to cell membrane and fused
with it and transfer the gene into it.
 It is one of the most efficient
technique used among all above.

15. IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
 Stress tolerance
 Herbicide tolerance
 Insect resistance
 Bacterial, fungal & viral resistance
 Delayed fruit ripening
 Male sterility

16. IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY
 Improved nutrient quality
 Improved seed protein quality
 Diagnostic and therapeutic proteins
 Edible vaccines
 Bio degradable plastics

17. ADVANTAGES
 Desired genetic modification
 Transgenic plants work as Bioreactor to produce number of valuable
products related to:
Pharmaceuticals
Therapeutic proteins
Vaccines
Industrial enzymes
Antibodies
Other secondary metabolites
 Short time duration with high yield production.

18. DISADVANTAGES
 Different in codon usage between plants and prokaryotes can leads to
inefficient expression of prokaryotic proteins in plants.
 Some plants may produce allergic compounds.

19. CONCLUSION
 Transgenic plants have the potential to solve many of the
worlds hunger and malnutrition problems.
 By this technology productivity and performances of plants
have been increased.
 It potentially reduces the use of pesticides and herbicides.
 Its products are also used at commercial level.

20. REFERENCES
 Transgenic plants; Encyclopaedia Britannica.Inc, Chicago; Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 1993; pp. 173-178. ISBN: 0852295715.
 Narayanswamy S (1994); Plant cell and Tissue culture; Tata McGraw-Hill
Education; pp. vi; ISBN: 9780074602775.
 Articles:
 Nandkishor Jha; Methods of gene transfer in plants.
 Rashmi V. Juyal; Asst. professor, Division of Life Science, Shri Guru Ram Rai
Institute of Technology and Science; Transgenic plants.
 Samiksha S; Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.

21. THANK YOU
HAVE A GOOD DAY