This document discusses bioremediation and the role of biotechnology in aquaculture and traceability. It describes how bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down pollutants in fish ponds to improve water quality. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. The document also discusses how biotechnology is used in fish breeding, disease prevention, and developing transgenic fish with desirable traits. It concludes by covering cryopreservation techniques and the importance of traceability in the fish industry.

1. BIOREMEDIATION, ROLE OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY, TRACEABILITY
Presented by-
Devarshi Ranjan
Department of aquaculture
College of fisheries,dholi

2. BIOREMEDIATION
Bioremediation is a technology by which pollutants are eliminated from
fish ponds and consequently contaminated water are re-distributed and
considered as best for fish culture.
Bioremediation technology has been used to eliminate environmentally-
hazard chemical or to detoxify them into non-toxic forms.

4. TYPES
BIOSTIMULATION
BIOAUGMENTATION
INTRINSIC
BIOREMEDIATION

5. BIOSTIMULATION
 Biostimulation is a bioremediation strategy by which the naturally occurring microorganisms
are provided with environmental condition that favour their growth and reproduction.
 The presence of nutrient fertilizers such as nitrogen and phosphorus as well as oxygen boost
the capability of the microorganism of breaking down the organic pollutant.
 When nutrient, artificially added in the pond, favour the microorganism which multiply in
million number and in return, the organic matter and toxic substances are rapidly broken down
by them into a less harmful state.
 Thus if these bacteria are provided with artificial aeration, they will rapidly breakdown toxic
ammonia and nitrite to nitrate.

6. BIOAUGMENTATION
 Bioaugmentation involves either the addition of commercially prepared bacteria
strains or the addition of a blend of isolated enzymes or the combination of both
bacteria strains and the enzymes(mostly preferred) to increase the natural
degradation carried out by the indigenous bacterial population.

7. BACTERIA STRAINS
 Bacteria strains are carefully isolated, tested and applied as bioremediation agents.
 The strains can be mixed with sand or clay, so that when broadcasted they go settle at the
bottom of the pond where more organic waste is accumulated.
 Most commonly used bioaugmenting agents belongs to the genus Bacillus (mostly preferred
due to its ability to secret many different enzymes) which helps in mineralization and
breakdown of proteins.
 Other bioremediating agents include the strains of Paracoccus spp. Thiobacillus spp. and
Aeromonas spp.

8. BIOREMEDIATING AGENTS PROPERTIES
 Paracoccus spp. Thiobacillus spp. Aeromonas
spp.
 Degradation capabilities
 Acinetobacter spp.  Reduction of the organic
matter
 Cellulomonas spp.  Breakdown plant material
 Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter  Oxidation of ammonia and
nitrite

9. ENZYMES
 Bacterial strains capable of biodegradation waste can be genetically engineered to produce the
specific enzymes suitable for degradation.
 Direct application of enzymes has more rapid action as they immediately breakdown the
chemical bonds.
 Enzymes are durable and some of them remain unchanged even after the reaction is
completed, thus possible to recover and recycle.
 They have the ability to work in different substrates and in multiple environments.
 Therefore, the enzymes should be combined with microorganisms for an efficient
bioremediation performance.

10. COMBINATION OF BACTERIA STRAIN AND
ENZYMES
 The bacteria strains are necessary for fermenting the sludge after the enzymes have broken
down the large sludge particles, which further creates large surface areas for an easier
bacterial action.
 This combination of microbes and enzymes ensures the complete reduction of the organic
matter, thus improving the water quality.
 It further helps in the disease prevention, improving the survival of cultured organism and
thus increasing the farms production yields.

11. USES OF BIOREMEDIATION
 Bioremediation is used to clean up biodegradable contaminants such as gasoline
contaminations, oil spills, and other toxic chemical leaks.
 Bioremediation is used to decreasing the development of the anaerobic conditions in the
sediment and reduce sludge accumulation.

12.  Bioremediation can degrade substances in reasonably short times.
 It is toxin resistant.
 Bioremediation has less cost for equipment and labor because most of the work
is done by the microorganism.
 Less disruption of the environment.
 The process of breaking down materials is natural.
ADVANTAGES

13. ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AQUACULTURE
 The most common protein source for many fish diets is
fish meal.
 Fish meal a by-product of fish processing is used because
of its high quality and high protein content.
DISADVANTAGE:- It contains levels of phosphorous far
above the requirement for optimal growth in fish.
The excess phosphorus goes into the water, cause problems
such as eutrophication or excess algal growth.

14. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FISH BREEDING
 Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is now the best
available biotechnological tool for the induced breeding of
fish.
 GnRH is the key regulator and central initiator of reproductive
cascade in all vertebrates.
 Depending on the structural variant and their biological
activities, number of chemical analogues have seen prepared
and one of them is salmon GnRH analogue profusely used
now in fish breeding and marked commercially under the
name of “Ovaprim” throughout the world.

15. BIO-REMEDIATION
 This refers to the use of friendly bacteria or ‘probiotics’ to treat
water or feeds and by natural processes, discourages the
development of ‘unfriendly’ bacteria that potentially would cause
disease.

16. TRANSGENESIS
 Transgenesis or transgenics may be defined as the introduction of exogenous gene / DNA into
host genome resulting in its stable maintenance, transmission and expression.
 The first transgenic fish was produced Zhu et al. (1985) in China.
 The technique has now seen successfully applied to a number of fish species. Dramatic
growth enhancement has been shown using this technique especially in salmonid.

17. EXAMPLES
 GLO-FISH - Glo fish is a type of transgenic zebra
fish (Danio rerio) that have been obtained via insertion
of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene.
 SUPER FISH- Growth hormone gene inserted into
fertilized egg. The transgenic salmon were larger and
grew faster than the non-transgenic control.

18. FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT
 In case of finfish aquaculture, number of vaccine against bacteria and viruses have been developed.
 Disease problem area major constraint for development of aquaculture.
 Biotechnological tools such as gene probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are showing great
potential in this area.
 Biotechnological tools are helpful for development of molecule, which can stimulate this immune
system of shrimp.

19. VACCINES
 The vaccines can be administered via additives in feeds, immersion
or in the case of the larger culture animals like fish, by injection.
 Genetically engineered vaccines are also being developed to protect
fish against pathogens.
 Genetically applied immunization of rainbow trout with a
glycoprotein gene from the virus causing viral hemorrhagic
septicemia has recently been shown to induce high levels of
protection against the virus.
 There are now many commercially available vaccines for finfish
diseases e.g. furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida) as well as
many more are under development e.g. viral hemorrhagic
septicemia (VHS).

20. CRYOPRESEVATIONS OF GAMETES/GENE BANKING
 It is based on the principle that very low temperature
immobilizes the physiological and biochemical activities of
cell, thereby making it possible to keep them viable for very
long period.
 Cryopreservation is a technique, which involve long-term
preservation and storage of biological material at a very low
temperature usually at -196 C, the temperature of liquid
nitrogen.
 The first success in preserving fish sperm at low temperature
was reported by Blaxter (1953) who fertilizes herring
(Clupea herengus ) eggs with frozen thawed semen.

21. TRACEABILITY
 Traceability means “the ability to follow the movement of a food through specified stage of
production, processing and distribution”.
 These aim to promote resource sustainability, distinction of quality and product safety.

22. CLASSIFICATION OF TRACEABILITY ISSUES IN FISH
 There are many different issues concerning the traceability of fish which it may be
desirable to check by performing chemical or physical analysis.
 Species of origin (fish species)
 Geographical origin (fish from different regions)
 Method of production (wild or farmed).

23. THANK YOU